Ehlers–Danlos syndromes (EDS) are a group of rare genetic connective tissue disorders. Symptoms may include loose joints, joint pain, stretchy velvety skin, and abnormal scar formation. These can be noticed at birth or in early childhood. Complications may include aortic dissection, joint dislocations, scoliosis, chronic pain, or early osteoarthritis.EDS occurs due to variations of more than 19 different genes which are present at birth. The specific gene affected determines the type of EDS. Some ...

ehlers-danlos syndrome

What-is-liposuction-and-when-is-it-administered?

What is liposuction and when is it administered? 

What-is-liposuction-and-when-is-it-administered?_0_0

What-is-liposuction-and-when-is-it-administered?_0_1

Liposuction involves removing fat by sucking it through a thin tube called a cannula. It is most effective for people with normal weight and firm and elastic skin. It is important to know that liposuction is not a substitute for weight loss. Liposuction can help correct and improve the contours of parts of the body from which it is difficult to shift the weight.&nbsp;

What-is-liposuction-and-when-is-it-administered?_0_2

The areas most often treated with liposuction are the abdomen, hips, buttocks, hips, knees, neck and upper arms. Liposuction can also be used to remove lipomas (non-cancerous tumors of adipose tissue) and fatty edema that can develop under the male nipples and look like enlarged breasts (gynecomastia). 1

Liposuction-techniques

Liposuction techniques

Liposuction-techniques_1_0

Liposuction-techniques_1_1

Some of the different liposuction techniques include:

Liposuction-techniques_1_2

Liposuction-techniques_1_3

<ol><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Tumescent technique. The tumescent technique involves injecting a large amount of medical solution into a fatty area. The medical solution is a combination of drugs that anesthetize the site, as well as shrink capillaries and prevent blood loss. A vacuum connected tube is then inserted into the fat to be treated and the fat sucked out.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Ultrasonic lipoplasty. In ultrasonic lipoplasty, a special tube is used that produces ultrasonic energy. This ultrasonic energy breaks down the walls of fat cells, turning them into a liquid. Then the fat is sucked out.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Laser assisted lipoplasty. Lasers help with liposuction by heating fat to make removal more efficient. This method causes fewer bruises and allows faster healing.&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Power assisted liposuction. A tool at the end of the suction device helps to cut the grease, making it easier to remove it.</li></ol>

Who-could-benefit-from-liposuction?

Who could benefit from liposuction?

Who-could-benefit-from-liposuction?_2_0

Who-could-benefit-from-liposuction?_2_1

Normally, people of normal weight who have localized areas of accumulated fat achieve the best results with liposuction, but people who are slightly overweight can also benefit from the procedure. Age is not a major factor, although older people with reduced skin elasticity may not have the same results as people with firmer skin. &nbsp;<a href="https://journals.lww.com/01720096-201311000-00007" target="_blank" data-ref="Just a moment..." rel="noopener">[ref. 1]</a>&nbsp;

Who-could-benefit-from-liposuction?_2_2

Regardless of age, if you meet any of the following conditions, you can reap the benefits of liposuction:

Who-could-benefit-from-liposuction?_2_3

<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Normal weight (or slightly overweight)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Firm, elastic skin</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Accumulation of excess fat in certain areas</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Physically healthy and mentally stable people</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">People with realistic expectations</li></ul>

Benefits-of-liposuction

Benefits of liposuction

Benefits-of-liposuction_3_0

The following can be indicated as the main positive results after liposuction:

Benefits-of-liposuction_3_1

<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Successful removal of fat (subject to all conditions of hygiene and safety)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">May reduce cellulite or improve skin appearance</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">May improve health due to fat loss</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Promotes sculpting in areas of the body that even exercise and diet do not affect</li></ul>Liposuction is usually done for cosmetic purposes, but is sometimes used to treat certain conditions, including:

Benefits-of-liposuction_3_2

<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Lymphedema</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Gynecomastia</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Lipodystrophy syndrome</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Extreme weight loss after obesity</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Removal of lipomas</li></ul>

What-do-you-need-to-know-before-the-procedure?

What do you need to know before the procedure?

What-do-you-need-to-know-before-the-procedure?_4_0

Be as healthy as possible before undergoing liposuction. It's important to keep your weight steady with a good diet and regular exercise. If you smoke, stopping smoking at least six weeks before surgery will help reduce the risk of complications. Two weeks before surgery, you should avoid using aspirin or anti-inflammatory drugs. There may be other important measures to take, and you will have instructions from specialists for them.&nbsp;

What-results-can-you-expect-from-liposuction?

What results can you expect from liposuction?

What-results-can-you-expect-from-liposuction?_5_0

The results of liposuction will not be clear until the inflammation subsides. In some cases, this may take several months. Most of the swelling goes away after about 4 weeks, and the area where the fat is removed should look less voluminous.

What-results-can-you-expect-from-liposuction?_5_1

People who maintain their weight can usually expect permanent results. Those who gain weight after the procedure may find that their fat distribution is changing. Of course, there are many factors that can contribute to these changes, and they are related to diet, physical activity, genetic predisposition, hydration, and more.

Possible-complications-associated-with-liposuction-techniques

Possible complications associated with liposuction techniques

Possible-complications-associated-with-liposuction-techniques_6_0

Possible complications associated with liposuction techniques may include, but are not limited to, the following: 3

Possible-complications-associated-with-liposuction-techniques_6_1

<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Injury to the skin or deeper tissues</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Uneven surface of the skin. Changes in the surface of the skin can occur after liposuction, giving it an asymmetrical or marsupial appearance. There may also be changes in skin pigmentation and areas that can become numb.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Greater risks if large areas are treated. The risk of infection, blood clots or fat clots, excessive fluid loss and damage to the skin, nerves or vital organs is greater when large areas are treated.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Lidocaine toxicity or fluid in the lungs. If the lidocaine content is too high, it may cause lidocaine toxicity. If too much fluid is injected, it can cause fluid to build up in the lungs.&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Unsatisfactory result. Sometimes patients are not satisfied with the result of their liposuction if the new contours or the amount of fat removed do not meet their expectations. It is important to understand that liposuction is not a treatment for obesity. The amount of fat that can be removed from an area is limited by what is safe (no more than three liters). So it may not be possible to reduce an area as much as you want. Additional liposuction can be performed in the same area after six months. Sometimes the skin in the treated area has lost its elasticity and is flabby.&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Increased or decreased sensitivity. After liposuction, it is common for the areas to be numb or more sensitive than usual. This usually returns to normal within a few months. Loss of sensitivity, although rare, can be permanent.</li></ul>

Liposuction is a common and popular cosmetic treatment used to remove unwanted body fat. If you have decided that the procedure is right for you, make sure that you choose an accredited and reliable doctor to perform the operation. It is important to consider discussing with him the potential risks, as well as being aware of the contraindications for conducting this plastic surgery.

What are the benefits and risks of liposuction?

https://sanatio.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/d8e0cdaf-3abc-40e8-ad0b-2e1e87991c40_middle.jpg

Бетина Цветкова

_-1_0

Author: Yana Nencheva, Biochemist, PhD candidate in Biophysics

_-1_1

_-1_2

The criteria for beauty always remains unattainable. Smooth skin, a symbol of youth, however, is always desired, and let's face it: especially women (very rarely men) tend to obsess over the subject. Half of the population on Earth is of the fair sex, so there is a reason why the cosmetic industry is looking for all sorts of wrinkle smoothing solutions.

_-1_3

One of the most common substances declared to remove wrinkles is collagen, for which it is put everywhere - dietary supplements, creams, shampoos, etc.

_-1_4

However, when collagen levels drop, wrinkles turn out to be the least of our problems.

What-exactly-is-collagen

What exactly is collagen

What-exactly-is-collagen_0_0

Collagen is a protein that is a major structural component in connective tissues (skin and cartilage). The collagen share of proteins in the human body is between 1/3 and 1/4, making it the most common protein in our bodies.

What-exactly-is-collagen_0_1

What-exactly-is-collagen_0_2

There are 28 different types of collagen according to its amino acid composition. The most common are five types of collagen, which according to their structures are:

What-exactly-is-collagen_0_3

<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Collagen type 1: Located in skin, bones, tendons, internal organs, vascular ligature and makes up the highest percentage (90%) of all types of collagen in our body;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Collagen type 2: In cartilage, as their main component;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Collagen type 3: In the bone marrow and lymphatic tissues, which is often found together in structures with collagen type 1;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Collagen type 4: In the basement&nbsp;membrane (thin sheets of collagen that surround most types of tissues and act as a protective shell);</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Collagen type 5: In the hair and surfaces of cells, as well as in the placenta [ref. <a href="https://www.livescience.com/collagen.html?utm_campaign=meetedgar&amp;utm_medium=social&amp;utm_source=meetedgar.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener">1</a>, <a href="https://www.bu.edu/aldolase/biochemistry/html_docs/CollagenTypes&amp;Disorders.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2</a>].</li>
</ul>

Lack-of-collagen-leads-to-age-related-problems

Lack of collagen leads to age-related problems

Lack-of-collagen-leads-to-age-related-problems_1_0

Lack-of-collagen-leads-to-age-related-problems_1_1

The body's ability to produce collagen naturally decreases with age and this is normal. Factors that would speed up this process by adversely affecting natural collagen synthesis are excessive sun exposure, smoking and a uniform diet that does not provide the necessary amino acids [<a href="https://health.clevelandclinic.org/the-best-way-you-can-get-more-collagen/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 3</a>].

Lack-of-collagen-leads-to-age-related-problems_1_2

When this happens, then our body changes to the appearance of:

Lack-of-collagen-leads-to-age-related-problems_1_3

<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Wrinkles and sagging skin;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Firmer, less flexible tendons and ligaments;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Weakening of muscles;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Joint pain due to worn cartilage;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Gastrointestinal problems due to thinning of the mucous membrane in the digestive tract.</li>
</ul>

Lack-of-collagen-leads-to-age-related-problems_1_4

10 curious facts about aging and how to slow it down

Lack-of-collagen-leads-to-age-related-problems_1_5

However, the lack of collagen may also be associated with multiple genetic mutations. With the help of genetically modified mice with mutations in the genes responsible for collagen in the body, many aspects of the associated diseases have been clarified.

Lack-of-collagen-leads-to-age-related-problems_1_6

It turns out that the role of collagen is critical for a wide range of diseases caused by over 1,000 mutations. These mutations are currently identified in 22 genes. Such diseases are:

Lack-of-collagen-leads-to-age-related-problems_1_7

<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/search?q=%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;p=1&amp;st=1&amp;tp=9&amp;s=x" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Chondrodysplasia</a> - underdeveloped cartilage tissue,</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/search?q=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0%20%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0%20%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;p=1&amp;st=1&amp;tp=9&amp;s=x" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Progressive muscular dystrophy</a> or so-called Bethlem myopathy,</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Some subtypes of <a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/search?q=%D0%95%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%81%20%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0&amp;p=1&amp;st=1&amp;tp=9&amp;s=x" target="_blank" rel="noopener">epidermolysis bullosis</a>,</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/search?q=%D0%9A%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%85%20%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC&amp;p=1&amp;st=1&amp;tp=9&amp;s=x" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Knobloch syndrome,</a>which affects the retina,</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Some types of&nbsp;<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/search?q=%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0&amp;p=1&amp;st=1&amp;tp=9&amp;s=x" target="_blank" rel="noopener">osteoporosis</a> - bone damage,</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/search?q=%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0&amp;p=1&amp;st=1&amp;tp=9&amp;s=x" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Osteoarthrosis</a> - joint damage,</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Arterial aneurysms and others [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11310942/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 4</a>].</li>
</ul>

Which-genes-are-related-to-lack-of-collagen

Which genes are related to lack of collagen

Which-genes-are-related-to-lack-of-collagen_2_0

There are 28 types of collagen for which multiple genes are responsible. Mutations in genes for the five most common types of collagen lead to the following diseases.

Which-genes-are-related-to-lack-of-collagen_2_1

Which-genes-are-related-to-lack-of-collagen_2_2

Mutations in the COL1A1, COL1A2 genes lead to diseases in type 1 collagen:

Which-genes-are-related-to-lack-of-collagen_2_3

<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Osteogenesis imperfecta - a congenital disease characterized by fragile bone structures and improperly structured connective tissue. There is a severe and mild form that can be deadly.</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"> Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) - not only mutations in these two genes lead to this disorder, which is characterized by deformities in connective tissue. Some types of mutations can be deadly because they lead to rupture of the arteries.</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Infantile cortical hyperostosis (Caffey disease) - a disease in children that affects bones and is characterized by inflammation.</li>
</ul>

Which-genes-are-related-to-lack-of-collagen_2_4

Mutations in the COL2A1 gene lead to disease in collagen type 2:

Which-genes-are-related-to-lack-of-collagen_2_5

<ul>
<li>Collagenopathy type 2 and 11 - large groups of diseases affecting collagen cartilage tissue.</li>
</ul>

Which-genes-are-related-to-lack-of-collagen_2_6

Mutations in the COL3A1 gene lead to diseases in collagen type 3:

Which-genes-are-related-to-lack-of-collagen_2_7

<ul>
<li>Ellers-Danlos syndrome is also caused by this gene;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Dupuytren's disease (Dupuytren's contracture) - characterized by fibrous nodes under the skin of the palm.</li>
</ul>

Which-genes-are-related-to-lack-of-collagen_2_8

Mutations in the COL4A1, COL4A2, COL4A3, COL4A4, COL4A5, COL4A6 genes lead to diseases in collagen type 4:

Which-genes-are-related-to-lack-of-collagen_2_9

<ul>
<li>Alport syndrome - the disease develops in childhood or adolescent and is characterized by problems with the kidneys, eyes and deafness;</li>
<li>Goodpasture syndrome (anti-glomerular basement&nbsp;membrane disease)</li>
</ul>

Which-genes-are-related-to-lack-of-collagen_2_10

Mutations in the COL5A1, COL5A2, COL5A3 genes lead to disease in type 1 collagen:

Which-genes-are-related-to-lack-of-collagen_2_11

<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Ellers-Danlos syndrome is also caused by this gene, in this case its classic form.</li>
</ul>

Which-genes-are-related-to-lack-of-collagen_2_12

Foods-rich-in-collagen

Foods rich in collagen

Foods-rich-in-collagen_3_0

Foods-rich-in-collagen_3_1

Our body breaks down the protein food taken down to amino acids, after which from these amino acids it builds the necessary types of proteins, including collagen. For this, if you get collagen-specific amino acids by following a balanced diet, it is best.

Foods-rich-in-collagen_3_2

<h4>This type of meal includes:</h4>

Foods-rich-in-collagen_3_3

<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">proteins - chicken, beef, eggs, dairy products, legumes, nuts and whole grains;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">a large amount of fresh vegetables and fruits - to provide a stable amount of antioxidants to protect the body from oxidative stress, which can negatively affect collagen [<a href="https://health.clevelandclinic.org/the-best-way-you-can-get-more-collagen/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 4</a>].</li>
</ul>

Foods-rich-in-collagen_3_4

<h1>Collagen products - do they help</h1>

Foods-rich-in-collagen_3_5

Collagen is a popular ingredient among dietary supplements and creams, but as the scientific journal LiveScience says, few scientific sources unequivocally support its effectiveness.

Foods-rich-in-collagen_3_6

Foods-rich-in-collagen_3_7

Although collagen applied to a particular area has proven to work in wound treatment, Dr. Adelaide Hebert, professor of Dermatology and director of the Pediatric Dermatology Sector at the University of Texas Health Research Center, Houston, stresses that the evidence in favor of taking supplements is not conclusive when it comes to real benefits for hair, nails and skin.

Foods-rich-in-collagen_3_8

The use of collagen cream compared with the daily use of sunscreen and moisturizer with retinol or salicylic acid for example (according to the type of skin, the needs of a person) is weaker when maintaining the skin.

Foods-rich-in-collagen_3_9

Interestingly, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not regulate dietary supplements (in particular those with collagen) the same way as it does to medicines. Many dietary supplements with collagen claim that they can improve the strength of bones, muscles, skin and heart, relieve joint pain, improve bowel activity. However, experts warn that if you are considering taking collagen supplements it is important to first take into account your diet and lifestyle, because the supplement alone will not help [<a href="https://www.livescience.com/collagen.html?utm_campaign=meetedgar&amp;utm_medium=social&amp;utm_source=meetedgar.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 1</a>].

Foods-rich-in-collagen_3_10

Read more:

Foods-rich-in-collagen_3_11

<a href="/p/zdravieto_ni_ie_v_opasnost_17_nachina_da_razpoznaiem_falshivata_informatsiia_5a170eb2_5bb9_4975_a3dc_aaf25af43989" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Our health is in danger: 17 ways to recognize false information</a>

Foods-rich-in-collagen_3_12

<a href="/p/7_stpki_v_izbora_na_kachiestviena_kozmietika_2b839f29_de72_4e6a_9285_13b57cc8d17a" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">8+1 steps in choosing quality cosmetics</a>

Foods-rich-in-collagen_3_13

<a href="/p/10_liubopitni_fakta_za_starieienieto_i_kak_da_gho_zabavim_359c758c_61cf_45c5_9da2_e588e3e54d79" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">10 curious facts about aging and how to slow it down</a>

Foods-rich-in-collagen_3_14

<a href="/p/iepighienietikata_ili_kak_nachint_na_zhivot_upravliava_ghienitie_ni_8ec805d0_069f_4823_89cd_c55d051a9610" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Epigenetics or how lifestyle governs our genes</a>

Foods-rich-in-collagen_3_15

<a href="/p/mutatsii_srieshchu_iestiestvien_podbor_e4a316a0_b5fd_4a51_8dc0_12a14405f8f2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Mutations vs. Natural Selection</a>

ehlers-danlos syndrome

What you need to know about collagen and how not to lose it