Gastric antral vascular ectasia (GAVE) is an uncommon cause of chronic gastrointestinal bleeding or iron deficiency anemia. The condition is associated with dilated small blood vessels in the pyloric antrum, which is a distal part of the stomach. The dilated vessels result in intestinal bleeding. It is also called watermelon stomach because streaky long red areas that are present in the stomach may resemble the markings on watermelon.The condition was first discovered in 1952, and reported in the ...

gastric antral vascular ectasia

Rose-oil---what-it-is-and-how-it-works

Rose oil - what it is and how it works 

Rose-oil---what-it-is-and-how-it-works_0_0

Rose-oil---what-it-is-and-how-it-works_0_1

Rose essential oil has many useful properties such as antidepressant, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, antispasmodic and antiviral agent. Its properties of an aphrodisiac, astringent, bactericidal, choleretic agent are also known.&nbsp;

Rose-oil---what-it-is-and-how-it-works_0_2

There are two main types of roses that are valued in the cosmetic industry: Rosa damascena [ref. 1] and Rosa centifolia &nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="https://www.herbal-organic.com/en/herb/18825" target="_blank" data-ref="Rosa &times;centifolia" rel="noopener">[ref. 2]</a>&nbsp; The essential oils of both roses have different health benefits thanks to the substances contained in them<a href="https://www.herbal-organic.com/en/herb/15545" target="_blank" data-ref="Rosa &times; damascena" rel="noopener">.</a> Rose essential oil consists of hundreds of components such as citronellol, carvone, citronellyl acetate, eugenol, ethanol, farnesole, stearpoten, methyl eugenol, nerol, nonanol, nonanal, phenylacetaldehyde, phenylmethyl acetate and phenyl geraniol. &nbsp;<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5511972/" target="_blank" data-ref="Page not available - PMCTwitterFacebookLinkedInGitHubSM-TwitterSM-FacebookSM-Youtube" rel="noopener">[Ref. 3]</a>&nbsp; They all contribute to the overall health of the body in different ways and are therefore equally important for the beneficial effects of the oil.

7-Amazing-Benefits-of-Rose-Oil

7 Amazing Benefits of Rose Oil 

Anti-inflammatory-properties-of-rose-oil

Anti-inflammatory properties of rose oil 

Anti-inflammatory-properties-of-rose-oil_1_0

Rose essential oil is a good remedy for inflammation of any kind. It works well for both internal and external inflammations. It can relax muscles and its sedative nature helps to calm the body and restore it back to normal without an inflammatory process.

Anti-inflammatory-properties-of-rose-oil_1_1

Rose oil helps with inflammation caused by fever, microbial infections, indigestion, arthritis, ingestion of poisonous substances, dehydration, gout and rheumatoid arthritis. &nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3586833/" target="_blank" data-ref="Page not available - PMCTwitterFacebookLinkedInGitHubSM-TwitterSM-FacebookSM-Youtube" rel="noopener">[ref. 4]</a>&nbsp;

Rose-oil-to-relieve-pain

Rose oil to relieve pain 

Rose-oil-to-relieve-pain_1_0

In a 2015 study, children in the postoperative period inhaled either almond oil or rose oil. Patients in the group who inhaled rose oil reported a significant reduction in pain levels. Researchers believe that rose oil may have stimulated the brain to secrete endorphins, providing this effect.&nbsp;

Rose-oil-to-relieve-pain_1_1

Based on the results of this study, the researchers suggest that aromatherapy with rose oil may be an effective way to relieve pain in patients who have undergone surgery. More research is needed for more conclusions. &nbsp;<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4387651/" target="_blank" data-ref="Page not available - PMCTwitterFacebookLinkedInGitHubSM-TwitterSM-FacebookSM-Youtube" rel="noopener">[ref. 5]</a>&nbsp;

Rose-oil-to-relieve-pain_1_2

In another study conducted in 2013, women with menstrual pain had a massage to relieve discomfort. One group massaged only with base oil (almond oil), while the other group massaged with a combination of almond and rose oil. The rose oil group reported that there were fewer cramps after the massage than the almond oil alone group. &nbsp;<a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/01443615.2014.958449?journalCode=ijog20" target="_blank" data-ref="Just a moment..." rel="noopener">[ref. 6]</a>&nbsp;

Antibacterial-and-antifungal-properties-of-rose-oil

Antibacterial and antifungal properties of rose oil 

Antibacterial-and-antifungal-properties-of-rose-oil_1_0

The researchers found that an essential oil distilled from roses can be effective against a wide range of microbes that cause infections. This includes E. coli, as well as some strains of bacteria that can cause staphylococcal infections (Staphylococcus) and streptococcus in the throat (Streptococcus).

Antibacterial-and-antifungal-properties-of-rose-oil_1_1

In addition, the study found that rose oil is effective against Candida albicans, which can cause fungal infections in the mouth, intestines and vagina. &nbsp;<a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287527902_Antibacterial_and_antifungal_activity_of_Rosa_damascena_MILL_essential_oil_different_extracts_of_rose_petals" target="_blank" data-ref="Just a moment..." rel="noopener">[ref. 7]</a>&nbsp;

Rose-oil-in-skin-care

Rose oil in skin care 

Rose-oil-in-skin-care_1_0

Rose-oil-in-skin-care_1_1

Rose essential oil can help control skin texture and many skin diseases associated with keratinocytes differentiation. Keratinocytes are the protectors that protect your skin from heat, UV radiation, water loss, pathogenic bacteria and parasites. Diseases such as psoriasis and atopic dermatitis occur when there is differentiation of distribution in keratinocytes.

Rose-oil-in-skin-care_1_2

Rose essential oil may be beneficial in these cases. It causes scars and traces of acne and other skin imperfections to fade quickly. This includes the fading of stretch marks, scarring from surgery and others related to pregnancy and childbirth. Much of this action is due to the antioxidant activity of rose essential oil, which stimulates the healing processes of the skin. &nbsp;<a href="https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/25/20/4743" target="_blank" data-ref="A Rose Extract Protects the Skin against Stress Mediators: A Potential Role of Olfactory Receptors" rel="noopener">[ref. 8]</a>&nbsp;

Rose-oil-as-an-aphrodisiac

Rose oil as an aphrodisiac 

Rose-oil-as-an-aphrodisiac_1_0

Two studies have found that inhaling rose oil increases sexual desire and sexual satisfaction among men and, to a lesser extent, women. One study involved male participants with major depressive disorder who were taking antidepressants, and the other study included female participants with the same condition and also antidepressants. &nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="https://www.dovepress.com/rosa-damascena-oil-improves-ssri-induced-sexual-dysfunction-in-male-pa-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-NDT" target="_blank" data-ref="Rosa damascena oil improves SSRI-induced sexual dysfunction in male pa | NDT" rel="noopener">[ref. 9]</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;

Rose-oil-promotes-hair-growth

Rose oil promotes hair growth 

Rose-oil-promotes-hair-growth_1_0

It is known that rose oil, when used in conjunction with another carrier oil (or base oil), gives shine to the hair. In addition, it acts effectively to promote hair growth and makes the scalp healthier with its antifungal properties. You can use it with tea tree oil to relieve an itchy scalp, for example.

Rose-oil-can-prevent-excessive-bleeding

Rose oil can prevent excessive bleeding 

Rose-oil-can-prevent-excessive-bleeding_1_0

This property of rose essential oil can be very useful for people suffering from hemorrhages after injury or surgery. Rose oil accelerates blood clotting and coagulation and stops excessive bleeding. Always apply after consultation or recommendation of a doctor.

Safety-tips-for-the-use-of-rose-oil

Safety tips for the use of rose oil 

Safety-tips-for-the-use-of-rose-oil_2_0

Safety-tips-for-the-use-of-rose-oil_2_1

Essential oils are powerful and highly concentrated. If you intend to inhale essential oil of any kind, place a few drops in a diffuser instead of inhaling directly from a bottle or bottle.

Safety-tips-for-the-use-of-rose-oil_2_2

If you apply it directly to your skin, first mix a few drops of rose oil with another base oil to avoid skin irritation. Rose oil, like many other essential oils, should not be swallowed.

Safety-tips-for-the-use-of-rose-oil_2_3

Some essential oils can be harmful to pregnant and lactating women (and their babies). Keep this in mind if it applies to you.

How-to-use-rose-oil

How to use rose oil 

Bath-with-rose-oil

Bath with rose oil 

Bath-with-rose-oil_3_0

Rose oil, as part of the daily bath, has a great therapeutic effect and helps relieve daily stress. Here's how you can use it:

Bath-with-rose-oil_3_1

<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Take about 10 drops of rose oil</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Add it to any carrier oil of your choice</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Add the mixture to a bath of warm water</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Take a bath as usual.</li></ul>

Anti-anxiety-rose-oil-infusion

Anti-anxiety rose oil infusion 

Anti-anxiety-rose-oil-infusion_3_0

Rose oil is useful for people who suffer from stress, that is, for almost everyone, and for people with anxiety disorders. Its use is known to lead to the release of dopamine and endorphins, which are known to calm nerves and elevate mood.

Anti-anxiety-rose-oil-infusion_3_1

We recommend that you consult a doctor first, especially if you are allergic, have any medical condition or sensitive skin. Although natural oils generally have no negative effects, it is important to know your body and mind well before proceeding to alternative therapy and use of essential oils.

In-massage-oil

In massage oil 

In-massage-oil_3_0

Massage has many benefits, including improving blood circulation to help sore muscles and relieve tension. And when massage is combined with aromatherapy, a wonderful synergy is obtained. With 2 tablespoons of base oil and 10-12 drops of rose oil, you can make the necessary mixture for body or face massage.

Rose oil is useful for many health conditions and problems. However, it is extremely important to use it in the right way according to the purpose. Having so many different beneficial properties, rose oil is a truly valuable anti-age, antibacterial, pain-relieving agent that you can include in your routine for face and body care.

7 Amazing Benefits of Rose Oil and How to Use It

Бетина Цветкова

Myths-about-postpartum-recovery---part-2

Myths about postpartum recovery - part 2

Myths-about-postpartum-recovery---part-2_0_0

<a href="../../p/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5-%D0%B7%D0%B0-%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE-%D0%B2%D1%8A%D0%B7%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5-%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8-%D0%BE%D1%82-%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%82-%D1%87" target="_blank" rel="noopener">In the first part</a> , we commented on some of the most common myths&nbsp; about postpartum recovery. They are associated with speed of recovery and weight, which usually bothers women and bring them additional stress. Here are those myths:

Myths-about-postpartum-recovery---part-2_0_1

<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">If you do not have any symptoms, you do not need to have a routine check-up</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">6 weeks is enough to recover after childbirth</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">You need to regain weight from before pregnancy</li></ul>First of all, it is important to know that both pregnancy itself and postpartum recovery take place strictly individually, and you should not compare yourself to others. No matter how you gave birth, the first six weeks after birth are considered a period of "recovery". Even if you went through the pregnancy slightly and gave birth without major problems, the body was stressed to the limit and needed time to resume.&nbsp;

Myths-about-postpartum-recovery---part-2_0_2

In many women, more time is needed, so patience is important, as well as balanced nutrition and sleep both during pregnancy and then, as far as possible with a little baby. &nbsp; <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1087079217300291" target="_blank" data-ref="Redirecting" rel="noopener">[ref. 1]</a>&nbsp;

Myths-about-postpartum-recovery---part-2_0_3

Myth-4:-Pain-during-sex,-prolaps-and-other-pelvic-floor-problems-are-'normal'-after-birth

Myth 4: Pain during sex, prolaps and other pelvic floor problems are 'normal' after birth 

Myth-4:-Pain-during-sex,-prolaps-and-other-pelvic-floor-problems-are-'normal'-after-birth_0_0

Dysfunction of the pelvic floor is the inability to relax properly and coordinate the muscles of the pelvic floor. This type of problems occur often after childbirth, given the involvement of this musculature, intestines, bladder or uterus throughout the process and their weakening afterwards.&nbsp;

Myth-4:-Pain-during-sex,-prolaps-and-other-pelvic-floor-problems-are-'normal'-after-birth_0_1

The five most common conditions in this group are the urgency/urgency of urination; stress urinary incontinence; constipation, pain when moving the intestine or feeling of incomplete defecation; pain in the back, pelvis or in sexual intercourse; prolapse of the uterus or vagina. &nbsp;<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559246/" target="_blank" data-ref="Page not available - NCBI BookshelfTwitterFacebookLinkedInGitHubNCBI Insights BlogTwitterFacebookYoutube" rel="noopener">[Ref. 2]</a>&nbsp;

Myth-4:-Pain-during-sex,-prolaps-and-other-pelvic-floor-problems-are-'normal'-after-birth_0_2

Although they sound terribly unpleasant, each of these problems can be overcome with the appropriate measures such as physiotherapy and rehabilitation, proper diet, light exercise and other means.&nbsp;

Myth-4:-Pain-during-sex,-prolaps-and-other-pelvic-floor-problems-are-'normal'-after-birth_0_3

The same applies to diastasis, which is a weakening of the abdominal muscles of pregnant women and after childbirth. This common problem can also be corrected with light exercise, but necessarily after consulting with a doctor.&nbsp;

Myth-5:-You're-a-bad-parent-if...

Myth 5: You're a bad parent if... 

Myth-5:-You're-a-bad-parent-if..._0_0

Here you can finish the sentence with many examples such as: "do not breastfeed the child", "do not give sweets to the child", "I do not let him play on the phone", "I do not buy him everything he wants", "I do not let him play with other children", "I don't let him come out late" and thousands of other examples.&nbsp;

Myth-5:-You're-a-bad-parent-if..._0_1

Parents know exactly what we mean. However you finish the sentence, you have always gone through the process of leaving work, pregnancy and breastfeeding before, doing more housework and childcare, illness and worriedness about every new thing... In all these situations , you sacrifice yourself and your time to be available 100% of the time and give your child the best, as you imagine it.

Myth-5:-You're-a-bad-parent-if..._0_2

Finally, another mother or father appears, or grandparents who begin to question you and compare your way of raising your child with&nbsp; theirs. This can stress many new parents and is completely unnecessary. Giving unsolicited advice too, so set clear boundaries for these things and do not let everyone interfere in the harmony of your family. Over time, parents and children will understand which solution was right and what was not.

Myth-5:-You're-a-bad-parent-if..._0_3

Myth-6:-Postpartum-depression-is-a-must

Myth 6: Postpartum depression is a must 

Myth-6:-Postpartum-depression-is-a-must_0_0

There is no doubt that having a baby is a life-changing experience. Almost every mother faces bouts of anxiety and confusion due to raging hormones, lack of sleep and the struggle to adjust to this little new person at home. These sensations are normal and short-lived, but if you have symptoms of postpartum depression – including feelings of constant hopelessness, sadness, isolation, irritability, worthlessness or anxiety – more than two weeks after birth, talk to your doctor.

Myth-6:-Postpartum-depression-is-a-must_0_1

Do not be ashamed and do not feel alone: postpartum depression is not your fault and affects approximately 1 in 4 new mothers. An effective way to feel better so you can take care of yourself and your baby is to talk to a professional who can help. Talking to a loved one, partner, or helping another mother can also be crucial to normalizing things.

The period after birth is exciting and fascinating at the same time. But given all the physiological and psychological changes, you need to find the time and opportunity to take care of yourself while taking care of your baby. The correct growth and development of the child depends on the efforts of both parents, as well as on the professional assistance of medical professionals who can help the mother cope with the health problems following childbirth. In addition, you will need patience to get used to everything new and fully recover. And while you are doing it, be sure to enjoy this special stage with your baby. It's going to go faster than you think! The articles on the subject adapt the recommendations of Dr. Marcy Crouch - certified physiotherapist women's health.

Myths about postpartum recovery debunked by physiotherapist [Part 2]

https://sanatio.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/6044d0e3-5e3b-4834-8111-7ee80a6ac3ac_middle.jpg

Myths about postpartum recovery debunked by physiotherapist [2]

How-long-does-recovery-take-after-childbirth?

How long does recovery take after childbirth?

How-long-does-recovery-take-after-childbirth?_0_0

How-long-does-recovery-take-after-childbirth?_0_1

No matter how you gave birth, the first six weeks after birth are considered a period of "recovery". Even if you went through your pregnancy relatively lightly and had the easiest birth in history (and especially if it wasn't), your body was stretched like a string and stressed endlessly. Therefore, your whole being needs time to adapt and restore balance.

How-long-does-recovery-take-after-childbirth?_0_2

Note that each new mother is different and there are no universal rules for everyone, so different women will recover at different speeds and with different postpartum symptoms. Most of the symptoms subside within a week, while others (sore nipples, back pain and sometimes pain in the perineum) can last for weeks, and a third (such as chest pain and tenderness or back pain) can stay until the baby grows a little. &nbsp;<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK565875/" target="_blank" data-ref="Page not available - NCBI BookshelfTwitterFacebookLinkedInGitHubNCBI Insights BlogTwitterFacebookYoutube" rel="noopener">[ref. 1]</a>&nbsp;

How-long-does-recovery-take-after-childbirth?_0_3

If you have had a vaginal birth, you are also probably wondering how long it will take until the pain disappears and the perineum heals. Recovery can take from three weeks, if there are no ruptures, up to six weeks or more if you have had a rupture of the perineum or episyotomy.

How-long-does-recovery-take-after-childbirth?_0_4

If you gave birth with a c-section, you will probably spend the first three to four days after giving birth in the hospital for recovery; it will take four to six weeks before you feel normal as before birth, but it may take longer.&nbsp;

Myths-about-postpartum-recovery

Myths about postpartum recovery

Myth-1:-If-you-do-not-have-any-symptoms,-you-do-not-need-to-do-a-routine-examination

Myth 1: If you do not have any symptoms, you do not need to do a routine examination

Myth-1:-If-you-do-not-have-any-symptoms,-you-do-not-need-to-do-a-routine-examination_1_0

Myth-1:-If-you-do-not-have-any-symptoms,-you-do-not-need-to-do-a-routine-examination_1_1

The fourth trimester is defined as the time period from birth up to 12 weeks there. This is one of the most exciting and challenging periods when so many things happen and you can completely mess up what day it is and when you last bathed, especially if you are not sleeping. If you've already had a baby, you know what we mean. If you haven't already, one day you'll remember this information and be glad you've read it. &nbsp;<a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10995-013-1297-7?error=cookies_not_supported&amp;code=e629e506-9c43-4a26-a02d-4a090d8812ce" target="_blank" data-ref="Views of Women and Clinicians on Postpartum Preparation and Recovery - Maternal and Child Health Journal" rel="noopener">[Ref. 2]</a>&nbsp;

Myth-1:-If-you-do-not-have-any-symptoms,-you-do-not-need-to-do-a-routine-examination_1_2

Examinations 6 weeks after&nbsp; childbirth are usually done to check if you are recovering normally, but this time is often not enough. And is it necessary to go to the doctor if you do not have any pain and discomfort? Of course, yes, because you need to restore your mental health and do physical rehabilitation after childbirth. And for this purpose it could be helpful to seek help from medical professionals, as well as a psychologist, physio- or kinesitherapist. In this regard, many women are struggling with pelvic floor issues and for that there is pelvic floor physiotherapy, which helps to cope with symptoms of incontinence and heal the pelvic floor and muscles.

Myth-1:-If-you-do-not-have-any-symptoms,-you-do-not-need-to-do-a-routine-examination_1_3

If you do not want to attend a physical examination, then you can look for specialists who work through telemedicine. After all, we are in the 21st century and this aspect of patient care became quite relevant during the coronavirus pandemic.

Myth-2:-6-weeks-is-enough-to-recover-after-childbirth

Myth 2: 6 weeks is enough to recover after childbirth 

Myth-2:-6-weeks-is-enough-to-recover-after-childbirth_1_0

There are a few important things here. First, healing and recovery are two completely different things. Your tissues may have healed after 6 weeks, the scar from the operation may have healed, the stitches are removed and so on. But tissue healing is a much more labor-intensive and time-intensive process than recovery.

Myth-2:-6-weeks-is-enough-to-recover-after-childbirth_1_1

Restoring the whole organism from stress in the last nine months (and then) can take months or even years of time. And for some women, the problems they experience after they give birth continue throughout their lives. So there is no way to say universally for everyone that 6 weeks is enough for recovery after childbirth - it is strictly individual.

Myth-3:-You-need-to-regain-weight-from-before-pregnancy

Myth 3: You need to regain weight from before pregnancy

Myth-3:-You-need-to-regain-weight-from-before-pregnancy_1_0

Myth-3:-You-need-to-regain-weight-from-before-pregnancy_1_1

Here opinions can be very different, but surely every woman wants to reduce her weight after childbirth and restore it to more normal levels. In no case recent weight loss is recommended, because it can bring more negatives to your body and psyche anyway.&nbsp;

Myth-3:-You-need-to-regain-weight-from-before-pregnancy_1_2

Rather, it is good to put up with for a while with the extra weight, which will only decrease anyway if you eat healthier and get some sleep. And do not look at the numbers on the scales, the body measurements indicate whether you are losing weight or not.

Myth-3:-You-need-to-regain-weight-from-before-pregnancy_1_3

Sometimes it is not possible to become exactly as much weight as you were before birth, but things will fall into place naturally. If you have been exercising more heavily before birth or very actively, then you need to adapt your sports activities to the specific recovery period. This can be helped by both medical professionals and coaches, kinesitherapists and other specialists. Just be sure to be patient and not expect quick results.

There are many myths and legends that float about childbirth. In a series of articles we will present to you several ones that can easily be debunked by a specialist physiotherapist such as Dr. Marcy Crouch - certified physiotherapist for women's health. We will soon present to you the continuation in which we will talk about the pains during intercourse, prolaps and other concomitant recovery period problems, as well as how they can be overcome.

Myths about postpartum recovery debunked by physiotherapist [Part 1]

https://sanatio.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/5974f84d-8161-4c32-874d-7e5e58adffeb_middle.jpg

Myths about postpartum recovery debunked by physiotherapist [h]

_-1_0

_-1_1

Author: Sylvia Marinova, PhD student in in the "Genomic Stability" lab at BAS

_-1_2

Do you think about your next meal all the time? Or about drinking anything other than water? Or what to wear for this long-awaited date, so you can't tell how swollen your belly is... again? &nbsp; Moreover, bloating, heaviness, pain, diarrhea or constipation are an integral part of most of ypu days?

_-1_3

If most of your answers to the above questions are positive, then it is very possible that you suffer from the so-called Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) - a chronic functional condition characterized by abdominal pain and impaired intestinal habits, but also a lack of structural and biochemical changes that can be <a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/worldwide_prevalence_and_burden_of_functional_gastrointestinal_disorders_results_of_rome_foundation_global_study_32294476" target="_blank" rel="noopener"></a>diagnosed.&nbsp;A study published this year found that more than 40% of respondents from 33 countries reported suffering from some functional disorder of the digestive system <a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/worldwide_prevalence_and_burden_of_functional_gastrointestinal_disorders_results_of_rome_foundation_global_study_32294476" target="_blank" rel="noopener">[ref.1</a>].

_-1_4

Symptoms characteristic of irritable bowel syndrome lead to a significant decrease in the quality of life of patients. Usually, alleviating the condition requires a strict diet that includes avoiding a large amount of foods and beverages causing acute reaction and abdominal discomfort.&nbsp;Medications that reduce the discomfort can also be taken, but they do not have a healing effect, which makes them an insufficiently good solution in the long run.

_-1_5

What-causes-the-pain-in-IBS-patients?

What causes the pain in IBS patients?

What-causes-the-pain-in-IBS-patients?_0_0

Another approach to the condition is to reduce stress and lead a calmer lifestyle.&nbsp;It turns out that our intestines are covered with over 100 million nerve cells that create a direct connection between them and our brain. That is why our emotions directly affect how our stomach feels.

What-causes-the-pain-in-IBS-patients?_0_1

Read more in the <a href="../p/chrievniiat_mikrobiom_i_nashieto_zdravie_62aa84cd_b51a_41ac_a714_087565dd2382" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&nbsp;The intestinal microbiome and our health.</a>

What-causes-the-pain-in-IBS-patients?_0_2

This connection is also directly related to irritable bowel syndrome and abdominal pain, which is one of its most important symptoms. From a scientific point of view, it is defined as visceral hypersensitivity - a term meaning altered perception of normally occurring physiological processes <a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/The_Role_of_Visceral_Hypersensitivity_in_Irritable_Bowel_Syndrome_Pharmacological_Targets_and_Novel_Treatments_27431236" target="_blank" rel="noopener">[ref.2]</a>. The reason for this hypersensitivity caused by the intake of certain foods is the main question in the work of Gay Boeckxstaens, a gastroenterologist at the Catholic University of Leuven. The study led by him is published in the journal Nature earlier this year is the the subject of this article&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-03118-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener">[ref.3]</a>.

Local-immune-response---a-possible-cause-of-IBS?

Local immune response - a possible cause of IBS?

Local-immune-response---a-possible-cause-of-IBS?_1_0

Many patients with IBS feel that they are allergic to certain foods and are doing expensive blood tests to find out which.&nbsp;Often, however, the results are negative. Here comes the new concept proposed by scientists from the Bokstens team - a specific allergic reaction localized in the gut.

Local-immune-response---a-possible-cause-of-IBS?_1_1

The first prerequisites for this assumption appeared fifteen years ago in a study conducted at the Italian University of Bologna <a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/Mast_cell_dependent_excitation_of_visceral_nociceptive_sensory_neurons_in_irritable_bowel_syndrome_17241857" target="_blank" rel="noopener">[ref.4]</a>.&nbsp;Researchers have noticed that the immune system behaves differently in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. In particular, in biopsies of their gut, they found a large number of activated specific cells of the immune system called mast cells. The function of these cells is usually associated with the invasion of external pathogens such as bacteria, parasites or viruses and is expressed in the release of substances that counteract them. What is special in this case is that the patients who were examined did not have an active infection, but nevertheless many activated mast cells were found in their intestines. What is even more interesting is that they are located near the nerve cells in the gut and cause them to fire. The biggest unanswered question that these results raise is what causes mast cells to become active?

Local-immune-response---a-possible-cause-of-IBS?_1_2

This question intrigued Boeckxstaens and his team and they presented a completely new and unexpected idea. Their suggestion is that an intestinal infection could confuse the immune system in such a way that while it is fighting the pathogen, it can perceive some of the substances taken with food at that time as foreign and remember them as such. This could explain why, even when the infection subsides, the pain and cramps continue to occur with food intake and become chronic.

Local-immune-response---a-possible-cause-of-IBS?_1_3

Local-immune-response---a-possible-cause-of-IBS?_1_4

To test their hypothesis, the researchers infected mice with pathogenic bacteria, and some of them, while the infection lasted, gave them a protein called avalbumin, which can be found in abundance in egg whites. The other half of the mice did not take ovalbumin. After clearing the infection, the mice were again given the same substance. Interestingly, those who took it during infection exhibited signs of abdominal pain. In contrast, other mice did not develop such symptoms.

Local-immune-response---a-possible-cause-of-IBS?_1_5

Further in the study, the researchers showed that after infection, ovalbumin triggers an allergy-like reaction, and that it is due to overactivation of mast cells and, accordingly, nerve cells firing - that can be perceived as pain by the body. We should emphasize that this reaction has one significant difference with typical food allergies - it remains localized in the gut and cannot be detected by blood tests looking for its signs in the blood.

Local-immune-response---a-possible-cause-of-IBS?_1_6

This study introduces a new and revolutionary idea of the root causes that lead to IBS. It also raises questions that seek their answers. One is whether such an immune reaction is at the heart of all types of IBS?&nbsp;The subject of the present work of the Boeckxstaens group is trying to answer whether stress alone could cause such an immune reaction.

A Local Immune Reaction May Cause Irritable Bowel Syndrome

https://d20hztklr4qnvi.cloudfront.net/2d307be6-de63-4c00-982e-a5b7c42a60f1_middle.jpg

 A Local Immune Reaction May Cause Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Силвия Маринова

Author: Ivelina Yankova, Bachelor of Biomedical Sciences

What-is-silymarin?

What is silymarin?

What-is-silymarin?_0_0

Silymarin is an extract from the seeds of the milk thistle plant (Silybum marianum, lat.), and the biologically active ingredient in it is called silybin or silibinin. Milk thistle is found in the Mediterranean and is part of the Asteraceae family, which also includes sunflowers and daisies. The healing properties of the plant are described as early as 40-90 AD by Dioskorid – Greek doctor and botanist. The next recognition was received in 1597 by John Gerrard, who noted its calmative properties [ref. 1]. Over time, the benefits of silymarin have been increasingly proven and nowadays it is considered more of a drug than a dietary supplement.