Echinacea angustifolia, the narrow-leaved purple coneflower or blacksamson echinacea, is a North American plant species in sunflower family. It is widespread across much of the Great Plains of central Canada and the central United States, with additional populations in nearby regions.Echinacea angustifolia is a perennial herb up to 40 to 70 centimetres (16 to 28 in) tall with spindle-shaped taproots that are often branched. The stems and leaves are moderately to densely hairy. The plant produces ...

echinacea angustifolia

What-is-echinacea?

What is echinacea? 

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The echinacea plant, also known as American echinacea or purple echinacea, is a wild flowering herb known for its medicinal properties based on its traditional use. &nbsp;<a href="https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/echinacea" target="_blank" data-ref="Echinacea" rel="noopener">[ref. 1]</a>&nbsp; Echinacea originated in North America and is recognizable by daisy-like flowers, usually purple, around a spiny, cone-like center. &nbsp;<a href="https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/71678" target="_blank" data-ref="" rel="noopener">[ref. 2]</a>&nbsp; The term 'echinacea' actually refers to genera of plants and several species of this family, including purpurea and angustifolia, which are distinguished by their content of alkylamides (considered as active ingredients).

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Originally used by native Indians, echinacea has been used as a traditional herbal remedy since the 18th century for a number of conditions, such as coughs and colds, snakebites, burns, anthrax infections, and minor wounds. It has also been reported that echinacea root can be chewed to relieve toothache pain and throat infections.

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The three types of echinacea used in herbal remedies and dietary supplements are: &nbsp;<a href="https://academic.oup.com/jpp/article/57/8/929/6147494" target="_blank" data-ref="Echinacea species (Echinacea angustifolia (DC.) Hell., Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt., Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench): a review of their chemistry, pharmacology and clinical properties&dagger;" rel="noopener">[ref. 3]</a>&nbsp;

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Echinacea purpurea (Echinacea purple) - the most widely used and popular type of echinacea;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Echinacea pallida (Echinacea palida);</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Echinacea angustifolia (Echinacea angustifolia).</li></ul>

What-are-the-benefits-of-echinacea?

What are the benefits of echinacea?

High-in-antioxidants

High in antioxidants 

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Echinacea plants are loaded with plant compounds that act as antioxidants. Antioxidants are molecules that help protect your cells against oxidative stress. Severe oxidative stress has been linked to the development of chronic diseases, such as diabetes, heart disease and many others.

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Some of these antioxidants are flavonoids, chicory acid and rosmarinic acid. &nbsp;<a href="http://www.phcogrev.com/article/2015/9/17/1041030973-7847156353" target="_blank" data-ref="Echinacea purpurea: Pharmacology, Phytochemistry and Analysis Methods | Pharmacognosy Reviews" rel="noopener">[ref. 4]</a>&nbsp;These antioxidants are usually in higher amounts in extracts of the fruits and flowers of plants, compared to other parts, such as the leaves and root.

Echinacea-for-frequent-colds-and-flu-like-diseases

Echinacea for frequent colds and flu-like diseases 

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Echinacea is best known for its purported ability to relieve colds and flu-like infections and for helping shorten the duration of such ailments.

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A 2011 review of available studies, published in the medical journal Pharmaceuticals, found that Echinacea purpurea possesses numerous beneficial effects in the treatment of viral respiratory infections, including: &nbsp;<a href="https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/4/7/1019" target="_blank" data-ref="Echinacea&mdash;A Source of Potent Antivirals for Respiratory Virus Infections" rel="noopener">[ref. 5]</a>&nbsp;

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Direct virucidal activity against several respiratory viruses;&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Reversal of the proinflammatory response of epithelial cells and tissues to various viruses;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Reducing excessive secretion of mucin from cells and tissues of the respiratory tract;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Absence of cytotoxic effects or impairment of the integrity of Echinacea tissues in cell cultures or airway tissues, at practical antiviral concentrations;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Additional potentially positive effects on cellular gene expression.&nbsp;</li></ul>

Anti-inflammatory-action-of-echinacea

Anti-inflammatory action of echinacea  

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It has also been shown that echinacea has an anti-inflammatory effect inside the body. &nbsp;<a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ptr.2714" target="_blank" data-ref="Just a moment..." rel="noopener">[Ref. 6]</a>&nbsp; Inflammation is your body's natural way of promoting healing and protecting itself as needed. Sometimes it can get out of control and last longer than necessary and expected. This can increase the risk of chronic diseases and other health problems.

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Several studies have shown that echinacea can help reduce excess inflammation. For example, in a study in mice, echinacea compounds helped reduce important inflammatory markers and memory loss caused by inflammation. &nbsp;<a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1096/fj.201601071R" target="_blank" data-ref="Just a moment..." rel="noopener">[ref. 7]</a>&nbsp;

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In another 30-day study in adults with osteoarthritis, taking a supplement containing echinacea extract was found to significantly reduce inflammation, chronic pain, and swelling. Interestingly, these adults did not respond well to conventional nonsteroidal inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), but found that the supplement containing echinacea extract worked well for them.&nbsp;

Anticancer-properties-of-echinacea

Anticancer properties of echinacea 

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In vitro studies have shown that echinacea extracts can inhibit the growth of cancer cells and even cause cancer cell death.

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In one in vitro study, echinacea purpurea extract and cicoric acid (naturally found in echinacea plants) were shown to induce cancer cell death. <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378874112005570" target="_blank" data-ref="Redirecting" rel="noopener">[ref.</a>&nbsp;8]&nbsp;

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In another in vitro study, extracts from echinacea plants (Echinacea purpurea, Echinacea angustifolia, and Echinacea pallida) killed human pancreatic and colon cancer cells by stimulating a process called apoptosis, or controlled cell death. &nbsp;<a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378874106004624" target="_blank" data-ref="Redirecting" rel="noopener">[ref. 9]</a>&nbsp; This effect is believed to be due to the immunostimulating properties of echinacea and its active ingredients.&nbsp;

Echinacea-May-Help-Treat-Skin-Problems

Echinacea May Help Treat Skin Problems 

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Research shows that echinacea plants can help treat common skin problems.

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In an in vitro study, scientists found that the anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties of echinacea inhibited the growth of Propionibacterium, a common cause of acne.&nbsp;

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In another study in 10 healthy people aged 25-40, skin care products containing echinacea extract were found to improve skin hydration and reduce wrinkles. Similarly, a cream containing echinacea purpurea extract has been shown to improve eczema symptoms and help restore the thin protective outer layer of the skin. &nbsp;<a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0923181116310258" target="_blank" data-ref="Redirecting" rel="noopener">[ref. 10]</a>&nbsp;

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Potential Side Effects of Echinacea Use 

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Echinacea products look safe and are well tolerated for short-term use. As with any other natural remedy, there are cases of side effects that occur rarely. They can be:

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Rashes</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Itchy skin</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Hives</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Swelling</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Stomach pain</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Nausea</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Shortness of breath</li></ul>However, these side effects are more common in people with allergies to other flowers, such as daisies (Leucanthemum vulgare), chrysanthemums (Chrysanthemum), calendula (Calendula), ragweed&nbsp; (Ambrosia) and others.

Echinacea-dosage-information

Echinacea dosage information 

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For dehydrated powders (including encapsulated echinacea), Echinacea purpuera is usually used and oral doses above 300 mg are taken. three times a day (900 mg daily) and 500 mg. three times a day (1500 mg daily).

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Tinctures of ethanol extract from aboveground parts (leaves and stems) are used in a concentration of 2.5 ml. three times a day or up to 10 ml. Daily.

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There is not much evidence as to whether these are the optimal doses and studies are so far mixed in terms of quantities due to lack of standardization.

One of the many beneficial natural remedies, echinacea improves immunity, blood sugar, anxiety, counteracts inflammation and promotes skin health. There is evidence that echinacea can act as anti-cancer agent. Human-based research is still too limited, and it is necessary to investigate more thoroughly what are the exact effective doses for various health conditions.&nbsp;

Echinacea: Health Benefits, Medicinal Properties and Side Effects 

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Бетина Цветкова

Why-do-we-need-herbal-therapeutics-for-respiratory-viruses

Why do we need herbal therapeutics for respiratory viruses 

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Respiratory viruses are the most common causes of disease in humans, with a significant impact on morbidity and mortality worldwide, mainly in children. &nbsp;<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/immunology-and-microbiology/respiratory-virus" target="_blank" data-ref="ScienceDirectScience DirectScienceDirect helpElsevierRELX Group" rel="noopener">[Ref. 1]</a>&nbsp; The respiratory viruses that most often circulate in all continents as endemic or epidemic agents are influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza viruses, metapneumovirus, rhinovirus, coronaviruses, adenoviruses and bocaviruses. Although the human body has mechanisms for protection and immune response, it is never superfluous to look for solutions in nature.&nbsp; And there are often, but we need to know them and know how to use them properly and with minimal risk of side effects or interactions.

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There is scientific evidence regarding the effectiveness of several complementary therapies for colds and flu. For example, oral zinc intake can reduce the duration and severity of a cold. Regular intake of vitamin C supplements only slightly reduces the duration and severity of colds, but supports the resistance of the body as a whole.

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Probiotics were also found to be better than placebo at reducing the number of episodes of acute upper respiratory tract infections, the frequency of episodes of acute upper respiratory tract infections, and reducing antibiotic use. And against the backdrop of global antibiotic resistance, this is very good news.&nbsp;

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Since there are no fully effective universal drugs or vaccines for all respiratory viruses, the search for alternative therapies is a sensible approach. Next, we'll take a look at ten natural remedies to treat&nbsp; the flu or cold symptoms you can try.

Traditional-herbal-remedies-for-cold-and-flu-viruses

Traditional herbal remedies for cold and flu viruses

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Traditional herbal remedies were used by ancient peoples to prevent or treat colds and flu. A variety of herbs are widely used to deal with viral respiratory infections. The control and treatment of influenza depends mainly on chemical or biochemical agents that are isolated from plants. These agents include various polyphenols, flavonoids, saponins, glucosides and alkaloids contained in the following plants.

Mao 

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Herbal medicine Maoto has traditionally been prescribed to flu patients in Japan. Maoto is one of the main means <a href="../../p/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8-%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D1%8F%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0-%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BE-%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Campo medicine</a> (traditional Japanese herbs), composed of 4 medicinal herbs:&nbsp;

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<ol><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Ephedrae Herba (stem of Ephedra sinica) (Chinese ephedra)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Cinnamomi Cortex (bark of Cinnamomum cassia Blume) (Cassia)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Armeniacae Semen (core from Prunus armeniaca Linné) (Apricot)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Glycyrrhizae Radix (root of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisher) (Chinese liquorice) &nbsp;<a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ptr.1892" target="_blank" data-ref="Just a moment..." rel="noopener">[ref. 2]</a>&nbsp;</li></ol>The administration of oral maoto granules to adults with seasonal influenza is well tolerated and associated with equivalent clinical and virological efficacy of neuraminidase inhibitors. Maoto also exhibited antipyretic activity in influenza virus-infected mice and reduced the virus by increasing virus-related natural antibodies.&nbsp;

Licorice-roots

Licorice roots

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Glycyrrhizin is an active ingredient in licorice studied in mice infected with influenza A2 virus (H2N2). The study revealed that glycyrrhizin may protect mice that have been exposed to a lethal amount of influenza virus by stimulating the production of interferon-gamma by T cells. &nbsp; <a href="https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/AAC.41.3.551" target="_blank" data-ref="Just a moment..." rel="noopener">[ref. 3]</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

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Glycyrrhizin is also known to exert immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects, and is therefore a candidate drug to control H5N1-induced proinflammatory gene expression. &nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00430-010-0155-0?error=cookies_not_supported&amp;code=33f27c1a-b14d-4755-a548-cbf99f95486a" target="_blank" data-ref="Glycyrrhizin inhibits highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza A virus-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine expression in human macrophages - Medical Microbiology and Immunology" rel="noopener">[ref. 4]</a>&nbsp;

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Other potential mechanisms to glycyrrhizin action are:

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<ul><li>Immunomodulation</li><li>Anti-inflammatory action</li><li>Reduction of virus uptake by host cells</li></ul>

Extracts-of-berries

Extracts of berries

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Polyphenols are the main culprits for the positive effects of berries in influenza viruses and the common cold. A team of scientists investigated the ability of cranberry polyphenols to alter the immunity of participants who consumed a cranberry drink. The study revealed that consumption of the beverage altered the ex vivo proliferation of γδ-T cells, where these cells reside in the epithelium and serve as the first line of defense, improving their function, which may be associated with a decrease in the number of symptoms associated with colds and flu. &nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="https://nutritionj.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1475-2891-12-161" target="_blank" data-ref="Consumption of cranberry polyphenols enhances human &gamma;&delta;-T cell proliferation and reduces the number of symptoms associated with colds and influenza: a randomized, placebo-controlled intervention study - Nutrition Journal" rel="noopener">[ref. 5]</a>&nbsp;

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The mechanism of action of polyphenols includes:

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Modification of immunity</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">improving the function of T cells</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Antioxidant action</li></ul>

Echinacea

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Echinacea preparations are widely used for the prevention and treatment of the common cold. You've probably taken echinacea because of its immunomodulatory effect.

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Preliminary results from studies are encouraging and suggest that Polinacea (roots of Echinacea angustifolia) may be used to improve the immune response to influenza vaccine. Echinacea also has antiviral activity against influenza viruses in vitro and has traditionally been used to treat colds and flu. &nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22502621/" target="_blank" data-ref="Use of a standardized extract from Echinacea angustifolia (Polinacea) for the prevention of respiratory tract infections - PubMed" rel="noopener">[ref. 6]</a>&nbsp;

Clinacanthus-siamensis

Clinacanthus siamensis

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Clinacanthus siamensis leaf extract showed activity in in vitro and in vivo tests on influenza virus. After oral administration to mice, the extract produced higher antibodies against the influenza IgG and IgA virus compared to the drug used. These results suggest that Clinacanthus siamensis extract has a protective effect against influenza virus infection. &nbsp;<a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1348-0421.2008.00095.x" target="_blank" data-ref="Just a moment..." rel="noopener">[ref. 7]</a>&nbsp;

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The potential mechanisms of action of Clinacanthus siamensis include improving the production of IgG and IgA antibodies against influenza virus.

Punica-granatum

Punica granatum 

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Punica granatum (Pomegranate) has proven influenza properties. A polyphenolic pomegranate extract was also tested. It revealed suppression of influenza A virus replication in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. Pomegranate polyphenol extract also prevents the agglutination (a process of binding cells, bacteria, small particles of similar size) of red blood cells in chickens from influenza virus, inhibits viral RNA replication and has a virucidal effect.

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The potential mechanisms of action of Punica granatum include suppression of viral replication and virucidal effect, particularly pronounced in influenza virus type A.

Psidium-guajava-Linn.-(guava-tea)

Psidium guajava Linn. (guava tea)

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Psidium guajava Linn. (guava tea), which is prepared by the method of infusion, significantly inhibits the growth of clinical isolates of influenza A (H1N1). Guava tea inhibits viral haemagglutination and sialidase activity. It appears to be effective in controlling epidemic and pandemic influenza viruses, including oseltamivir-resistant strains. &nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0166354212000563" target="_blank" data-ref="Redirecting" rel="noopener">[ref. 8]</a>&nbsp;

Epimedium-koreanum-Nakai

Epimedium koreanum Nakai

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A plant known as Epimedium koreanum Nakai (Korean epimedium) is widely used in traditional Korean and Chinese medicine to treat a variety of ailments. An aqueous extract of the plant was evaluated in vitro and in vivo in a recent study. It is effective against various subtypes of influenza A by significantly reducing viral replication. &nbsp;<a href="https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/7/1/352" target="_blank" data-ref="Epimedium koreanum Nakai Displays Broad Spectrum of Antiviral Activity in Vitro and in Vivo by Inducing Cellular Antiviral State" rel="noopener">[ref. 9]</a>&nbsp;

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The mechanism of antiviral activity was revealed when an aqueous extract of Epimedium koreanum Nakai induced the secretion of type I interferon and pro-inflammatory cytokines and the subsequent stimulation of antiviral activity in cells. Oral administration of the extract showed a preventive effect on mice against lethal doses of highly pathogenic influenza A subtypes.&nbsp;

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It was concluded that Epimedium koreanum Nakai extract and its constituents play the role of immunomodulators in the immune response and may be promising candidates for prophylactic or therapeutic treatment of influenza A subtypes (H1N1, H5N2, H7N3, H9N2).

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The potential mechanisms of action of Epimedium koreanum Nakai include:&nbsp;

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Reduction of viral replication</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Increased secretion of type I interferon and pro-inflammatory cytokines</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Immunomodulation</li></ul>

Scutellaria-baicalensis-(Baikalin)

Scutellaria baicalensis (Baikalin)

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A Chinese herb known as Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (baicalin) is used to treat the common cold, fever, and influenza virus infections. In cell culture and in mice, baikalin revealed its antiviral activity, which increased with dose. This indicates that baikalin affects the multiplication of the virus.&nbsp;

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The researchers concluded that baikalin acts as a neuraminidase inhibitor with different inhibitory activities that are effective against different strains of influenza A virus in both vitro and in vivo, and that baikalin has potential in the treatment of influenza virus infections.&nbsp;

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Its potential mechanisms of action can be summarized as:&nbsp;

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Neuraminidase inhibitor</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Prevention of virus multiplication</li></ul>

Paeonia-lactiflora-Pall.-(Bai-Shao)

Paeonia lactiflora Pall. (Bai Shao)

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The root of Paeonia lactiflora Pall. (Bai Shao) - a type of Chinese herb, is used in many recipes to treat viral infections and liver diseases. The synthesis of both viral RNA and viral protein was extremely inhibited when the cells were treated with Bai Shao extract. One study showed that the extract inhibited viral haemagglutination and viral binding to and penetration into host cells. The authors conclude that Paeonia lactiflora possesses antiviral activity and has the prospect of development as a flu agent. &nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/6/4/1861" target="_blank" data-ref="Characterization of the Anti-Influenza Activity of the Chinese Herbal Plant Paeonia lactiflora" rel="noopener">[ref. 10]</a>&nbsp;

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The potential mechanisms of action of Paeonia lactiflora Pall. Include:&nbsp;

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Viral RNA inhibition and viral protein synthesis</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Viral haemagglutination</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Viral binding and penetration into host&nbsp;cells</li></ul>

Many herbal therapeutics have scientific evidence of action against respiratory viruses. Herbal remedies, such as mao, licorice roots, North American ginseng, echinacea, pomegranate, guava tea, and Bai Shao, are effective in treating upper respiratory tract infections. There is scientific evidence for the supportive effects of all of these complementary therapeutics in influenza viruses and common cold.&nbsp;

10 Natural Remedies to Relieve Flu Symptoms

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Author: Rositsa Tashkova, Master of Molecular Biology and Microbiology

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In these troubled pandemic times, many people resort to self-treatment with home remedies and herbs. This is not recommended by doctors, but it is a fact and it is important to understand what the benefits and risks are.

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Unfortunately, there are no clinical trials yet on the effectiveness of herbs in the treatment of COVID-19. Therefore, we decided to provide our readers with information about medicinal plants that are reported in the scientific literature that may support symptomatic treatment of influenza and other respiratory infections. We will also identify the potential dangers of using certain medicinal plants in the case of COVID-19.

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According to an overview published in the end of September 2020 in Frontiers in Pharmacology [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/covid_19_is_there_evidence_for_the_use_of_herbal_medicines_as_adjuvant_symptomatic_therapy_33071794" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.1</a>], the risk assessment was positive for the use of 5of the studied herbs (Althaea officinalis, Commiphora molmol, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Hedera helix and Sambucus nigra) and promising in 12 cases (Allium sativum, Andrographis paniculata, Echinacea angustifolia, Echinacea purpurea, essential oil from&nbsp;Eucalyptus globulus, Justicia pectoralis, Magnolia officinalis, Mikania glomerata, Pelargonium sidoides, Pimpinella anisum, Salix sp, Zingiber officinale).

Marshmallow-(Althaea-officinalis)

Marshmallow (Althaea officinalis)

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Marshmallow herb can suppress cough and reduce irritation through anti-inflammatory and soothing effects on the respiratory tract.

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Traditionally the herb is used in the treatment of colds and symptoms associated with upper respiratory tract infection. Data on the administration of marshmallow lead to the conclusion that it can alleviate the early symptoms of COVID-19.

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No serious side effects have been reported from taking this herbal remedy, it has high safety profile.

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How it is prepared: 0.5–5 g in 150 ml of water as an infusion, three times a day. Marshmallow root syrup is also a common preparation in a daily dose of 2-8 ml.

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What it contains: polysaccharides (they are responsible for the mucus consistency of the extract) - galacturonormanans, arabins, glucans; flavonoids (e.g. kaempferol); phenolic acids; coumarin (scopoletin); tannins.

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Special requirements for use: the absorption of other medicines taken simultaneously with marshmallow may be delayed due to the presence of mucilage in the herb extract. As a precautionary measure, all preparations with marshmallow should be taken at least 30 minutes to 1 hour before or after taking other medicines, minerals or vitamins.

Myrrh-(Commiphora-molmol)

Myrrh (Commiphora molmol)

Myrrh-(Commiphora-molmol)_1_0

It is synonymous with Commiphora myrrha, African myrrh, herabol myrrh, Somali myrrhor, common myrrh, or gum myrrh. Myrrh preparations appear to have a supportive effect as a painkiller and to relieve respiratory symptoms. However, their effect appears after a few weeks, thus exceeding the normal, uncomplicated development of COVID-19. It contains sesquiterpenes.

Myrrh-(Commiphora-molmol)_1_1

No serious safety concerns have been reported for this herb and it can be assessed as highly safe.

echinacea angustifolia

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