A birch is a thin-leaved deciduous hardwood tree of the genus Betula (), in the family Betulaceae, which also includes alders, hazels, and hornbeams. It is closely related to the beech-oak family Fagaceae. The genus Betula contains 30 to 60 known taxa of which 11 are on the IUCN 2011 Red List of Threatened Species. They are a typically rather short-lived pioneer species widespread in the Northern Hemisphere, particularly in northern areas of temperate climates and in boreal climates.

betula

What-are-medicinal-mushrooms?

What are medicinal mushrooms? 

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Medical mushrooms are edible macroscopic mushrooms that can be eaten safely to provide health benefits. One of the main benefits of consumption is for the immune system by improving basic immune responses. There are many types of medicinal mushrooms that can be harvested and are available for safe consumption in the form of dietary supplements, but not only.&nbsp;

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Medical immunity support mushrooms are part of the traditional practices found in various cultures around the world, such as Greek, Chinese and Roman cultures. The long and similar history of mushrooms serves as evidence of their use as a preventive protective agent and a tool in the fight against infectious diseases and various types of cancer.

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Modern scientists have studied the benefits of these types of mushrooms and found that in addition to being a source of sufficient nutrients, they also contain bioactive compounds that have the potential to help the immune system and provide additional immune support. 1

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The most important are polysaccharides, structural components of the cell wall of fungi. Polysaccharides have a strong ability to carry biological information. Specifically, they have antitumor, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antidiabetic action. The best known and most abundant are α- and β-glucans. Heteroglycans, peptidoglycans and polysaccharide-protein complexes also contribute to biological activity. They are primarily responsible for immunomodulatory effects due to their ability to bind to specific receptors on the cell wall and stimulate specific immune responses.&nbsp; 2

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Medical mushrooms are also used in cancer treatment as biological response modifiers (BRMs), useful for treating cancer, reducing the side effects of therapies, and improving a patient's quality of life. &nbsp; 3

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Another class of compounds that are very important for their bioactivity are terpenes, characterized by units of five carbon isoprene atoms and whose addition of functional groups produces the terpenoids. They modulate the immune system by stimulating the expression of genes encoding proteins involved in the immune response, but also have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antitumor properties.

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Mushrooms are rich in proteins that have cytotoxic and anti-cancer properties. Some of them are known for their characteristic and pronounced immunomodulatory effect. These proteins are referred to as fungal immunomodulatory proteins, the mechanisms of action of which can be diverse.&nbsp;

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Other fungal metabolites with bioactivity are phenolic compounds, antioxidants with different mechanisms of action (oxygen uptake, inactivation of metals, free radical inhibition, peroxidase decomposition), lacases (copper-containing oxidases) and fatty acids.

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The pharmacological activities of medicinal fungi are primarily detected by in vitro assays, usually accompanied or followed by in vivo studies on animal models, which together reveal the great potential of a single fungus, an extract of it or a chemical compound.&nbsp;

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On the other hand, there are a small number of clinical studies conducted on humans and published in peer-reviewed literature. Clinical research is needed to assess the efficacy of medicinal mushrooms in the complex system of the human body, but an assessment of their safety in different age groups and conditions is also needed.

Top-5-most-powerful-medicinal-mushrooms

Top 5 most powerful medicinal mushrooms 

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It has been reported in various animal studies and a limited number of in vitro analyses that medicinal mushrooms have numerous pharmacological actions, such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antidiabetic, cytotoxic, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, anticancer, antioxidant, anti-allergic and prebiotic properties.&nbsp;

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Next we will look at the most interesting medicinal mushrooms with time-proven properties.

Chaga-(Inonotus-obliquus)

Chaga (Inonotus obliquus) 

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Chaga is found in cold climates and looks like a large black mass growing on the side of a tree. This parasitic mushroom can grow to impressive sizes. Russian and Eastern European cultures use it in folk medicine for its immunity-boosting properties.

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Chemical analysis of chaga in the scientific literature reveals several compounds such as polysaccharides, triterpenes and polyphenols that may be responsible for most of the mentioned therapeutic effects. Several compounds found in chaga mushrooms may lead to their beneficial effects, including antioxidant polyphenols, as well as betulin and betulinic acid, which have been linked to anti-cancer effects. &nbsp; Lanostans such as inotodiol are also being investigated for their cytotoxic effects. 5

Ganoderma-lucidum

Ganoderma lucidum 

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If Chaga&nbsp; is the King of Mushrooms, then Reishi is the Queen (also called Ganoderma lingzhi). This beautiful mushroom has a shiny red, fan-shaped look. A lover of temperate forests, Reishi thrives on most hardwoods and fruit trees. This mushroom is great for supporting sleep and relaxation without creating drowsiness. It has been used for centuries in Chinese and Japanese culture to maintain overall health and well-being. Reishi has a bitter taste and is therefore often mixed with other bitter ingredients such as coffee or chocolate.

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The health effects of the reishi mushroom may result from its ability to regulate the composition of the microbiota, as the polysaccharides found in reishi demonstrate prebiotic effects and may increase the number of beneficial bacteria in the host.&nbsp;

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Reishi also promotes well-being during seasonal changes and offers support to help you stay physically active. Reishi is also known as the "10,000-year-old mushroom" and is traditionally used for longevity.&nbsp;

Turkey-tail-(Trametes-versicolor)

Turkey tail (Trametes versicolor) 

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The next favorite is a mushroom, which is often overlooked and again has many names - Colorful Trammetes, Colorful Dust, Colorful Powder Mushroom and others. The turkey tail has amazing health and healing properties. If you take the time to do further research, you'll be amazed at some of the benefits of this small tree sponge. And once you understand what it looks like, you'll see it pop up everywhere as you enjoy your forest walks.&nbsp;&nbsp;

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The immunomodulatory properties of this fungus are due to two protein-bound polysaccharides present in the fungal extract: the polysaccharide peptide (PSP), extracted from the deep-layer cultured mycelium of the fungal strain COV-1 and used most extensively in China, and glycoprotein PSK, derived from the CM101 strain and used most extensively in Japan. They are mainly composed of β-glucans and are among the most studied biocompounds of mushrooms.

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In traditional medicine, turkey tail fungi are used therapeutically for fungal infections, cancer and acquired immune deficiency syndrome.&nbsp;

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Modern research on animal models of breast cancer suggests that C. versicolor exerts an antitumor and antimetastatic effect, indicating that it may reduce the risk of developing secondary cancers. Polysaccharide-K (PSK), a patented turkey-tail formula, is approved in Japan as an adjunct cancer treatment. 4&nbsp;

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A 2007 meta-analysis of over 8,000 patients conducted by Kyoto Higher School of Medicine in Japan found that PSK in combination with chemotherapy increased patients' survival rates after gastric cancer resection. 6

Shiitake-(Lentinula-edodes)

Shiitake (Lentinula edodes) 

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Shiitake is a delicious edible mushroom native to East Asia. This popular mushroom is perhaps better known for its flavor than for its benefits. This mushroom gets its name from the Japanese words "shii" tree, where these mushrooms first grew, and "take" means mushroom. Among its many advantages, shiitake is an antiviral, antibacterial agent and has antitumor properties. For example, lentinan, which is a glucan extracted from shiitake, is currently used as an additional treatment for tumors, especially in China and Japan.&nbsp;

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Lentinan can also act on the activation of inflammasomes, components of the innate immune system responsible for triggering inflammatory responses. Components of shiitake have demonstrated inhibitory effects on lung carcinoma LAP0927 cell lines and colorectal carcinoma CT26 cell line in various studies. 7

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At the heart of the current use of lentinan as an adjuvant in oncological therapies are also several preclinical studies in which polysaccharide has been tested together with substances used in chemotherapy treatment.&nbsp;

Lion's-mane-(Hericium-erinaceus)

Lion's mane (Hericium erinaceus) 

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Last but not least is the wonderful mushroom Lion's Mane. There are many strange nicknames, including a mushroom with a monkey's head, a mushroom with a bearded tooth, a satyr's beard, a bearded hedgehog mushroom and many other equally entertaining ones. Considered a gourmet mushroom with a delicate taste of seafood, Lion's Mane has become a world leader in functional mushrooms. Its unique benefits include supporting brain function and memory, immunity, and overcoming anxiety and depression.

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This medicinal mushroom also has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, immunostimulating, antidiabetic, antimicrobial and antihyperglycemic properties, although its most common use is for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and cognitive impairments. 8

How-to-consume-medicinal-mushrooms?

How to consume medicinal mushrooms? 

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Medicinal mushrooms are available as dietary supplements in several forms, including as liquid extracts, powders, and capsules. Culinary mushrooms, such as maitake and shiitake, can be used in dishes such as soups, stews, french fries, pasta and omelettes.

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Tea is also often made from whole fresh or dried mushrooms. Tea can be made by soaking three to ten grams of mushrooms in hot water for about five to ten minutes. Mushrooms that are woody and dry, such as reishi or chaga, may need to be soaked for longer or boiled. Because they have a strong taste, some people prefer to add a sweetener such as honey or maple syrup to tea.

That was a lot of information, wasn't it? This is because the kingdom of fungi is one of the most diverse groups of organisms in the world. Fungi existed before any other terrestrial plant or animal and spent billions of years learning how to adapt to any threat from the environment. They play the important role of ecological digesters while absorbing food from the plant matter from which they live. As a result, mushrooms such as lion's mane, reishi, chaga, cordyceps, turkey tail, shiitake and maitake offer numerous health benefits.

Top 5 most powerful medicinal mushrooms for health and immunity

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Бетина Цветкова

General-information-on-birch-trees-and-leaves

General information on birch trees and leaves

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"Birch leaf" is the common name for the leaves of the betula pendula roth tree or Betula pubescens Ehrh. &nbsp;<a href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-61535-1_16?error=cookies_not_supported&amp;code=1dc7934c-8d6d-41fc-9b96-1b33046d2d07" target="_blank" data-ref="Birch ( Betula spp.)" rel="noopener">[Ref. 1]</a>&nbsp; The genus Betula, colloquially known as birches, is composed of about 120 different species of small to medium-sized deciduous trees and shrubs with thin leaves.

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Throughout history, birch bark has been used in the practices of traditional medicine by the indigenous peoples of North America to treat superficial wounds by applying the bark directly to the skin. The birch leaf, in turn, was used as a mild diuretic for the dew of the urinary tract, especially in inflammations and cases of blockage of the kidneys. It is also used as an aid in the treatment of bacterial infections and spasmodic urinary tract disorders.

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Ayurvedic-health-benefits-of-birch-leaves

Ayurvedic health benefits of birch leaves

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In The Science and Practice of Herbal Medicine, phytotherapist David Hoffman writes: "Birch leaves are an effective remedy for cystitis and other urinary system infections and help remove excess water from the body. &nbsp;<a href="https://books.google.de/books?id=e10oDwAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;hl=en&amp;redir_esc=y" target="_blank" data-ref="Medical Herbalism" rel="noopener">[ref. 2]</a>&nbsp;Perhaps because of this purifying and diuretic activity, the plant has been used to treat gout, rheumatism and mild arthritic pain. With urinary tract infections, tea can be prepared, with several leaves boiled in a glass of water for 5-10 minutes. Tea is consumed unsweetened.

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Some of the other areas of application for which there is evidence that birches and their components have a beneficial effect are:

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Blood purifier: Use a tablespoon of inner birch bark with one glass of boiling water. Take one glass a day.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Analgesic: Birch essential oil can be applied externally to relieve headaches, menstrual cramps, abdominal cramps, gout, rheumatism and other pains.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Wounds: Boil the bark in a little water and use the liquid for wound cleaning.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Baldness: The decoction of leaves can be used as a means of rinsing hair.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Arthritis: Prepare for the decoction 1 teaspoon birch bark and 1 teaspoon dandelion root (Radix Taraxaci). Add 1 slice of grated ginger root (Zingiber officinale). Keep it low. Turn off the heat when it boils. Drink half a cup when it cools down. Do not use this medicine if you are sensitive to analgesics.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Septicaemia: Take an equal amount of nettle root (Urtica dioica L.), horseradish leaves (Equisetum arvense L.), birch leaves, dandelion leaves. Prepare a potion. Take one glass once a day.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Kidney stones: Boil one tablespoon of birch leaves in half a glass of water for 10 minutes. Leave to stand for 2 hours. Add half a tablespoon of baking soda. Take one glass a day.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Gallstones: Take dandelion root, milk thistle (Silybum marianum), birch leaves and nettle leaves in equal quantities. Make tea by boiling all these herbs together and drinking regularly to prevent kidney and bile stones.&nbsp;</li></ul>

Possible-side-effects-when-using-birch-leaves

Possible side effects when using birch leaves

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People who are allergic to wild carrots, wormwood, celery and other spices may react to birch pollen. This pollen can also cause allergic reactions in people who are sensitive to other plants such as apples, soybeans, hazelnuts and peanuts.

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Side effects reported with birch leaf medicines include:

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Diarrhea.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">A feeling of discomfort similar to getting sick.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Allergic reactions such as itching, rash and stuffy and runny nose. &nbsp;<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC7126499/" target="_blank" data-ref="Medicinal plants of the genus Betula&mdash;Traditional uses and a phytochemical&ndash;pharmacological review" rel="noopener">[Ref. 2]</a>&nbsp; </li></ul>Birch leaves should not be used in patients with a decreased renal or cardiac function. Pregnant and lactating mothers should avoid the use of birch leaves. It should also be taken into account that birch leaves can lead to an increase in the amount of salt in the body, which in turn worsens problems with high blood pressure. Therefore, if you have any of these conditions, ask your doctor for advice before taking tea, using in culinary or other things invlonving birch leaves.

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Birch leaves are traditionally used as a herbal treatment and as an antiseptic for the urinary tract, to relieve arthritic pains and due to their antimicrobial action. Birch leaves can be boiled in tea and taken internally for various health problems, but there are some contraindications, for example, in people with hypertension, pregnant and nursing mothers.

Birch leaves - health benefits, usage and side effects

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Birch leaves - healing properties, use and side effects

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Adaptation of the text: Rositsa Tashkova, Master of Molecular Biology and Microbiology

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The Russian state occupies vast territories with diverse climatic conditions and includes many peoples and their culture. This makes especially interesting the study of their folk medicine.

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Medicinal plants have been used in the lands that make up modern Russia since ancient times. A study of numerous written sources shows that herbal treatments were applied by the Scythians living in the northern territories along the Black Sea coast between the Dniester and Don rivers (from the 7th century BC to the 1st century AD).

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The collection and use of medicinal plants in Russia became especially widespread during the reign of Peter I (1672-1725), who personally grew medicinal herbs in his private garden. &nbsp;

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This article is devoted to the most common herbal recipes from Russian folk medicine for the treatment of various dermatological diseases. Medicinal plants are well known and available in our country. The information is taken from the article "Russian traditional medicine in dermatology", published in 2018 in the journal Clinics in Dermatology. [<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0738081X18300439" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.1</a>]

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The authors Prof. Dr. Olisova, Prof. Dr. Snarskaya, Prof. Dr. Gladko and Prof. Dr. Burova are dermatologists with long-standing practice in Moscow and London.

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In <a href="/p/liesni_rietsiepti_ot_ruskata_narodna_mieditsina_za_liechieniie_na_kozhni_zaboliavaniia_chast_1_vitiligho_infiektsii_bradavitsi_bc3df7f8_9ae1_4e6a_a6f1_ceb16618772d" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">the first part of the article</a>, you learned what are the recipes that Russian folk medicine uses to treat vitiligo, infections and warts, and in <a href="/p/liesni_rietsiepti_ot_ruskata_narodna_mieditsina_za_liechieniie_na_kozhni_zaboliavaniia_chast_2_aknie_diermatit_rozatsieia" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">the </a>second - for acne, dermatitis and rosacea. Here you will find recipes for dealing with hyperpigmentation, wrinkles, psoriasis, hyperhidrosis.

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Herbal-Recipes-For-Dealing-With-Hyperpigmentation

Herbal Recipes For Dealing With Hyperpigmentation

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There are many causes of hyperpigmentation. It can be focal or diffuse and in most cases is due to increased melanin production. Diffuse pigmentation indicates systemic disease, for example, Addison's disease and hemochromatosis.

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Hyperpigmentation may have a paraneoplastic character. After inflammation, hyperpigmentation is the most common cause of focal pigmentation, while melasma and ochronosis have a more complex etiology.

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Folk medicine does not distinguish between types of hyperpigmentation and should therefore be used with caution.

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Russian folk medicine uses the whitening properties of lemon, grapefruit, sauerkraut, radish, parsley, cucumber, egg white, oatmeal, dandelion juice and milkweed (asclepias). It also uses dairy products such as kefir, whey and fermented milk to make lotions to treat pigmented skin.

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Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) belongs to the genus Cucumis of the Cucurbitaceae family. Studies show high antioxidant activity, analgesic and anti-inflammatory action (thanks to flavonol fizetin).

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Cucumber has been used to relieve headaches, seeds - such as diuretic, juice - applied topically against acne and hyperpigmentation.

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It contains vitamins B and C, honey, potassium, manganese, proteolytic enzymes, rutin, oxidase, succinic and maleic dehydrogenases, etc. Alpha- and Beta-amirin, sytosterols and hellebozids are found in seeds, and hellebobids B and C and ferredoxin in the leaves.

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The effectiveness of cucumber preparations in the treatment of hyperpigmentation is also due to the proposed inhibitory tyrosine activity of the plant.

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Lemon is used as a means of treating hyperpigmentation due to its high concentration of vitamin C, as well as as peeling of the skin. Other fruits high in vitamin C include tomatoes, red peppers, potatoes, blackcurrants and citrus fruits.

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Recipe-1:-Lemon-solution-for-skin-whitening

Recipe 1: Lemon solution for skin whitening

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Preparation: Dilute the freshly squeezed lemon juice with water in a ratio of 1:10.

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Method of administration: Apply the solution several times a day to the affected skin.

Recipe-2:-Mask-with-starch-and-lemon-juice-against-dark-spots-on-the-skin

Recipe 2: Mask with starch and lemon juice against dark spots on the skin

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Preparation: Mask made of starch and lemon juice for sun lentigo - depending on the number of stains, half or a tablespoon of potato starch is dissolved in freshly squeezed lemon juice until a dense mass forms.

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Method of administration: Apply to the pigmentation areas and leave for 20-25 minutes. Note that lemon juice can irritate the skin.

Recipe-3:-Cucumber-peel-for-skin-depigmentation

Recipe 3: Cucumber peel for skin depigmentation

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Method of application: The skin can be bleached and toned using cucumber juice or by rubbing fresh cucumber slices on the affected areas.

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Fresh cucumber slices can also be applied to closed eyelids to reduce puffiness.

Recipe-4:-Cucumber-peel-infusion

Recipe 4: Cucumber peel infusion

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Preparation: Peel the cucumber. Place 3 tablespoons of finely chopped peel in a container, pour 1 cup of 40% vodka or 40% medical alcohol, close the container tightly and leave until the contents turn greenish.

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Method of administration: Apply the infusion to the pigmented areas.

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Recipe-5:-Blackcurrant-mask

Recipe 5: Blackcurrant mask

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Preparation: A mask of blackcurrant is prepared from a tablespoon of unripe fruits and a tablespoon of honey.

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Method of administration: The mask should be carefully rubbed on the face and left for half an hour. It is then removed and the face is rinsed with a 1:10 solution of lemon juice and water.

Recipe-6:-Potato-mask

Recipe 6: Potato mask

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Preparation: A mask of grated raw potatoes is prepared with the addition of a few drops of vegetable oil, a tablespoon of milk and almond bran.

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Method of administration: The mask is applied to the pigmented skin for 20 minutes.

Recipe-7:-Mask-with-honey-and-fish-oil

Recipe 7: Mask with honey and fish oil

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Honey mask, which includes fish oil, is suitable for the skin at any age.

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Preparation: All components must be mixed in equal proportions.

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Method of administration: The mask should be applied for 15 minutes.

Recipe-8:-Onion-juice

Recipe 8: Onion juice

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Onion juice for the treatment of freckles and lentigo (spots from the sun).

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Method of application: Wipe the face with fresh onion juice. To reduce possible irritation, the skin is smeared with a thin layer of sour cream, which is then removed with warm water. This method can be used in dry and normal skin.

betula

Birch leaves - health benefits, usage and side effects

Easy Recipes From Russian Folk Medicine For The Treatment Of Skin Diseases. Part 3: Hyperpigmentation, Wrinkles, Psoriasis, Hyperhidrosis

Sweetness From Nature Or How To Replace Sugar With Natural Sweeteners

Russian folk medicine for healthy skin. Part 2: acne, dermatitis, rosacea