Acorus calamus (also called sweet flag or calamus, among many common names) is a species of flowering plant, a tall wetland monocot of the family Acoraceae, in the genus Acorus. Although used in traditional medicine over centuries to treat digestive disorders and pain, there is no clinical evidence for its safety or efficacy – and ingested calamus may be toxic – leading to its commercial ban in the United States.

Sweet flag is a herbaceous perennial, 2 m (79 in) tall. Its leaves resembles those of ...

acorus calamus

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Author: Rositsa Tashkova, Master of Molecular Biology and Microbiology

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Pain is probably the number one sensation we want to get rid of as soon as possible. A lot of people suffer from chronic pain that does not respond to medication, or the medicine itself has adverse effects. Often the cause of pain is inflammatory processes.&nbsp;

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In this article, we will consider the types of pain and herbs that have an analgesic and anti-inflammatory effect, especially in neuropathic pain, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.

Types-of-Pain

Types of Pain

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Pain is different, depending on its origin and character [<a href="https://ijpsr.com/bft-article/analgesic-and-anti-inflammatory-herbs-a-potential-source-of-modern-medicine/?view=fulltext" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.1</a>]:

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<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Somatic pain: it is caused by the activation of pain receptors on the surface of the body or in musculoskeletal tissue, which can be caused by a combination of factors such as abnormalities, inflammation, recurrent trauma, excessive activity, vigorous stretching and contractions due to paralysis.</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Visceral pain: it is associated with damage to internal organs and is the most common form of pain, it is the result of the activation of pain receptors in the chest, abdomen or pelvis.</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Neuropathic pain: caused by an injury or malfunction of the spinal cord and peripheral nerves, the sensation can be burning, tingling, pricking.</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Acute pain: the result of tissue damage or injury, which usually disappears when the injury is treated or the cause of the pain is removed. It is short-lived and usually manifests itself in ways that can be easily described and monitored.</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Chronic pain: this pain is more subjective and lasts more than three months. Treatment of chronic pain is a great challenge for doctors, as it changes the quality of life of the patient.</li>
</ul>

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Sweet-Flag-(Acorus-calamus)

Sweet Flag (Acorus calamus)

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Sweet flag, also known as calamus, has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and neuroprotective action. It is used to treat inflammatory diseases in traditional Indian medicine.

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Sweet flag aqueous-alcohol extract has been successfully used to relieve neuropathic pain in rats. These effects may be due to numerous mechanisms: antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, calcium-inhibiting and neuroprotective action.

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Tarragon-(Artemisia-dracunculus)

Tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus)

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Tarragon is also known as estragon. It has an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect.

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There is evidence that it can help sufferers of neuropathic pain caused by a prediabetic condition or obesity.

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Obesity and overweight - are there effective herbs against them

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Turmeric-(Curcuma-longa)

Turmeric (Curcuma longa)

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The main active substance in turmeric is curcumin, which has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant action.

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It may relieve pain in osteoarthritis and neuropathic pain.

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Due to its anti-inflammatory action, curcumin can be effective against inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis and suppress symptoms such as joint swelling and morning stiffness. [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/Review_of_Anti_Inflammatory_Herbal_Medicines_27247570" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.2</a>]

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Saffron-(Crocus-sativus)

Saffron (Crocus sativus)

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Saffron is grown in Iran, India and Greece. It is traditionally used as a spice and to treat bronchospasm, insomnia, asthma, menstrual problems, pain relief and cardiovascular disorders.

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Aqueous and alcohol extracts of saffron have analgesic effects, including in neuropathic pain. And stamens have an anti-inflammatory effect.

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Russian-Olive-(Elaeagnus-angustifolia)

Russian Olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia)

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It is also known as silver berry, oleaster, or wild olive. In Iranian traditional medicine, the fruits of Russian olive are used to relieve pain in rheumatoid arthritis. They have anti-inflammatory action and relax muscles. Probably these effects are due to flavonoids, which are contained in the fruits of the tree.

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According to one study, extract from the plant relieves osteoarthritis pain as successful as ibuprofen, without adverse side effects. [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/Efficacy_of_Elaeagnus_Angustifolia_extract_in_the_treatment_of_knee_osteoarthritis_a_randomized_controlled_trial_27330526" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.3</a>]

Rosemary-(Rosmarinus-officinalis)

Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis)

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Rosemary has a strong anti-inflammatory effect and can relieve pain in sufferers of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.

Holy-Basil-(Ocimum-tenuiflorum)

Holy Basil (Ocimum tenuiflorum)

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The holy basil is also known as tulsi or Ocimum sanctum.

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In Ayurveda it is recommended for the treatment of arthritis and painful eye diseases. Its analgesic effect is also confirmed in laboratory animal studies, and it is believed that the decrease in neuropathic pain that the herb demonstrates is due to the saponins in it.

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Borage-(Borago-officinalis)

Borage (Borago officinalis)

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Borage is also known as starflower. It has anti-inflammatory effect and its seed oil&nbsp;can help those suffering from rheumatoid arthritis by suppressing the synthesis of inflammation-related tumor necrotizing factor alpha (TNF-α).

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According to some clinical trials, borage seed oil also has a beneficial effect in sufferers of atopic dermatitis.

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It is contraindicated in pregnancy, as it can cause an abortion.

Chanka-Piedra-(Phyllanthus-amarus)

Chanka Piedra (Phyllanthus amarus)

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Several species of the tropical genus Phyllanthus are widely used in traditional medicine to treat a host of diseases, including influenza, diabetes, jaundice and bladder stones. Chanka piedra demonstrates analgesic action in neuropathic pain, probably due to its anti-inflammatory properties.

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Black-Cumin-(Nigella-sativa)

Black Cumin (Nigella sativa)

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Black cumin is rich in oils, and in the essential oil of the herb the active substance thymoquinone is detected.

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Black cumin and timoquinone have been found to have an antioxidant and analgesic effect, but they also have a beneficial effect in diabetes sufferers, as they cause a significant decrease in increased glucose in the blood and a decrease in insulin concentration. And diabetes is a common cause of neuropathy.

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5 herbs useful for diabetics and people at risk of the disease

Sage-(Salvia-officinalis)

Sage (Salvia officinalis)

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Sage can be used to relieve headaches and neuropathic pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.

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The active substance in it - salvigenin, has a strong analgesic effect, similar to morphine.

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Substances-of-Plant-Origin-With-an-Analgesic-Effect

Substances of Plant Origin With an Analgesic Effect

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There are isolated and specific substances from medicinal plants, which in themselves have an analgesic effect. These are:

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<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">A9-tetrahydrocannabinol/cannabidiol (THC/CBD) - from cannabis (Cannabis sativa);</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Quercetin - from various fruits and vegetables, onions, apples, tea and cabbage;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Lappaconitine - from Aconitum;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">DA-9801 - from Discorea;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">TJ-107 (Goshajinkigan) - a drug containing 10 medicinal herbs, which is usually prescribed to improve the symptoms of diabetic peripheral neuropathy, for example, feeling cold and paresthesia/dysesthesia (tingling, atypical sensations on the skin, not corresponding to irritation);</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Naringin - from grapes and citrus fruits;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Incarvillateine - from the Chinese herb Incarvillea sinensis;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Koumine - from Gelsemium.</li>
</ul>

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Herbs have great potential in the fight against pain and inflammation. Of course, it is good to start their use after consulting a doctor, and depending on the type of pain and the causes of it&nbsp;since they are numerous, and each of the listed herbs has its own unique mechanism of action, which would manifest itself in specific cases, and in others - not.

11 Herbs With Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Effect

https://d20hztklr4qnvi.cloudfront.net/b063ee53-1dc7-4253-9a81-82ca55bc4369_middle.jpg

 11 Herbs With Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Effect

Rositsa Tashkova-Kacharova

Cancer is extremely prevalent and is one of the leading causes of death in the world. The most common treatments are chemotherapy and radiation therapy. But unfortunately, they have many and severe side effects that worsen, albeit temporarily, the quality of life of patients and are a major reason for refusing treatment.

Fortunately, some natural products can alleviate the side effects induced by chemotherapy and radiation therapy:

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<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">oral mucositis (inflammation and mouth ulcers),</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">gastrointestinal toxicity (nausea, vomiting),</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">hepatotoxicity (liver),</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">nephrotoxicity (kidneys),</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">damage to the hematopoietic system (blood formation),</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">cardiotoxicity (heart),</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">neurotoxicity (nervous system).</li>
</ul>

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In this article, you will find information on the topic based on research. We hope it will be useful for you or your relatives and acquaintances suffering from oncological disease.

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Mechanisms-behind-herbs-ability-to-suppress-side-effects

Mechanisms behind herbs ability to suppress side effects

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Natural products, including raw extracts enriched with bioactive components and pure compounds derived from herbs, as well as herbal formulas, can effectively reduce the strength of chemotherapy and radiation therapy induced side effects mainly due to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions.

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In addition, certain natural products are able to [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/Natural_Product_Interventions_for_Chemotherapy_and_Radiotherapy_Induced_Side_Effects_30459615#B109" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.1</a>]:

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<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">suppress the oral mucositis induced by chemotherapy and radiation therapy by not allowing the occurrence of an infection,</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">mitigate gastrointestinal toxicity by regulating the intestinal microflora,</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">limit liver damage by protecting mitochondria,</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">suppress kidney damage by modulating immunity,</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">reduce damage to the blood-creating process by improving the hematopoietic microenvironment,</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">reduce cardiotoxicity by balancing energy metabolism,</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">prevent neurotoxicity by protecting the nervous system.</li>
</ul>

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Herbs-against-oral-mucositis

Herbs against oral mucositis

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Oral mucositis is a common negative side effect of chemo and radiation therapy, especially at larger doses or in the treatment of cancerous formations in the head area. It is characterized by edema, soreness and the appearance of ulcers in the mouth, and can alter the course of treatment if it worsens.

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It is due to oxidative stress and inflammation caused by theset herapies.

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Medicinal plants, which are evidenced to help with oral mucositis, are:

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<ul>
<li>Broadleaf plantain (Plantago major) - is effective in the treatment of wounds as it has anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral and antioxidant properties. A randomised triple-blind phase III clinical trial shows that broad-field plantain extract, in combination with sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) solution 5%, can effectively control oral mucositis in cancer patients [<a href="https://www.ejoncologynursing.com/article/S1462-3889(17)30258-2/fulltext" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.2</a>].</li>
</ul>

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<ul>
<li>Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) - according to some studies, chamomile extract, used as mouthwash, slows down the appearance of oral mucositis and reduces its strength if it appears. [<a href="https://www.hindawi.com/journals/tswj/2018/4392184/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.3</a>]</li>
<li>Aloe vera - according to some studies, the intake of aloe vera juice or rinsing the mouth with 5 ml of aloe vera solution for two minutes, three times a day, for 14 days [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/The_Effect_of_Aloe_Vera_Solution_on_Chemotherapy_Induced_Stomatitis_in_Clients_with_Lymphoma_and_Leukemia_A_Randomized_Controlled_Clinical_Trial_27218109" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.5</a>] improves the condition of sufferers of oral mucositis as a result of chemo- or radiation therapy.</li>
<li aria-level="1">Marigold (Calendula officinalis) - there is evidence that calendula extract can prevent or relieve oral mucositis. Probably this is due to the content of the strong antioxidant quercetin in this herb. [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/Antioxidant_capacity_of_calendula_officinalis_flowers_extract_and_prevention_of_radiation_induced_oropharyngeal_mucositis_in_patients_with_head_and_neck_cancers_a_randomized_controlled_clinical_study_23497687" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.4</a>]</li>
</ul>

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Herbs-against-oral-mucositis_1_7

<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Other natural remedies reported to have given positive results are: turmeric (not to be taken in treatment with paclitaxel, since the combination can damage the liver), ginger, mulberry molasses, honey and propolis, but the latter should not be used in severe cases of oral mucositis. [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/Natural_Product_Interventions_for_Chemotherapy_and_Radiotherapy_Induced_Side_Effects_30459615#B109" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.1</a>]</li>
</ul>

Herbs-against-gastrointestinal-toxicity

Herbs against gastrointestinal toxicity

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The most common manifestations of gastrointestinal toxicity caused by chemotherapy and radiation therapy are nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. One of the causes is the disruption of the balance in the intestinal flora or so-called dysbiosis. There is a deterioration in digestion and absorption of nutrients, as well as inflammation of the esophagus (esophagitis) and intestines (enteropathy).

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There are many studies that have checked the effects of various medicinal plants against the gastrointestinal toxicity of chemo- and radiation therapy. Here we will look at those who have shown effectiveness in humans:

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<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Ginger (Zingiber officinale) - has been found to suppress nausea and vomiting and restore appetite in cancer patients;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Ginseng (Panax ginseng) - according to a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study from 2017, ginseng reduces the symptoms of nausea, vomiting, shortness of breath and fatigue, and its efficacy and safety can improve the quality of life of patients [<a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/9/7/772" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.7</a>];</li>
</ul>

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<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Aloe vera - it has anti-inflammatory effect;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Green tea (Camellia sinensis) - has a good effect due to the antioxidant, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties of catechins in it, as well as its property to suppress intestinal motility.</li>
</ul>

Herbs-against-hepatotoxicity-(liver-toxicity)

Herbs against hepatotoxicity (liver toxicity)

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Liver damage can occur both under the influence of chemotherapy and with improper use of herbs. Therefore, it is important to keep in mind that plants are not necessarily harmless and control by a specialist is an important part of the herbal treatment.

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There are several herbs that have shown a positive effect against the toxic effects of chemo- and radiation therapy on the liver:

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<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) - the effect is due to the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of the plant, as well as its ability to suppress fibrosis;</li>
</ul>

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<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Shiitake (Lentinula edodes) - the extract of the mycelium of the shiitake fungus contains an active hemicellulose component (AHCC), which can reduce hematotoxicity and hepatotoxicity and improve the quality of life of patients with advanced cancer during chemotherapy [<a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01635581.2014.884232" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.8</a>]. </li>
</ul>

Herbs-against-nephrotoxicity-(kidneys)

Herbs against nephrotoxicity (kidneys)

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Nephrotoxicity is one of the most serious side effects of treatment with the chemotherapeutic cisplatin , and the kidneys are very sensitive to radiation.&nbsp;

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In studies involving cancer patients, a positive effect was observed with honey, royal jelly and the substance lycopene, which is found in tomatoes, grapefruit and watermelon.

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In experimental animals, the alcoholic extract of marjoram (Origanum majorana, in cisplatin treatment), sweet flag (Acorus calamus), quercetin, grape seed extract, ginger extract, also showed a good effect.&nbsp;[<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/Natural_Product_Interventions_for_Chemotherapy_and_Radiotherapy_Induced_Side_Effects_30459615#B109" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.1</a>]

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Herbs-supporting-the-hematopoietic-system-(blood-formation)

Herbs supporting the hematopoietic system (blood formation)

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Myelosuppression with leukocytopenia, erythrocytopenia and thrombocytopenia are serious and frequent side effects during cancer treatment. In patients with myelosuppression due to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, infections and inflammations are often observed.

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Antioxidant natural products can lower the amount of free radicals produced as a result of chemotherapy and radiation therapy, preventing them from killing white blood cells and bone marrow suppression.

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In humans, positive effects have been found with the use of ginseng, as well as some herbal formulas from Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM):

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<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Shuanghuang Shengbai - in the form of granules, contains astragalus (Astragalus membranaceus), Rhizoma polygonati (root of a plant of the genus Polygonatum), Rhizoma drynariae (fern root of the species Drynaria roosii), Fructus ligustri (fruits of Ligustrum lucidum), Radix trichosanthis (root of a plant of the genus Trichosanthes) and Herba epimedii [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/Shuanghuang_Shengbai_granule_cures_myelosuppression_and_suppresses_lung_cancer_progression_mechanism_and_therapeutic_targets_from_the_aspect_of_microRNAs_28977934" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.9</a>];</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Danggui Buxue - decoction, which contains roots of astragalus and dong quai or female ginseng (Radix astragali and Radix Angelicae sinensis).</li>
</ul>

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Herbs-against-cardiotoxicity-(heart)

Herbs against cardiotoxicity (heart)

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The imbalance of energy metabolism and oxidative stress leads to cardiotoxicity induced by chemotherapeutic agents, and cardiac damage from radiation therapy is a major problem for those struggling with cancer.

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The following herbs might be hepful: parsley oil, black grape juice, flaxseed oil, green tea and Chinese herbal formula Sheng-Mai-San, which contains: ginseng root, monkey grass (Liriope spicata) and Chinese magnolia-vine fruits (Schisandra chinensis).

Herbs-against-neurotoxicity-(nervous-system)

Herbs against neurotoxicity (nervous system)

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Neurotoxicity is a common adverse effect of chemotherapy and radiation therapy of cancer and causes excruciating pain to patients. These therapies lead to peripheral neuropathy.

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Helpful herbs are: St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum), green tea, grape seed oil, turmeric, astragalus root.

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Before taking these herbs, please discuss it with your health care provider due to the specifics of the treatment of each individual patient. Some herbs interact adversely&nbsp;with specific medicines and whether they are suitable can only be judged by a specialist.

Q&amp;A

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What are the possible side effects of chemotherapy?

Q&amp;A_8_1

Fatigue is one of the most common side effects of chemotherapy. Other side effects can be:

acorus calamus

Herbs that relieve chemotherapy and radiation therapy adverse side effects