Artemisia  is a large, diverse genus of plants with between 200 and 400 species belonging to the daisy family Asteraceae. Common names for various species in the genus include mugwort, wormwood, and sagebrush.

Artemisia comprises hardy herbaceous plants and shrubs, which are known for the powerful chemical constituents in their essential oils. Artemisia species grow in temperate climates of both hemispheres, usually in dry or semiarid habitats. Notable species include A. vulgaris (common mugwort), ...

artemisia

The-most-important-thing-about-cancer

The most important thing about cancer

The-most-important-thing-about-cancer_0_0

The-most-important-thing-about-cancer_0_1

Cancer is a complex genetic disorder that catalyzes the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells throughout the body, leading to life-threatening consequences. Aging, differences in lifestyle, genetic factors, hormonal changes and environmental exposure to carcinogens constitute major factors leading to cancer activation in humans. 1

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According to 2020 statistics, cancer is the leading cause of death worldwide, accounting for nearly 10 million deaths in 2020, or nearly one in six deaths. Globally, about 17 million people are diagnosed with cancer each year, and this trend is forecast to intensify dramatically in the near future. About 36 types of cancer have already been identified in humans, and a significant association between sex and type of cancer has been observed. Men are usually more prone to colorectal cancer, liver, lung, prostate and stomach cancers, while women suffer more from breast, cervical cancer, colorectal cancer, lung and thyroid cancer. 2&nbsp;

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In general, the development of cancer can be divided into three stages:

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Initiation in which exposure to a carcinogen induces DNA damage and mutations at the cellular level due to damage/error in DNA repair mechanisms;&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Initiation in which cell expansion leads to hyper proliferation, modification and inflammation of cells/tissues;&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Progression in which tumor formation occurs from preneoplastic cells by clonal expansion. 3</li></ul>DNA damage causes genomic instability, which is a major cause of cancer 4. Although some of the conventional methods such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy and surgery are effective in treating cancer, they can lead to major side effects and toxicity.

The-most-important-thing-about-cancer_0_6

Given the lack of effective and safe approaches, as well as the complexity of cancers, the development of new and natural chemotherapeutic agents is strongly needed. In this respect, the pharmacological properties of certain essential oils may be available therapies to suppress cancer. 5

Essential-oils:-general-information-and-biological-effects

Essential oils: general information and biological effects

Essential-oils:-general-information-and-biological-effects_1_0

Essential-oils:-general-information-and-biological-effects_1_1

The discovery of natural plant-based products is rightly recognized as a milestone in the history of healthcare, and their introduction to the market in combination with synthetic drugs helps to lead favorably in various health problems. As a result, the extraction of plant secondary metabolites, such as essential oils by steam or hydrodistillation processes, has made significant progress over the years. Stored in oil/resinous ducts, glands or trichomes of plants, these essential oils play an important role in protecting against extraneous agents and are involved in signal transduction pathways.&nbsp;

Essential-oils:-general-information-and-biological-effects_1_2

Essential oils are a complex mixture of various chemical compounds, mainly characterized by volatility, aroma, low molecular weight and density. The diverse biological properties of essential oils stem from differences in their chemical composition and structure. At present, three main classes of components in essential oils have been identified, namely terpenes and terpenoids (with major contributions), phenols and aliphatic compounds.&nbsp;&nbsp;

Essential-oils:-general-information-and-biological-effects_1_3

The data from the study on which this article is based are focused on studies dealing only with in vitro (non-living test)/in vivo (live testing) anticancer activities of essential oils in general. The analysis in Scopus was carried out for the last 10 years (2011–2020) on September 14, 2021, so the information is up to date as of that date.

Essential-oils-are-cytotoxic-in-nature

Essential oils are cytotoxic in nature

Essential-oils-are-cytotoxic-in-nature_2_0

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Essential oils cause programmed cell death of cancer cells through apoptosis, necrosis, cell cycle arrest, and dysfunction of major cellular organelles. This is coordinated by an increase in membrane fluidity of the affected cell, decreased generation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a change in the pH gradient and loss of mitochondrial potential, which are the main precursors of cell death. All three main types of chemical components in oils, i.e. phenols, aldehydes and alcohols, have been described to fulfil this function.

Essential-oils-such-as-antimutagenic-and-antiproliferative-agents

Essential oils such as antimutagenic and antiproliferative agents

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Antioxidants are defined as compounds that can inhibit/slow the oxidation of free radicals when used in small amounts. Antioxidant action is one of the key biological properties of essential oils to cope with oxidative stress. For example, under in vivo conditions, increasing the activity of various antioxidant enzymes and oxidized glutathione from the components of the oil of Wedelia chinensis (Osbeck) Merr.&nbsp; provides protection against lung cancer in mice. 6

Essential-oils-such-as-antimutagenic-and-antiproliferative-agents_3_1

With regard to the antimutagenic activity of essential oils, cancer can be inhibited by preventing the direct penetration of mutagens into the cell membrane, inactivating mutagens by direct clearance, trapping free radicals produced by mutagens, inhibiting the conversion of promutagens to mutagens by cytochrome P450 enzyme, enzymatic detoxification of mutagens, and efficient error-free DNA repair.&nbsp;

Antiproliferative-activity-of-essential-oils

Antiproliferative activity of essential oils

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Essential oils can exert an antiproliferative effect through multiple mechanisms, including cell membrane disruption (depolarization, increase in membrane permeability, or decrease in the activity of membrane-bound enzymes) and induction of apoptosis. 7

Essential-oils-and-their-constituents-in-different-cancer-cell-lines

Essential oils and their constituents in different cancer cell lines 

Essential-oils-and-their-constituents-in-different-cancer-cell-lines_5_0

Over the past few years, the chemoprevention of cancer using essential oils or their components has attracted a lot of attention among the scientific community. Many in vitro/in vivo studies have highlighted the anticancer activity of oils and, more precisely, their main constituents in various tumour cell lines. Next, we will look at who they are and in which types of cancer they can have the necessary effect.

Essential-oils-for-breast-cancer

Essential oils for breast cancer

Essential-oils-for-breast-cancer_5_0

<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Silver fir (Abies alba Mill.)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Abies koreana (Pinaceae)&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Boswellia sacra (Burseraceae)&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Casearia sylvestris Sw. (Salicaceae/Flacourtiaceae)&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Cyperus articulatus L. (Cyperaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Garcinia atroviridis Griff. (Clusiaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Garcinia celebica L. (Clusiaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Glandora rosmarinifolia (Boraginaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Helichrysum gymnocephalum (Asteraceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Iryanthera polyneura (Myristicaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Liquidambar styraciflua L. (Altingiaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Myristica fragrans. (Myristicaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Pituranthos tortuosus Apiaceae)&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Solanum spirale Roxb.&nbsp;</li></ul>

Essential-oils-in-human-breast-cancer

Essential oils in human breast cancer

Essential-oils-in-human-breast-cancer_5_0

<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Cedrelopsis grevei (Rutaceae)&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Melaleuca armillaris(Myrtaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Monodora myristica (Annonaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Origanum onites L. (Lamiaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Satureja montana L. subsp. pisidica (Lamiaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Varthemia iphionoides (Asteraceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Xylopia aethiopica (Annonaceae)</li></ul>

Essential-oils-in-human-glioblastoma

Essential oils in human glioblastoma

Essential-oils-in-human-glioblastoma_5_0

<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Ageratum conyzoides (L.) L. (Asteraceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Drimys angustifolia (Winteraceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Drimys brasiliensis (Winteraceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Lippia multiflora (Verbenaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Liriodendron tulipifera L. (Magnoliaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Ocimum basilicum L. (Lamiaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Piper cernuum (Piperaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Scorodopholeus zenkeri (Fabaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Zingiber officinale (Zingiberaceae)</li></ul>

Essential-oils-in-human-colon-carcinoma

Essential oils in human colon carcinoma

Essential-oils-in-human-colon-carcinoma_5_0

<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Afrostyrax lepidophyllus Mildbr. (Huaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Artemisia campestris L. (Asteraceae)&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Athanasia brownii Hochr. (Asteraceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Liriodendron tulipifera L. (Magnoliaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Pistacia lentiscus L. (Anacardiaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Scorodopholeus zenkeri (Fabaceae)</li></ul>

Essential-oils-in-human-mammary-adenocarcinoma

Essential oils in human mammary adenocarcinoma

Essential-oils-in-human-mammary-adenocarcinoma_5_0

<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Athanasia brownii (Asteraceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Liriodendron tulipifera L. (Magnoliaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Nepeta ucranica L. spp. (Lamiaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Populus alba L. (Salicaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Rosmarinus officinalis L. (Lamiaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Scorodopholeus zenkeri (Fabaceae)</li></ul>

<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Afrostyrax lepidophyllus. (Huaceae)&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Ageratum conyzoides (L.) L. (Asteraceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Drimys angustifolia (Winteraceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Lippia multiflora (Verbenaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Liriodendron tulipifera L. (Magnoliaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Ocimum basilicum L. (Lamiaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Piper cernuum (Piperaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Scorodopholeus zenkeri (Fabaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Zingiber officinale (Zingiberaceae)</li></ul>

Essential-oils-for-prostate-cancer

Essential oils for prostate cancer

Essential-oils-for-prostate-cancer_5_0

<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Ageratum conyzoides (L.) (Asteraceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Bursera glabrifolia (Burseraceae)&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Curcuma aromatica (Zingiberaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Cymbopogon citratus (Poaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Cymbopogon giganteus. (Poaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Iryanthera polyneura (Myristicaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Lavandula angustifolia (Lamiaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Lippia multiflora (Verbenaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Ocimum basilicum L. (Lamiaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Varthemia iphionoides (Asteraceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Zingiber officinale (Zingiberaceae)</li></ul>

Essential-oils-for-colorectal-cancer

Essential oils for colorectal cancer

Essential-oils-for-colorectal-cancer_5_0

<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Aquilaria crassna (Thymelaeaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Eucalyptus camaldulensis. (Myrtaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Thymus fallax (Lamiaceae)</li></ul>&nbsp;

Essential-oils-in-acute-lymphoblastic-leukemia

Essential oils in acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Essential-oils-in-acute-lymphoblastic-leukemia_5_0

<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Juniperus excela (Cupressaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Juniperus oxycedrus L. (Cupressaceae)&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Pinus pinea L. (Pinaceae)&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Cedrus libani (Pinaceae)&nbsp;</li></ul>

Essential-oils-for-lung-cancer

Essential oils for lung cancer

Essential-oils-for-lung-cancer_5_0

<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Artemisia indica (Asteraceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Curcuma aromatica (Zingiberaceae)&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Eucalyptus globulus(Myrtaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Pluchea dioscoridis L. (Asteraceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Populus alba L. (Salicaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Rosmarinus officinalis L. (Lamiaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Zingiber striolatum (Zingiberaceae)</li></ul>

Essential-oils-for-liver-cancer

Essential oils for liver cancer

Essential-oils-for-liver-cancer_5_0

<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Pituranthos tortuosus (Apiaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Artemisia indica (Asteraceae)&nbsp;</li></ul>

Essential-oils-in-melanoma

Essential oils in melanoma

Essential-oils-in-melanoma_5_0

<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Afrostyrax lepidophyllus (Huaceae)&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Athanasia brownii (Asteraceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Casearia sylvestris&nbsp; (Salicaceae/Flacourtiaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Curcuma aromatica (Zingiberaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Guatteria friesiana (Annonaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Liriodendron tulipifera L. (Magnoliaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Myristica fragrans (Myristicaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Neolitsea variabillima (Lauraceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Ocimum basilicum L. (Lamiaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Origanum onites L. (Lamiaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Salvia officinalis L. (Lamiaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Pituranthos tortuosus (Apiaceae)</li></ul>

Essential-oils-for-ovarian-adenocarcinoma

Essential oils for ovarian adenocarcinoma

Essential-oils-for-ovarian-adenocarcinoma_5_0

<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Mentha villosa Huds. (Lamiaceae)&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Xylopia frutescens Aubl. (Annonaceae)&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Guatteria pogonopus Mart. (Annonaceae)</li></ul>

Anticancer-effect-of-the-main-ingredients-of-essential-oils

Anticancer effect of the main ingredients of essential oils

Anticancer-effect-of-the-main-ingredients-of-essential-oils_6_0

D-limonene, monoterpene in the fruit peels of citrus essential oils (90–95%) exhibits cytotoxicity against stomach cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, colon cancer, bladder cancer, and melanoma. Similarly, carvacrol (phenolic monoterpenoid) can inhibit tumor growth in stomach cancer cells by increasing apoptotic proteins such as Bax (Bcl-2-linked X protein, apoptosis regulator) and caspases with concomitant reduction of Bcl-2 (B -cell lymphoma 2) expression. Citral showed antitumor effects in various cancer cell lines such as MDA-MB-231, Ishikawa, ECC-1, LNCaP, PC-3, SF-767, SF-763, LU134AM, LU135, LU165, MN1112, HCT116, HT-29, AGS, NB4, and A431.

Anticancer-effect-of-the-main-ingredients-of-essential-oils_6_1

A combined formula of citral (80 μM) and curcumin (40 μM) also acts synergistically in suppressing the growth of breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 by inducing apoptosis, DNA damage and cell cycle arrest in the G0/ G1 phase. In vitro/in vivo cytotoxic potential of citronellol has been reported against human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), breast cancer, and prostate cancer. Citronellol induced cell cycle arrest in NCI-H1299 (NSCLC cell line) due to the increased expression of cyclins (cyclin D and E) and CDK2 (cyclin-dependent kinase 2). There was a decrease in tumour volume in mice treated with increasing doses of citronellol (12.5, 25 and 50 mg kg-1). An antiproliferative effect of geraniol (monoterpenoid) was observed in cells A549 (IC50 = 797.2 μM) and tumor growth was suppressed in mice (at 50 and 75 mmol geraniol kg-1 food) due to apoptosis and cell death.

Anticancer-effect-of-the-main-ingredients-of-essential-oils_6_2

Globularifolin iridoid exhibits cytotoxicity against U87 glioma cells due to an increase in the number of apoptotic cells, cell cycle arrest, and inhibition of cancer cell migration and invasion.

Anticancer-effect-of-the-main-ingredients-of-essential-oils_6_3

In vitro cytotoxicity of quinocitiol (tropolone monoterpenoid) was observed (at 10 μM) in mouse melanoma cells (B16-F10); However, under in vivo conditions, mice treated with 10–20 μg michi-1 quinokitiol showed a decrease in tumor nodules. Increased expression of p53 (tumor suppressor), Bax, caspases, cytochrome c, and MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) phosphatase-3 and downregulation of survivin (apoptosis inhibitor), MMPs, and phosphorylation of ERK has been reported to induce apoptosis in quinocitiol A549 and B16-F10-treated cells.&nbsp;

Anticancer-effect-of-the-main-ingredients-of-essential-oils_6_4

Similarly, treatment with linalool (monoterpene alcohol) reduces proliferation and cell viability in colorectal cancer, colon carcinoma, hepatocarcinoma, epidermoid carcinoma and prostate cancer. Diallyl disulfide (DADS), one of the main components of garlic essential oil, stops the division of human esophageal squamous cell cancer cells in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle. Myristicin, an active component of nutmeg oil (Myristica fragrans), exhibits cytotoxic activity by inducing apoptosis of K562 human leukemia cells.

Anticancer-effect-of-the-main-ingredients-of-essential-oils_6_5

Other constituents of essential oils, such as bacuiol (monoterpene), myrtenal (bicyclic monoterpene), oleuropein (secoiridoid), perylyl alcohol (menthane monoterpene), thymol (monocyclic phenolic monoterpene), α-bisabolol (monocyclic sesquiterpene alcohol), α-thujone (ketone monoterpene), camphene (bicyclic monoterpene), iatammanwaltrate P (iridoid ester), eugenol (phenylpropanoid), germakren D (sesquiterpene), nymbolide (terpenoid lactone), patchouli alcohol (sesquiterpene alcohol), α-Santalol (sesquiterpene), carveol (monocyclic monoterpenoid alcohol), carvone (monoterpene), isopulegol (monoterpene alcohol),&nbsp;&nbsp; β-caryophyllene oxide (bicyclic sesquiterpene) and β-elemen (sesquiterpenoid oxide)&nbsp; have also been reported as cytotoxic and antiproliferative compounds with anticancer effects.

It has been found that various essential oils possess countless biological activities and beneficial components that can affect the development of various forms of cancer. These essential oil constituents contribute to the potential anticancer, antitumor, and antiproliferative properties of essential oils. They are specific to each type of plant and can be the basis of anticancer therapy, as well as used in the form of liposomes/nanoemulsions/nanoparticles against various types of cancer.

Anti-cancer properties of essential oils and their components

Бетина Цветкова

The-most-popular-herbal-liqueurs-in-the-world

The most popular herbal liqueurs in the world 

Sassolino-di-Modena-/PROVINCE-OF-MODENA,-ITALY/

Sassolino di Modena /PROVINCE OF MODENA, ITALY/ 

Sassolino-di-Modena-/PROVINCE-OF-MODENA,-ITALY/_0_0

Sassolino di Modena (or sasolino only) is an anise-flavored liqueur that first appeared in the 19th century. The original version of the liqueur is dense and resembles syrup and is often addressed as a female drink due to its low alcohol content.&nbsp;

Sassolino-di-Modena-/PROVINCE-OF-MODENA,-ITALY/_0_1

It is claimed that the drink was invented by Swiss pharmacists who settled in the area and was eventually promoted by the cadets from the Military Academy in Modena, who had a summer camp in Sassuolo.

Sassolino-di-Modena-/PROVINCE-OF-MODENA,-ITALY/_0_2

This clear and bright liqueur has a distinctive aroma of star anise and is usually consumed as a DJ, served pure or with ice. It is also often included in desserts or added to coffee to make caff&egrave; corretto.

Sassolino-di-Modena-/PROVINCE-OF-MODENA,-ITALY/_0_3

Galliano-/LIVORNO,-ITALY/

Galliano /LIVORNO, ITALY/

Galliano-/LIVORNO,-ITALY/_0_0

Galliano is a sweet herbal liqueur created in 1896 by Italian distiller and brandy producer Arturo Miteri from Livorno, Tuscany. The star element in "Galliano" is vanilla, which distinguishes it from other anise-flavored liqueurs such as Sambuca, Pernod or Anisette, but the extensive list of ingredients also includes Chinese star anise, Mediterranean anise, juniper, yarrow (Achillea millefolium) &nbsp;<a href="https://www.herbal-organic.com/en/pubmed/Minireview_on_Achillea_millefolium_Linn_23959026" target="_blank" data-ref="Minireview on Achillea millefolium Linn. | Herbal &amp; Natural Medicine" rel="noopener">[ref. 1]</a> , ginger (Zingiber officinale) &nbsp;<a href="https://www.herbal-organic.com/en/pubmed/Zingiber_officinale_ginger_Monograph_12946242" target="_blank" data-ref="Zingiber officinale (ginger). Monograph. | Herbal &amp; Natural Medicine" rel="noopener">[ref. 2]</a>&nbsp; lavender (Lavandula) &nbsp;<a href="https://www.herbal-organic.com/bg/herb/14546" target="_blank" data-ref="Lavandula" rel="noopener">[ref. 3]</a> , cinnamon (Cinnamomum Verum)&nbsp;<a href="https://www.herbal-organic.com/bg/herb/14482" target="_blank" data-ref="Cinnamon" rel="noopener">[ref. 4]</a> and mint (Mentha)&nbsp;<a href="https://www.herbal-organic.com/bg/herb/14450" target="_blank" data-ref="Mentha" rel="noopener"> [Ref. 5]</a> &nbsp;

Galliano-/LIVORNO,-ITALY/_0_1

In an appearance similar to Strega, Galliano is sweet and has an intricate aroma <a href="https://www.herbal-organic.com/bg/herb/14437" target="_blank" data-ref="Vanilla" rel="noopener">of vanilla [ref. 6] and</a> anise with fine citrus, woody, and herbal notes. It is used both as a diet and as an ingredient for cocktails, especially Harvey Wallbanger.

Zirbenlikör-/AUSTRIA/

Zirbenlikör /AUSTRIA/ 

Zirbenlikör-/AUSTRIA/_0_0

Zirbenlikör is a pine liqueur that is produced in alpine countries, but is mostly associated with Austria. Alcohol is made from pine cones, usually Arolla Stone Pines, which are picked in the summer when they are still green. They are then cut and soaked in a wheat spirit or fruit brandy. As they ripen, they give the base a distinctive reddish tinge.&nbsp;

Zirbenlikör-/AUSTRIA/_0_1

Zirbenlikör is warm, fresh and soft with typical floral and pine notes. It is often drunk independently as an après-ski drink, but it can also be used in cocktails or long drinks.

Averna-/CALTANISSETTA,-ITALY/

Averna /CALTANISSETTA, ITALY/ 

Averna-/CALTANISSETTA,-ITALY/_0_0

Some sources claim that the recipe was handed over to Avernas by a monk from the local Monastery of San Spirito.&nbsp;

Averna-/CALTANISSETTA,-ITALY/_0_1

The exact list of ingredients remains a family secret of Averna, but it is said that this bitter-sweet liqueur is made with more than 60 different herbs, roots, pomegranate and essential oils of bitter Sicilian lemons.

Tentura-/PATRAS,-GREECE/

Tentura /PATRAS, GREECE/

Tentura-/PATRAS,-GREECE/_0_0

Tentura (Tentura) is a traditional liqueur that comes from Patras. It is prepared by pouring brandy or rum with herbs and spices. The most common flavors include cinnamon and cloves &nbsp;<a href="https://www.herbal-organic.com/bg/herb/160574" target="_blank" data-ref="Dianthus" rel="noopener">[ref. 7]</a>&nbsp; but nutmeg and citrus fruits are often used in the recipes. Tentura has an amber or dark color with aroma and taste, reminiscent of warming spices and vanilla.

Tentura-/PATRAS,-GREECE/_0_1

Génépi-/AOSTA-VALLEY,-ITALY/

Génépi /AOSTA VALLEY, ITALY/ 

Génépi-/AOSTA-VALLEY,-ITALY/_0_0

Génépi (Jenepi) is an herbal liqueur that is usually made by soaking dried herbs in neutral alcohol or cereal spirit, with added sugar. Although small amounts of other herbs can be added to the macerë, the most famous are the Alpine shrubs of the genus Artemisia (wormwood) &nbsp;<a href="https://www.herbal-organic.com/bg/search/Artemisia" target="_blank" data-ref="Artemisia" rel="noopener">[ref. 8]</a>&nbsp;which give the drink a distinctive, subtle bitter taste.

Pelinkovac-/CROATIA/

Pelinkovac /CROATIA/

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Pelinkovac is a traditional Croatian herbal liqueur produced by distillation of herbal macerati. The distillate is regulated and mixed with water, alcohol and macerate base. Pelinkovac should always have a dominant element of wormwood (Artemisia absinthium) &nbsp;<a href="https://www.herbal-organic.com/bg/herb/15289" target="_blank" data-ref="Artemisia absinthium" rel="noopener">[ref. 9]</a> , usually <a href="https://www.herbal-organic.com/bg/herb/15577" target="_blank" data-ref="Anethum" rel="noopener">supplemented by</a> &nbsp;dill [ref. 10]&nbsp; sage (Salvia Officinalis) &nbsp;<a href="https://www.herbal-organic.com/bg/herb/14411" target="_blank" data-ref="Salvia officinalis" rel="noopener">[ref. 11]</a>&nbsp; and mint, but the final herbal composition may vary depending on the region and season.

Amaro-Lucano-/PISTICCI,-ITALY/

Amaro Lucano /PISTICCI, ITALY/ 

Amaro-Lucano-/PISTICCI,-ITALY/_0_0

Lucano is an Italian amaro that is flavored with more than 30 plants. Some of them are known as wormwood, sage, &nbsp;<a href="https://www.herbal-organic.com/bg/herb/14624" target="_blank" data-ref="Gentiana" rel="noopener">tinty [ref. 12]</a> ,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.herbal-organic.com/bg/herb/15892" target="_blank" data-ref="Angelica archangelica" rel="noopener">angelica [ref. 13]</a>&nbsp; bitter orange and ruta, but the exact composition and recipe remain secret. The resulting drink is clear, of attractive mahogany color and is best served clean, preferably well chilled or with ice.

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Ancho-Reyes-/PUEBLA-DE-ZARAGOZA,-MEXICO/

Ancho Reyes /PUEBLA DE ZARAGOZA, MEXICO/ 

Ancho-Reyes-/PUEBLA-DE-ZARAGOZA,-MEXICO/_0_0

Ancho Reyes is a unique Mexican liqueur soaked in peppers ancho - the dried version of mature poblano chillies. The recipe is based on traditional Puebla liqueurs (menjurjes), which date back to the 1920s.&nbsp;

Ancho-Reyes-/PUEBLA-DE-ZARAGOZA,-MEXICO/_0_1

The whole process consists only of handmade and involves selecting only the best peppers, which are dried, then cut with scissors and allowed to soak in a cane spirit drink originating in Veracruz. After soaking, the spirit drink is mixed and then matures until it acquires its spicy and smoky flavors and flavors.&nbsp;

Ancho-Reyes-/PUEBLA-DE-ZARAGOZA,-MEXICO/_0_2

The original version of the liqueur is made from ripe red peppers, while the newer version Ancho Reyes Verde is made from previously picked, blended green peppers.

Among alcoholic beverages, liqueurs are some of the most numerous types, flavors, composition and origin. In many countries they have been produced for decades with traditions in the industry wonderful herbal liqueurs, including Italy, France, USA, Spain, Germany, Mexico and Sanat.io other countries. <a href="../../p/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B9-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5-%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8-%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8-%D0%B2-%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0-%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F-%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">The world's most popular herbal liqueurs [part 1 ranking]</a> and <a href="../../p/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B9-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5-%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8-%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8-%D0%B2-%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0-%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F-%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener">World's most popular herbal liqueurs [ranking part 2]</a>

The world's most popular herbal liqueurs [part 3]

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Author: Elena Marinova, Master of Pharmacy

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Since the past, wormwood has had widespread use - from a medicinal plant for digestive problems and lack of appetite to a means of repelling demons and make love spells. Today, the use of Artemisia as an herb continues, discovering new healing effects of its use.

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When a product has a distinctly bitter taste, we often use the comparison "bitter as wormwood". Wormwood does have a specific bitter taste, but it, contrary to expectations, attracts people's attention and inspires the French doctor Pierre Ordina to create a well-known alcoholic beverage - absinthe.

Facts-About-Wormwood

Facts About Wormwood

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Artemisia absinthium is also known as wormwood, grand wormwood, absinthe, absinthium, absinthe wormwood, mugwort, wermout, wermud, wormit, wormod.

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It is distributed in Europe, America, North Africa, North Asia and Europe. Wormwood is a herbaceous perennial plant of the family Compositae. The above-ground part of the herb (wormwood stalk) is used, which includes the leaves, part of the inflorescences and the stem.

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An important distinguishing feature of this type of wormwood are the leaves. They are covered on both sides with silvery-white hairs, unlike the leaves of wild wormwood (Artemisia vulgaris), which are dark green above and white below.

One-Herb-With-Many-Applications

One Herb With Many Applications

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The fact that wormwood can be poisonous in large quantities does not prevent its widespread use:

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<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">as an herb with many healing properties for the body - appetizing, antimicrobial, anthelmintic action; used in gastrointestinal disorders;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">in the manufacture of alcoholic beverages - mainly in absinthe, but can be added to beer and herbal wine; from German, "vermouth" (a drink made from herbs) means wormwood;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">as a decorative plant;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">as an insect repellent - to banish moths and fleas;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">in cosmetics.</li>
</ul>

Bitter-But-Appetite-Boosting

Bitter But Appetite-Boosting

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This seemingly contradictory claim about the wormwood is true, and the property of the herb to boost appetite has been used since ancient times.

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Wormwood also has other beneficial effects on the digestive system - it is used for bloating, gastritis, inflammation of the gallbladder.

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A study has shown that common wormwood has a beneficial effect in patients with Crohn's disease - a severe chronic inflammation of the intestines. This is due to the fact that the herb extract suppresses tumor necrosis factor alpha, which is key in this disease. <a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/Wormwood_Artemisia_absinthium_suppresses_tumour_necrosis_factor_alpha_and_accelerates_healing_in_patients_with_Crohn_s_disease_A_controlled_clinical_trial_19962291" target="_blank" rel="noopener">[ref.1]</a>

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What Crohn's disease is and how it is diagnosed

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It has been proven that aqueous extract of ordinary wormwood has hepatoprotective activity (protects <a href="/p/chierniiat_drob_nie_boli_koi_bilki_podobriavat_zdravieto_mu_pri_khiepatit_stieatoza_i_tsiroza_ed55df70_c2be_430d_93f0_29a2aece49ff" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer"></a> the liver from damage). This is due to the antioxidant properties of the herb. <a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/In_vivo_hepatoprotective_activity_of_the_aqueous_extract_of_Artemisia_absinthium_L_against_chemically_and_immunologically_induced_liver_injuries_in_mice_20637853" target="_blank" rel="noopener">[ref.2]</a>

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