Anaphylaxis (Ancient Greek: ἀνά, romanized: ana, lit. 'against' and φύλαξις (phylaxis) 'protection'.) is a serious allergic reaction that is rapid in onset and may cause death. It typically causes more than one of the following: an itchy rash, throat or tongue swelling, shortness of breath, vomiting, lightheadedness, low blood pressure, and temporary blindness. These symptoms typically come on over minutes to hours.Common causes include insect bites and stings, foods, and medications. Other causes ...

anaphylaxis

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Author: Sylvia Marinova, PhD student in in the "Genomic Stability" lab at BAS

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While allergies are often defined as the "epidemic of the 21st century", they are definitely not new to humanity. It is likely that under certain circumstances our immune systems have always reacted to simple stimuli, leading to the appearance of typical symptoms such as skin irritations, sneezing, runny nose, red and tearful eyes, shortness of breath, etc. Such reactions are found described in ancient documents from China, Rome, Egypt and Greece. And even if they have existed for a long time, our understanding of them is relatively new and still a very hot topic in research.

What-are-allergies

What are allergies

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An allery is our body reaction to normally harmless substances such as pollen, dust, some foods, latex, insect stings, etc. These substances are perceived by our organism as "foreign" and are called allergens. Therefore, our body attempts to protect itself and fight off the alien invader by triggering a whole sequence of responses.

What-are-allergies_0_1

Allergens stimulate our body and it produces special IgG antibodies. They in turn bind to immune system cells that store a substance called histamine and give them a signal to release it. Histamine recognises receptors on the surface of cells in affected tissues and binds to them. This leads to an inflammatory process and an increase in blood flow.

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What is the result? Let's say you have an allergy to pollen and spring has come. Your body recognizes pollen as a potentially dangerous foreign agent, and this is where histamine comes to the rescue.&nbsp;It causes the cells in the nose to produce more mucus, which results in increased secretions and nasal congestion. This can make you sneeze or irritate your throat and cause a cough. Here come the antihistamines - drugs that block the action of histamine and help us get rid of unpleasant symptoms. But for them a little later.

History-of-histamine

History of histamine

History-of-histamine_1_0

We have clarified what histamine is and how it causes all the unpleasant manifestations of allergies. But how did it come to his discovery and understanding of its physiological function?

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As science develops in the 19th century, a series of experiments were also done by some scientists that laid the groundwork for scientific discoveries related to allergic reactions&nbsp; <a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/Histamine_and_the_antiallergic_antihistamines_a_history_of_their_discoveries_10444205" target="_blank" rel="noopener">[ref.1]</a>.

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In 1902, two French scientists studying the action of certain substances known to cause serious reactions in humans showed that the first dose of injecting animals with them was harmless. On the other hand, a second dose of the same injection after a certain period of time leads to a very serious, often fatal reaction. This reaction they called anaphylaxis. Despite this serious progress, they believed that anaphylaxys is triggered by poisons.

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It wasn't until 1904 that scientists realized that the substances that cause allergies were harmless before something made the body recognize them as foreign, and in 1906 the link between hay fever and pollen was found.

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In the same period, the substance histamine was isolated for the first time.&nbsp;Over time, scientists have established many of its functions in different parts of the body, until they conclude that it is a normal part of our bodies. In addition, its role as a mediator of anaphylaxis (excessive reaction of the immune system to an allergen), as well as that in the secretion of gastric juice. All this leads to a growing interest in this compound and in-depth work in search of its antagonist - ostensibly another substance that has the opposite function. These antagonists are called antihistamines.

A-brief-history-of-antihistamines

A brief history of antihistamines

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The task of searching for antihistamines began to be carried out seriously at the Pasteur Institute in Paris by Daniel Beauvais, who later received the Nobel Prize for pioneering work in this field<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/Histamine_pharmacology_from_Sir_Henry_Dale_to_the_21st_century_30341770" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> [ref.2]</a>.

A-brief-history-of-antihistamines_2_1

Thus, the first antihistamine approved for human use reached the market in 1944.&nbsp;Although newer and newer antihistamines continue to be synthesized, the mechanism of action remains unknown for some time. This makes scientists wonder what is the effect of both histamine and antihistamines.

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They suggest that it is a receptor that is recognized by histamine and explain the action of antihistamines as molecules that also bind to these receptors and physically inhibit the action of histamine and therefore its action. Because existing antihistamines affected allergies, but not all other histamine functions, they even went further - they suggested that there were several histamine receptors in our bodies. And really - today we know about four histamine receptors.

Antihistamines-for-everything?

Antihistamines for everything?

Antihistamines-for-everything?_3_0

Since there are four histamine receptors found , which are located throughout our body and are associated with many physiological functions, it seems antihistamines also have many potential actions. Let's look at the different receptors and how antihistamines work.

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The first open receptor is called H1. It is on it that the first antihistamines obtained have acted. Today we know that it is found in cells throughout our body and is involved in allergic reactions and inflammation.&nbsp; Most instantaneous skin reactions such as itching, erythema, edema are associated with the action of this receptor, as well as sneezing, runny nose, cough . Therefore,these drugs are prescribed both for allergies&nbsp;and colds . H1 is also detected in the brain and it is known that its has stimulating and arousing action there. This also explains the side effects of the first generation of antihistamines that target those receptors and can reach the brain. As a results patients experience drowsiness. That is why the same active ingredient is also sold as a sleeping drug.

Antihistamines-for-everything?_3_2

A second generation of antihistamines, such as loratadine, also targets H1 but cannot reach the brain and is therefore sold as a cure for allergic reactions, but without the side effect of drowsiness. Another second-generation drug is famotidine. It is already targeting the next histamine receptor - H2. Activation of this receptor leads to stimulation of the secretion of gastric acid and mucus in the respiratory tract <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2018.01873/full" target="_blank" rel="noopener">[ref.3]</a> . Since antihistamines against it block these functions, they are also used for the treatment of gastritis and acids.

Antihistamines-for-everything?_3_3

The latest discovered receptors are H3 and H4. H3 is found in abundance in nerve cells in the brain. It is important for maintaining energy metabolism, cognitive abilities, sleep, etc. H3 antagonists are used to treat obesity, insomnia, improve cognitive abilities. H4 in turn is found mainly in cells of the immune system, but also in the spleen, mucous membrane of the small intestine, lungs, central nervous system, etc. This type of receptor is involved in complex reactions of the immune system and inflammation. Antihistamines against it are potentially a new treatment for asthma and various allergies.

Antihistamines-for-everything?_3_4

In conclusion, we can say that research in the field of histamines and antihistamines is still very relevant and there is a huge scope for development. The more we understand about the functions of different receptors and the connections between them, the more opportunities are opened up.

Antihistamines - a cure-all?

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 Antihistamines - a cure-all?

Силвия Маринова

Author: Rositsa Tashkova, Master of Molecular Biology and Microbiology

The broadleaf plantain (Plantago major) is best known for its ability to accelerate wound healing. It's also called white man's foot or greater plantain. The plant is widespread in Europe, Asia and America and is often found in gardens and other urban grasslands.

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The plantain is not distinguished by bright colors or large size, but despite its modest appearance, it hides a great healing potential, which extends beyond the treatment of wounds.

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Some of the properties attributed to it by folk medicine have been confirmed by recent research, including:

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<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">wound healing,</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">antipyretic action (to lower fever),</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">cough suppression (antitussive),</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">against infections,</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">anti-haemorrhagic and haemostatic action,</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">anti-inflammatory,</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">diuretic,</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">laxative,</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">astringent.</li>
</ul>

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In this article you will learn more about the traditional use of plantain in Iranian traditional medicine, as well as the modern evidence of its healing properties. The information is taken from the article Plantago major in Traditional Persian Medicine and modern phytotherapy: a narrative review, 2018, Electronic physician [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/Plantago_major_in_Traditional_Persian_Medicine_and_modern_phytotherapy_a_narrative_review_29629064" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.1</a>].

Plantain-Use-According-to-Iranian-Folk-Medicine

Plantain Use According to Iranian Folk Medicine

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The use of plantain for the treatment of various diseases dates back thousands of years. The earliest known account of the plantain is in "De materia medica", which was written by the Greek pharmaco-botanist Dioscurid in the 1st century (40-90 A.D.). The book is an encyclopedia of herbal treatment and pharmacopoeia from around the world.

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Plantain finds the following applications in Iranian folk medicine:

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<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">In neurological diseases such <a href="/p/iepiliepsiiata_koi_liechiebni_rastieniia_sa_izpolzvani_v_drievna_piersiia_d697132f_9082_456b_ac3a_9019ffa4be12" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">epilepsy</a> or ear pain;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">In diseases of the eyes;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Against inflammation in the oral cavity and toothache (gargling and rinsing);</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">In lung diseases such as asthma and tuberculosis;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">With gastrointestinal problems - bleeding, <a href="/p/profilaktika_klasichiesko_i_bilkovo_liechieniie_na_khiemoroidi_9e58f268_e51f_460a_8c66_6158a6575aac" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">hemorrhoids</a>, stomach ache, <a href="/p/7_bilki_koito_obliekchavat_loshoto_khranosmilanie_i_dispiepsiiata_60bc6c30_0949_4ed7_933c_460f9104d318" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">dyspepsia</a>, constipation;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">In <a href="/p/chierniiat_drob_nie_boli_koi_bilki_podobriavat_zdravieto_mu_pri_khiepatit_stieatoza_i_tsiroza_ed55df70_c2be_430d_93f0_29a2aece49ff" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">liver</a> and bile disease;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">In urogenital infections and pain in <a href="/p/kamni_v_bbrietsitie_koi_bilki_priechat_na_obrazuvanieto_im_i_kak_da_sie_khranim" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">the kidneys</a> and bladder;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">For the treatment of various wounds and burns.</li>
</ul>

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Many of these and other healing properties are also confirmed by modern medicine. You will learn about some of them in the following lines.

Broadleaf-Plantain-and-The-Immune-System

Broadleaf Plantain and The Immune System

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In low concentrations, plantain possesses immunomodulatory activity, increases the number of lymphocytes and the secretion of interferon-γ, but at high concentrations this property can be suppressed.

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Plantain tea can aid the immune system in leukemia and viral infections. [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/In_vitro_cytotoxic_antiviral_and_immunomodulatory_effects_of_Plantago_major_and_Plantago_asiatica_12856861" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.2</a>]

Plantain-in-Gastrointestinal-Problems

Plantain in Gastrointestinal Problems

Plantain-in-Gastrointestinal-Problems_2_0

The seeds of plantain secrete mucus substances that have a laxative and protective effect for the mucous membrane of the stomach. Seeds are recommended for inflammatory bowel diseases, e.g. ulcerative colitis.

Plantain-in-Gastrointestinal-Problems_2_1

On the other hand, leaf extract reduces the mobility of the duodenum and has astringent effect.

Plantain-in-Gastrointestinal-Problems_2_2

Plantain-in-Urticaria

Plantain in Urticaria

Plantain-in-Urticaria_3_0

Broadleaf plantain contains substances that suppress the production of prostaglandins, the movement of white blood cells and the release of histamine, and this is relevant for the suppression of urticaria.

Antibacterial-and-Antiparasite-Effects-of-Plantain

Antibacterial and Antiparasite Effects of Plantain

Antibacterial-and-Antiparasite-Effects-of-Plantain_4_0

Some types of plantain extracts have shown an effect against the Giardia parasite.

Antibacterial-and-Antiparasite-Effects-of-Plantain_4_1

Plantain extract in ethyl alcohol shows antibacterial activity against the bacteria E. coli and Bacillus cereus, and acetone extract is also effective against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Plantain extract also has good effectiveness against <a href="../../eng/p/home_remedies_for_vaginal_candidiasis" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Candida albicans yeast</a>.

Plantain-Helps-Wound-Healing

Plantain Helps Wound Healing

Plantain-Helps-Wound-Healing_5_0

Broadleaf plantain is traditionally used to heal wounds. With tissue damage, whether from bacteria, physical trauma, chemical, heat or any other phenomenon, the body reacts with an inflammatory response, which is by its very nature a protective reaction. Inflammation is manifested by redness, fever, edema and pain in the affected tissue.

Plantain-Helps-Wound-Healing_5_1

Plantain contains polyphenols and in particular plantamajoside, which are considered the main significant compounds for wound healing. For this purpose, aqueous extract of plantain can be used.

Plantain-Helps-Wound-Healing_5_2

Anti-cancer-Properties-of-Plantain

Anti-cancer Properties of Plantain

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Various studies have shown that both spirit and water extracts of plantain possess the property to inhibit the growth of certain cancer cell lines: melanoma (skin cancer), adenocarcinoma of the breast and kidney. [<a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311913648_Evaluation_of_In_Vitro_Anticancer_Effect_of_Plantago_major_L_and_Plantago_lanceolata_L_Leaf_Extracts_from_Sivas" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.3</a>]

Anti-cancer-Properties-of-Plantain_6_1

According to one of the studies, the greatest potential to inhibit the growth of cancer cells have the seeds of broadleaf plantain, in particular on the following cancer cell lines: MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, HeLaS3, A549 and KB. They also suppress inflammatory cytokines tumornecortising factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 1β and 6 (IL-1β, IL-6) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ).

Anti-cancer-Properties-of-Plantain_6_2

Extracts from the roots of the plant exhibit the same properties. However, the scientists who conducted this study offer the seeds of broadleaf plantain as a source of new drugs against oncological and inflammatory diseases. [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/Effects_of_Plantago_major_Extracts_and_Its_Chemical_Compounds_on_Proliferation_of_Cancer_Cells_and_Cytokines_Production_of_Lipopolysaccharide_activated_THP_1_Macrophages_28839362" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.4</a>]

Q&amp;A

Q&amp;A_7_0

What side effects can the intake of broadleaf plantain have?

Q&amp;A_7_1

In general, plantain is considered a safe herb, but an overdose can lead to anaphylaxis (suffocation due to an allergic reaction). In milder cases of side effects, vomiting, nausea, diarrhea, anorexia, bloating, hypersensitivity or dermatitis may be observed.

Q&amp;A_7_2

How is broadleaf plantain used?

Q&amp;A_7_3

The usual dose is 3–5 grams of the powdered herb 1–3 times a day, but the most common dose in the form of tea (infusion) is 150 ml 3–4 times a day.

The Broadleaf Plantain: A Modest Plant with Great Healing Potential

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 The Broadleaf Plantain: A Modest Plant with Great Healing Potential

Rositsa Tashkova-Kacharova

Article adaptation: Rositsa Tashkova, Master of Molecular Biology and Microbiology

First part of the article: <a href="/p/liesni_rietsiepti_ot_ruskata_narodna_mieditsina_za_liechieniie_na_kozhni_zaboliavaniia_chast_1_vitiligho_infiektsii_bradavitsi_bc3df7f8_9ae1_4e6a_a6f1_ceb16618772d" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Russian folk medicine for healthy skin. Part 1: vitiligo, infections, warts</a>

The Russian state occupies vast territories with diverse climatic conditions and includes many peoples and cultures.This makes the study of their folk medicine trully interesting.

The Novgorod Chronicle describes the use of "mold from the bathroom" to treat wounds and how it would have prevented the development of an infection even before penicillin was found in the UK after seven centuries.

In 1581 Tsar Ivan IV (1530-1584) ordered the establishment of the first pharmacy to supply the king's yard, as well as the founding of the Pharmaceutical House, which was responsible for collecting medicinal plants from Russian lands.

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This article is dedicated to the most common herbal recipes from Russian folk medicine for the treatment of various dermatological diseases. Medicinal plants are well known and easy to find. The information is taken from the article "Russian traditional medicine in dermatology", published in 2018 in the journal Clinics in Dermatology. [<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0738081X18300439" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.1</a>]

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The authors Prof. Dr. Olisova, Prof. Dr. Snarskaya, Prof. Dr. Gladko and Prof. Dr. Burova are dermatologists with long-standing practice in Moscow and London.

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In <a href="/p/liesni_rietsiepti_ot_ruskata_narodna_mieditsina_za_liechieniie_na_kozhni_zaboliavaniia_chast_1_vitiligho_infiektsii_bradavitsi_bc3df7f8_9ae1_4e6a_a6f1_ceb16618772d" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">the first part of the article</a>, you learned what are the recipes that Russian folk medicine uses to treat vitiligo, infections and warts. Here you will find natural remedies for acne, dermatitis and rosacea.

Russian-herbal-folk-remedies-for-acne

Russian herbal folk remedies for acne

Russian-herbal-folk-remedies-for-acne_0_0

<ol>
<li>
<h3> Fruits of guelder rose (Viburnum opulus)</h3>
</li>
</ol>

Russian-herbal-folk-remedies-for-acne_0_1

The fruits of guelder rose contain vitamin C and K, sugars, saponins, tanins and pectins.&nbsp;The juice is a powerful anti-inflammatory and healing agent.

Russian-herbal-folk-remedies-for-acne_0_2

Large doses of Viburnum opulus can cause nausea and vomiting. The intake of the plant is contraindicated during pregnancy.

Russian-herbal-folk-remedies-for-acne_0_3

Russian-herbal-folk-remedies-for-acne_0_4

<h4>Recipe #1: Guelder rose fruit juice for external use in acne</h4>

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Preparation: Prepare juice from the ripe fruits and wet a handkerchief with it.

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Method of application: Place the handkerchief on the face for 10 minutes at least 8 times a day with 15-minute breaks. The procedure ends with applying moisturizing cream to the face, which should be mixed with the guelder rose juice before application. The course of treatment lasts at least 5 days.&nbsp;

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The above should be applied simultaneously with intake of guelder rose fruits infusion.

Russian-herbal-folk-remedies-for-acne_0_8

<h4>Recipe #2: Guelder rose fruits infusion against acne</h4>

Russian-herbal-folk-remedies-for-acne_0_9

Preparation: To prepare the infusion, grind 5 tablespoons of guelder rose fruits in a mortar, cover with 0.7 liters of boiling water in a thermos, leave for 3-4 hours, and then filter the infusion.

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Method of administration: Drink 1/2 cup 4 times a day 20-30 minutes before meals (this infusion has an anti-inflammatory effect). It is taken internally, at the same time as the external application described above.

Russian-herbal-folk-remedies-for-acne_0_11

<ol>
<li>
<h3> Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) against acne</h3>
</li>
</ol>

Russian-herbal-folk-remedies-for-acne_0_12

The healing effect of chamomile&nbsp;also known as Matricaria recutita, is mainly the result of the presence of essential oil (0,2-0,8%) in the herb. The plant has antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory action and also improves the state of connective tissue.

Russian-herbal-folk-remedies-for-acne_0_13

<h4>Recipe #3: Anti-acne chamomile infusion</h4>

Russian-herbal-folk-remedies-for-acne_0_14

Preparation: Make the infusion by soaking chamomile blossom in boiling water for 30 minutes. Let it cool down.

Russian-herbal-folk-remedies-for-acne_0_15

Method of application: Once the infusion has cooled, moisten a piece of cotton with it and place it on the areas affected by acne for 7 minutes. Repeat every day for 25 days.

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Russian-herbal-folk-remedies-for-acne_0_17

<ol>
<li>
<h3> Nettle (Urtica dioica) against acne</h3>
</li>
</ol>

Russian-herbal-folk-remedies-for-acne_0_18

Nettle is recommended as a means of treating acne and other chronic skin diseases.

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It contains formic and pantothenic acid, histamine, acetylcholine, ascorbic acid, carotene and other carotinoids, vitamins of the groups K and B, urticine glycoside, phytoncides, tanins and proteins, starch, iron, zinc and other trace elements that give the nettle hemostatic, diuretic and estrogenic properties and improve the work of the digestive system, lower the level of blood sugar and cholesterol. Anti-inflammatory properties and estrogenic effect of nettle are used to treat acne.

Russian-herbal-folk-remedies-for-acne_0_20

<h4>Recipe #4: Nettle juice for acne vulgaris</h4>

Russian-herbal-folk-remedies-for-acne_0_21

Preparation: Prepare juice from fresh nettle.

Russian-herbal-folk-remedies-for-acne_0_22

Method of administration: One hour after a snack, drink half a glass of nettle juice, and an hour later drink the same amount of dandelion juice, and after another hour drink - take half a glass of celery juice. Repeat the procedure 3 times every 3 days.

Russian-herbal-folk-remedies-for-acne_0_23

Russian-herbal-folk-remedies-for-acne_0_24

<ol>
<li>
<h3> Dandelion root (Taraxacum officinale) for acnetic skin</h3>
</li>
</ol>

Russian-herbal-folk-remedies-for-acne_0_25

Dandelion root extracts can inhibit the production of inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrotizing factor-alpha (TNF-alpha).

Russian-herbal-folk-remedies-for-acne_0_26

Locally dandelion can cause contact dermatitis, multiforme erythema or anaphylactic reaction in sensitive people. Simultaneous use of dandelion with potassium-preserving diuretics may increase the risk of hyperkalemia due to the high potassium content of the plant. Dandelion can inhibit cytochrome P450 3A4 and thus affect the metabolism of drugs that are metabolized by cytochrome 450 3A4, such as quinolones, cyclosporine, sirolimus (rapamycin) and similar medications, therefore simultaneous intake with them is not recommended.

Russian-herbal-folk-remedies-fordermatitis

Russian herbal folk remedies fordermatitis

Russian-herbal-folk-remedies-fordermatitis_1_0

It is considered that in dermatitis the most effective are those herbs that have a strong anti-inflammatory and soothing effect. Among them are infusions and creams based on young leaves and buds of birch, flowers of black elderberry, oak bark, cinquefoils&nbsp;(Potentilla) and fir needle oil. The leaves and buds of the white birch have a strong anti-inflammatory and soothing effect.

Russian-herbal-folk-remedies-fordermatitis_1_1

The healing parts of elderberry (Sambucus nigra) are the flowers and flower buds that are used before they fall from the plant. They contain essential oils, organic acids and tanins, which have a strong anti-inflammatory, analgesic and drying effect.

Russian-herbal-folk-remedies-fordermatitis_1_2

Research has shown that elderberry infusion has an antibacterial and antiviral effect. Fresh and dry leaves are often used to make masks.

Russian-herbal-folk-remedies-fordermatitis_1_3

Russian-herbal-folk-remedies-fordermatitis_1_4

<ol>
<li>
<h3> Birch (Betula) for dermatitis</h3>
</li>
</ol>

Russian-herbal-folk-remedies-fordermatitis_1_5

<h4>Recipe #1: Dried birch leaves infusion for dermatitis</h4>

Russian-herbal-folk-remedies-fordermatitis_1_6

Preparation: Take dried birch leaves (young leaves collected in May) and grind them into powder. Four teaspoons of powder should be covered with 500 ml of boiling water in a porcelain kettle and cover for 12-15 minutes.

anaphylaxis

The Broadleaf Plantain: A Modest Plant with Great Healing Potential

Russian folk medicine for healthy skin. Part 2: acne, dermatitis, rosacea

Food allergies - 5 things you need to know