Diabetic retinopathy, also known as diabetic eye disease, is a medical condition in which damage occurs to the retina due to diabetes mellitus. It is a leading cause of blindness in developed countries.Diabetic retinopathy affects up to 80 percent of those who have had diabetes for 20 years or more. At least 90% of new cases could be reduced with proper treatment and monitoring of the eyes. The longer a person has diabetes, the higher his or her chances of developing diabetic retinopathy. Each year ...

diabetic retinopathy

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Causes,-Symptoms,-and-Risk-Factors-of-Age-Related-Macular-Degeneration

Causes, Symptoms, and Risk Factors of Age-Related Macular Degeneration

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Age-related macular degeneration is a common eye condition that affects the macula, a small area near the center of the retina responsible for sharp central vision. As we age, the macula begins to deteriorate, leading to a gradual loss of vision. There are two types of AMD: dry AMD, which is the most common, and wet AMD, which is more severe but less common.

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Symptoms of AMD include blurred or distorted vision, difficulty recognizing faces, and trouble seeing in low light conditions. Risk factors for the disease include age, smoking, genetics, and a diet low in antioxidants and certain nutrients.

The-Ginkgo-Biloba-Connection

The Ginkgo Biloba Connection

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Ginkgo Biloba has long been used in traditional Chinese medicine, primarily for its cognitive-enhancing properties. However, recent scientific research has shed light on its potential in the fight against AMD. A study conducted by the University of Maryland Medical Center found that the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Ginkgo Biloba can help protect retinal cells and slow the progression of AMD.

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This research is further supported by a study published in the Journal of Ethnopharmacology, which found that the bioactive compounds present in Ginkgo Biloba leaves, such as flavonoids and terpenoids, contribute to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. These compounds may help neutralize the damaging effects of free radicals and oxidative stress, which are known contributors to the development and progression of AMD.

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Incorporating-Ginkgo-Biloba-into-Your-Diet

Incorporating Ginkgo Biloba into Your Diet

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While Ginkgo Biloba supplements are readily available, incorporating the plant into your diet can be a fun and delicious way to reap its benefits. Here are a few easy-to-make recipes that include Ginkgo Biloba:

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<ol><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Ginkgo Nut Rice Pudding: Cook rice with milk, sugar, and a pinch of salt. Stir in ginkgo nuts, raisins, and a dash of cinnamon for a tasty dessert.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Ginkgo Tea: Steep dried Ginkgo Biloba leaves in hot water for 5-10 minutes. Strain and enjoy a soothing cup of tea.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Ginkgo Biloba Stir Fry: Saut&eacute; your favorite vegetables with ginkgo nuts, garlic, ginger, and soy sauce for a healthy and flavorful side dish.</li></ol>

Allergy-Note-and-Medical-Advice

Allergy Note and Medical Advice

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It is essential to keep in mind that Ginkgo Biloba may cause allergic reactions in some individuals. Always consult your healthcare provider before incorporating any new supplement or ingredient into your diet, especially if you have a known allergy or are taking medications.

Questions-and-Answers

Questions and Answers

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Q: Can Ginkgo Biloba help with other eye conditions?

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A: While the research on Ginkgo Biloba primarily focuses on its effects on AMD, its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties may potentially benefit other eye conditions, such as glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy. However, more research is needed to establish its effectiveness in treating these conditions.

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Q: Are there any side effects associated with Ginkgo Biloba consumption?

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A: Ginkgo Biloba is generally considered safe for most people. However, some individuals may experience mild side effects such as headache, dizziness, or gastrointestinal issues. It is always recommended to consult your healthcare provider before starting any new supplement or dietary change.

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Q: Can I use Ginkgo Biloba supplements instead of incorporating it into my diet?

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A: Yes, Ginkgo Biloba supplements are a convenient alternative for those who prefer not to incorporate the plant into their meals. Ensure that you choose a high-quality supplement and follow the recommended dosage as advised by your healthcare provider.

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Q: How long does it take for Ginkgo Biloba to show its effects on AMD?

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A: The effects of Ginkgo Biloba on AMD may vary from person to person, depending on factors such as age, the severity of the condition, and overall health. It is essential to maintain a consistent intake of Ginkgo Biloba, either through diet or supplements, to maximize its potential benefits.

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Q: Can Ginkgo Biloba prevent AMD from developing in the first place?

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A: Although Ginkgo Biloba has shown promise in slowing the progression of AMD, there is currently no concrete evidence to suggest that it can prevent the onset of the disease. However, maintaining a healthy lifestyle, including a diet rich in antioxidants and other essential nutrients, can help reduce the risk of developing AMD.

The ancient Ginkgo Biloba tree may hold the key to slowing down the progression of age-related macular degeneration, a leading cause of vision loss in the elderly. With its potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, Ginkgo Biloba has shown promise in protecting retinal cells and combating the damaging effects of oxidative stress. By incorporating Ginkgo Biloba into your diet, you may be taking a significant step in preserving your eyesight and maintaining a healthy lifestyle.

Harnessing Ginkgo Biloba: A New Frontier in the Battle Against Age-Related Macular Degeneration

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Harnessing Ginkgo Biloba: A New Frontier in the Battle Against Age-Rel

Екипът на Санацио

Translation: Rositsa Tashkova, Master of Molecular Biology and Microbiology

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Photo by <a href="https://unsplash.com/@wesleyphotography?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Wesley Tingey</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com/s/photos/exercising?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Unsplash</a>

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According to <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213231720303190?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noopener">a</a> new article [ref. 1], which will be published in the May issue of the journal Redox Biology,regular exercise can helpprevent or reduce the severity of acute respiratory failure (ARDS) in those suffering from coronavirus infection. According to the authors of the article (Zhen Yan and Hannah R. Spaulding from the Hospital at the University of Virginia, University of Virginia Health System), a one-time exercise session increases the production of a critical antioxidant called extracellular superoxide dismutase, or EcSOD, helping to reduce the effects of COVID-19.

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One of the authors of the article, Dr. Zheng Yang, urges people to exercise, citing their findings.

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According to his overview article, the results of medical examinations "strongly support" the possibility that exercise will prevent or at least reduce the severity of acute respiratory failure - a condition Affecting between 3% and 17% of all PATIENTS with COVID-19. Based on the available information, the federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that 20% to 42% of patients hospitalized for COVID-19 will experience acute respiratoryfailure,which will also occur with 67% to 85% of those who will be admitted for intensive care [<a href="https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/clinical-guidance-management-patients.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 2</a>].

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Photo by <a href="https://unsplash.com/@sarabakhshi?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Sara Bakhshi</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com/s/photos/lung?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Unsplash</a>

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Studies conducted before the pandemic suggest that approximately 45% of patients who develop severe acute respiratory failure will die.

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"All we hear now is either social distance or ventilation, as if all we can do is avoid exposure or rely on a ventilator to survive if we become infected," Yang said. "The flip side of the story is that approximately 80% of confirmed COVID-19 patients have mild symptoms without the need for respiratory support. The question is why. Our findings about an endogenous antioxidant enzyme reveal an important clue and interest us to develop a new therapy for acute respiratory failure caused by COVID-19."

Powerful-antioxidant

Powerful antioxidant

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Dr. Yang, who is director of the Center for Skeletal Muscle Research at the Robert M. Bern Center for Cardiovascular Research, has compiled an in-depth review of existing medical research, including his own, looking at an antioxidant known as "extracellular superoxide dismutase" (EcSOD). This powerful antioxidant captures harmful free radicals by protecting our tissues and helping to prevent diseases. Our muscles naturally produce EcSOD, separating it into the blood that delivers it to other vital organs, but its production is enhanced by cardio exercises.

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Image credit: <a href="https://faculty.virginia.edu/yanlab/EcSOD.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Yan et al.</a>

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According to the review compiled by Dr. Yang, in several diseases there is a decrease in the amount of antioxidant. Such are acute lung diseases, ischemic heart disease and renal failure. Laboratory studies of mice suggest that blocking its production worsens heart problems, while increasing it has a beneficial effect. The reduction in EcSOD is also associated with chronic conditions such as osteoarthritis.

Powerful-antioxidant_0_4

Research has shown that even just one exercise session increases the production of the antioxidant, prompting Dr Yang to urge people to find ways to exercise, even in the face of social distance. "We can't live in isolation forever," he says. "Regular exercise has far more health benefits than we know. Defending against this severe respiratory disease is just one of many examples."

Potential-treatments

Potential treatments

Potential-treatments_1_0

Dr. Yang's review suggests EcSOD as a potential treatment for acute respiratory failure and many other health conditions. For example, gene therapy can one day be used to increase the production of the antioxidant, so that its protective presence in the lungs is strengthened in patients struggling with COVID-19.

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Photo by <a href="https://unsplash.com/@theformfitness?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Form</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com/s/photos/sport?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Unsplash</a>

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Research has also shown that laboratory rats with chronic kidney disease had less kidney damage when treated with human EcSOD. The antioxidant is already available as a potential therapeutic agent for diabetic retinopathy, a complication of diabetes that can lead to blindness.

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In addition, EcSOD can also prove useful against polyorgan failure syndrome, in which multiple organs begin to "refuse". Efforts to treat the condition with common antioxidants have not been successful, but Yang suggests that understanding ecsod's work may allow doctors to use it in a more targeted - and hopefully more effective - way.

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"We often say that sport is health. EcSOD provides a great example that we can learn from the biological process behind physical exercises to improve medicine," says Dr Yang. 'As we strive to learn more about the mystery behind the superior benefits of regular sport, we don't have to wait to know everything to start moving.'

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The original article can be read here [<a href="https://neurosciencenews.com/coronavirus-exercise-16169/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 3</a>].

Why exercise is important in the fight against the coronavirus

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 Why exercise is important in the fight against the coronavirus

Rositsa Tashkova-Kacharova

&nbsp;Author: Sylvia Marinova, PhD student in the Genomic Stability Laboratory at BAS

Photo by <a href="https://unsplash.com/@sharonmccutcheon?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Sharon McCutcheon</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com/s/photos/sugar?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Unsplash</a>

Type 1 diabetes mellitus, also known by the outdated names insulin-dependent or childhood diabetes, is due to the inability of the pancreas to produce enough of the hormone insulin. Type 1 is the main form of diabetes, which usually occurs in childhood or adolescent age (very rarely in the elderly) and is <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/basics/type1.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">due from 5% to 10%</a> [ref. 1] of all cases of diabetes mellitus.

Basic-information-and-causes-of-occurrence

Basic information and causes of occurrence

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In type 1 diabetes, the pancreas produces very little or no amount of the hormone insulin. It is necessary for the body in order for the main cell fuel coming from food (glucose) to enter from the blood into the cells where it is used for energy.

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When there is no insulin, then glucose remains in the blood. This can lead to very high blood sugar and to a state of diabetic ketoacidosis, which is life-threatening (explained below).

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Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease, which means that our immune system by mistake attacks the body's own cells. In this case, these are special cells in the pancreas called beta cells, which are responsible for the production of the hormone insulin. This process begins months or years before the first symptoms of the disease are present. With the appearance of a clinical picture, a large part of these cells are already destroyed, sometimes up to 90% of them.

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Photo by <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Jakob_Suckale" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Jakob Suckale</a>, Wikipedia

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Interesting is the fact that the above-described autoimmune condition is responsible for over 95% <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1056872701001726?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noopener"></a> of cases of type 1 diabetes. However, in a small proportion of people, the cause of its development is not due to hypersensitivity of the immune system. In these cases, it is not well understood what destroys the beta cells of the pancreas, and then it is said that diabetes is idiopathic [ref. 2] (unknown origin) and is classified as 1b subtype.

Risk-factors

Risk factors

Risk-factors_1_0

Risk factors for type 1 diabetes are not as well studiedas those for type <a href="/p/vsichko_za_diabiet_tip_2_na_iedno_miasto_9b1be4d6_84a7_42c6_8e37_de3bd6480ba1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">2 diabetes</a>. However, it is known that defects in the gene system of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) play a significant role and some people <a href="/p/kak_ghienitie_opriedieliat_prilikata_s_roditielitie_ni_2256bb0a_9ee8_4d00_8f3e_7ca44b90aa45" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">are genetically predisposed</a>. This does not mean that they will necessarily develop the disease, but they are more likely to do so.

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However, studies with identical twins (individuals with almost the same genome) show that the development of the disease does not always coincide. In other words, this fact suggests that there are other factors, other than heredity, that affect the manifestation of type 1 diabetes. These are most likely environmental factors <a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/us/eng/research/pubmed/Environmental_triggers_and_determinants_of_type_1_diabetes_16306330" target="_blank" rel="noopener"></a> [ref. 3]. The disease is associated, for example, with some viral infections caused by <a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/us/eng/research/pubmed/Coxsackie_B4_virus_infection_of_beta_cells_and_natural_killer_cell_insulitis_in_recent_onset_type_1_diabetic_patients_17360338" target="_blank" rel="noopener">eneroviruses</a> [ref. 4].

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Other risk factors include ethnic ity, obesity and high birth weight.

Genetic-causes-of-type-1-diabetes

Genetic causes of type 1 diabetes

Genetic-causes-of-type-1-diabetes_2_0

The causes of type 1 diabetes are unknown, although several risk factors have been identified. The risk of developing type 1 diabetes is increased by some variants of the genes HLA-DQA1, HLA-DQB1 and HLA-DRB1.

Genetic-causes-of-type-1-diabetes_2_1

The genes HLA-DQA1, HLA-DQB1 and HLA-DRB1 belong to a family of genes called the Human Leukocyte Antigen Complex (HLA). The HLA complex helps the immune system distinguish the body's own proteins from those produced by foreign invaders such as viruses and bacteria.

Genetic-causes-of-type-1-diabetes_2_2

Usually type 1 diabetes is considered an autoimmune disease. Autoimmune disorders occur when the immune system attacks the body's own tissues and organs. For unknown reasons in people with type 1 diabetes, the immune system damages beta cells in thepancreas that produce insulin. Damage to these cells disrupts insulin production and leads to the signs and symptoms of type 1 diabetes. [<a href="https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/type-1-diabetes#genes" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 7</a>]

How-to-diagnose

How to diagnose

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Diagnosis of type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus is usually not complicated. It is a combination of the patient's age, test symptoms and blood tests.

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There are three main types of blood tests:

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<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">
Fasting plasma glucose - this test measures the amount of glucose in the fasting blood. To do the examination, it is necessary not to take liquids (the exception makes water) and food at least 8 hours in advance.
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">
Glucose-tolerant test - the goal is to assess the body's ability to process glucose. Check the blood sugar level 2 hours after drinking 75 grams of glucose.
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">
Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) - glucose in the blood can be "hooked" to hemoglobin in red blood cells that live between 90 and 120 days. The so-called "no-fly zone" is obtained. glycosylated hemoglobin and it evaluates the average amount of glucose in the blood in the last three months.
</li>
</ul>

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After being diagnosed with diabetes mellitus, further tests can be done to distinguish the type.

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How-to-diagnose_3_5

Photo by <a href="https://unsplash.com/@nci?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Cancer Institute</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com/s/photos/blood-test?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Unsplash</a>

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Before insulin can be used by the body, it is secreted as proinsulin. This predecessor should be cut in a certain place, thereby receiving two products – active insulin and C-peptide. C-peptide levels can indicate whether the body produces insulin, thereby affecting the state of pancreatic beta cells. In patients with type 1 diabetes, these levels are very low or zero. In patients with type 2 diabetes, levels can vary and even be high, since then there is insulin resistance and insulin production is not always impaired.

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Another study that can be done is a blood test to determine the presence of autoantibodies to the beta cells of the pancreas, which testify to processes of their self-de-disruption and therefore speaks of type 1 diabetes.

Symptoms-and-complications

Symptoms and complications

Symptoms-and-complications_4_0

Patients with type 1 diabetes experience symptomsthat are associated with hyperglycemia (increased blood sugar), which leads to a violation of the balance of fluids and electrolytes in the body. As a result, they appear:

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<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">
polyphagia - a catabolic condition in which glaciers begin to break down fats and proteins due to glucose deficiency. The result of it is weight loss and constant hunger;
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">
glucoseuria - the presence of glucose in the urine;
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">
polyuria - frequent urination;
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">
polydipsia - as a result of dehydration, patients feel increased thirst;
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">
blurred vision;
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">
weakness and dizziness.
</li>
</ul>

Symptoms-and-complications_4_2

Disorders in the body can be limited by proper and timely treatment that normalizes glucose levels in the blood. If this is not done, then serious complications may arise. One of the most dangerous is diabetic ketoacidosis - ketone bodies accumulate in the blood, and this leads to its acidification. The condition can be life-threatening.

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Others are: diabetic retinopathy (damage to the eye stumps and decrease or loss of vision), neuropathy (damage to nerve fibers), nephropathy (kidney disease), diseases of the cardiovascular system, etc.

Treatment

Treatment_5_0

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a chronic diseasethat lasts a lifetime. Treatment aims to keep the blood sugar level as close to normal as possible to avoid the severe complications it can cause. This requires daily insulin therapy, as well as an appropriate diet combined with regular exercise.

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Photo by <a href="https://unsplash.com/@kateredfern?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Kate</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com/s/photos/diabetes?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Unsplash</a>

Treatment_5_3

Patients should regulate very well both food intake and the right dose of insulin. Therefore, it is necessary to regularly measure blood sugar through special glucomers, which work with small amounts of blood and report the results very quickly. According to these results, the dosage of insulin is determined with the help of the attending physician.

Treatment_5_4

Some patients use regular syringes to inject insulin ,but other gadgets such as insulin pens already exist. They provide greater convenience and more precise dose measurement. There are also the so-called " <a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/us/eng/research/pubmed/Type_1_diabetes_23890997" target="_blank" rel="noopener"></a> some ofthem even have a built-in sensor that detects blood sugar and thus performs strict controlat its level.

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It is very important to prevent not only too high blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia), for which it is explained above, but also too low (hypoglycemia). Hypoglycemia is a condition that occurs very quickly as a result of an excess dose of insulin, insufficient food intake or too intense exercise. It is potentially dangerous and should be treated immediately. You may recognize it by symptoms such as dizziness, headache, tremor, weakness, blurred vision, etc.

Treatment_5_6

In milder cases, the intake of a sweetened drink or food is sufficient, but in the more severe cases, intravenous glucose transfusion or injection of glucagon (a <a href="https://www.puls.bg/aktsenti-c-16/novo-lekarstvo-pri-khipoglikemiia-odobri-amerikanskata-lekarstvena-agentsiia-n-35191" target="_blank" rel="noopener"></a> hormone that increases blood sugar)may berequired.&nbsp;&nbsp;

Treatment_5_7

Read more about diabetes here:

Treatment_5_8

<a href="/p/vsichko_za_diabiet_tip_2_na_iedno_miasto_9b1be4d6_84a7_42c6_8e37_de3bd6480ba1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">All about type 2 diabetes in one place</a>

Treatment_5_9

<a href="/p/diabiet_po_vriemie_na_briemiennost_simptomi_riskovie_i_svieti_245acb17_9bf9_4af8_a562_bd8e4664e6e5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Diabetes during pregnancy: symptoms, risks and advice</a>

diabetic retinopathy

Why exercise is important in the fight against the coronavirus

All About Type 1 Diabetes - What You Need to Know About the Disease