Helianthus () is a genus of plants comprising about 70 species. Except for three species in South America, all Helianthus species are native to North America and Central America.  The common names 'sunflower' and 'common sunflower' typically refer to the popular annual species Helianthus annuus, whose round flower heads in combination with the ligules look like the sun. This and other species, notably Jerusalem artichoke (H. tuberosus), are cultivated in temperate regions and some tropical regions ...

helianthus

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Symptoms-associated-with-leukopenia

Symptoms associated with leukopenia

Symptoms-associated-with-leukopenia_0_0

<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Fatigue</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Frequent infections</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Slow healing of wounds</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Fever</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Shortness of breath</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Weakness</li></ul>

Possible-causes-of-leukopenia

Possible causes of leukopenia

Autoimmune-diseases

Autoimmune diseases

Autoimmune-diseases_1_0

<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="2">Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE): A chronic inflammatory disease that can affect multiple organs, including the skin, joints, kidneys, and heart. The immune system mistakenly attacks healthy cells and tissues, which can lead to leukopenia.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="2">Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA): A chronic autoimmune disorder that primarily affects the joints, causing pain, stiffness, and inflammation. RA can also impact the production of white blood cells, resulting in leukopenia.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="2">Consult a rheumatologist for these conditions.</li></ul>

Bone-marrow-disorders

Bone marrow disorders

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="2">Aplastic Anemia: A rare condition where the bone marrow fails to produce enough new blood cells, including white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets. It can be caused by exposure to radiation, certain medications, or viral infections.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="2">Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS): A group of disorders where the bone marrow does not produce enough healthy blood cells, which can lead to low white blood cell counts. MDS can be a result of genetic mutations, exposure to radiation or certain chemicals, or can occur without a known cause.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="2">Consult a hematologist for these conditions.</li></ul>

Bone-marrow-disorders_2_1

Viral-infections

Viral infections 

Viral-infections_3_0

<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="2">Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV): A virus that attacks the immune system, specifically targeting CD4 cells (a type of white blood cell), leading to a weakened immune system and increased vulnerability to infections.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="2">Hepatitis: An inflammation of the liver caused by various viruses, such as hepatitis A, B, and C. These viruses can impair the liver's ability to produce white blood cells, contributing to leukopenia.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="2">Consult an infectious disease specialist for these conditions.</li></ul>

Cancer-and-Cancer-Treatment

Cancer and Cancer Treatment

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="2">Leukemia: A type of cancer that begins in the bone marrow and results in the production of abnormal white blood cells. These abnormal cells crowd out healthy blood cells, leading to a decrease in normal white blood cell count.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="2">Chemotherapy and radiation therapy: Cancer treatments that target rapidly dividing cells, including white blood cells. These treatments can inadvertently damage the bone marrow, causing a temporary reduction in white blood cell production.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="2">Consult an oncologist for these conditions.</li></ul>

Nutritional-deficiencies

Nutritional deficiencies

Nutritional-deficiencies_5_0

<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="2">Vitamin B12 deficiency: This essential vitamin plays a crucial role in the production of blood cells, and a deficiency can lead to a decrease in white blood cell count.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="2">Folate deficiency: Folate, or vitamin B9, is also important for blood cell production, and a deficiency can contribute to leukopenia.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="2">Consult a primary care physician, nutritionist, or dietitian for these conditions.</li></ul>

Possible-side-effects-of-medical-drugs-that-can-cause-leukopenia:

Possible side effects of medical drugs that can cause leukopenia:

Possible-side-effects-of-medical-drugs-that-can-cause-leukopenia:_6_0

<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Antibiotics: e.g., penicillin, cephalosporins, and vancomycin</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Anticonvulsants: e.g., phenytoin, carbamazepine, and valproic acid</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Antithyroid medications: e.g., methimazole and propylthiouracil</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Immunosuppressive drugs: e.g., cyclosporine and tacrolimus</li></ul>

Possible-side-effects-of-medical-drugs-that-can-cause-leukopenia:_6_1

Herbal-and-natural-remedies-for-leukopenia

Herbal and natural remedies for leukopenia

Herbal-and-natural-remedies-for-leukopenia_7_0

<ol><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Astragalus (Astragalus membranaceus): Boosts the immune system and improves white blood cell production.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Echinacea (Echinacea purpurea): Stimulates the immune system and promotes white blood cell production.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Ginseng (Panax ginseng): Enhances immune function and supports overall health.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Cat's claw (Uncaria tomentosa): Helps boost the immune system and improves overall health.</li></ol>

Suggestions-for-Changing-Bad-Living-Habits

Suggestions for Changing Bad Living Habits

Suggestions-for-Changing-Bad-Living-Habits_8_0

<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Maintain a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Exercise regularly</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Manage stress through relaxation techniques such as meditation and yoga</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Get adequate sleep</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Limit alcohol consumption and quit smoking</li></ul>

Questions-and-answers

Questions and answers

Below-are-ten-frequently-asked-questions-that-are-not-covered-in-the-article:

Below are ten frequently asked questions that are not covered in the article:

Below-are-ten-frequently-asked-questions-that-are-not-covered-in-the-article:_9_0

Q: What is the normal range for white blood cell count?

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A: The normal range for white blood cell count is 4,000 to 11,000 cells per microliter of blood.

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Below-are-ten-frequently-asked-questions-that-are-not-covered-in-the-article:_9_3

Q: How can I increase my white blood cell count naturally?

Below-are-ten-frequently-asked-questions-that-are-not-covered-in-the-article:_9_4

A: Eating a balanced diet, exercising regularly, managing stress, and getting enough sleep can help improve your white blood cell count.

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Below-are-ten-frequently-asked-questions-that-are-not-covered-in-the-article:_9_6

Q: Can stress cause?

Below-are-ten-frequently-asked-questions-that-are-not-covered-in-the-article:_9_7

A: Yes, stress can contribute to a decreased white blood cell count. Prolonged stress can have a negative impact on the immune system, which may result in lower white blood cell levels.

Below-are-ten-frequently-asked-questions-that-are-not-covered-in-the-article:_9_8

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Q: Can leukopenia be cured?

Below-are-ten-frequently-asked-questions-that-are-not-covered-in-the-article:_9_10

A: Treatment for leukopenia depends on the underlying cause. In some cases, treating the cause or removing the trigger (e.g., certain medications) can resolve the low white blood cell count. In other cases, ongoing management may be required.

Below-are-ten-frequently-asked-questions-that-are-not-covered-in-the-article:_9_11

Below-are-ten-frequently-asked-questions-that-are-not-covered-in-the-article:_9_12

Q: Is leukopenia a sign of cancer?

Below-are-ten-frequently-asked-questions-that-are-not-covered-in-the-article:_9_13

A: Leukopenia can be a sign of cancer, particularly leukemia, which affects white blood cell production in the bone marrow. However, not all cases of leukopenia are related to cancer. It is essential to consult a doctor for proper diagnosis and treatment.

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Q: What are the consequences of having a low white blood cell count?

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A: A low white blood cell count can lead to an increased risk of infections, slower healing of wounds, and a weakened immune system, making it harder for your body to fight off illnesses.

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Q: Can certain foods help increase white blood cell count?

Below-are-ten-frequently-asked-questions-that-are-not-covered-in-the-article:_9_19

A: Yes, certain foods can help improve white blood cell count, such as those rich in vitamin C (e.g., citrus fruits, strawberries, and kiwi), zinc (e.g., oysters, red meat, and poultry), and selenium (e.g., Brazil nuts, tuna, and sunflower seeds).

Below-are-ten-frequently-asked-questions-that-are-not-covered-in-the-article:_9_20

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Q: Are there any risks associated with using herbal remedies for leukopenia?

Below-are-ten-frequently-asked-questions-that-are-not-covered-in-the-article:_9_22

A: Herbal remedies can have side effects and interact with medications. It is crucial to consult with a healthcare professional before starting any herbal treatment to ensure it is safe and appropriate for your specific situation.

Below-are-ten-frequently-asked-questions-that-are-not-covered-in-the-article:_9_23

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Q: How is leukopenia diagnosed?

Below-are-ten-frequently-asked-questions-that-are-not-covered-in-the-article:_9_25

A: Leukopenia is typically diagnosed through a blood test called a complete blood count (CBC), which measures the number of white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets in your blood.

Below-are-ten-frequently-asked-questions-that-are-not-covered-in-the-article:_9_26

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Q: Is leukopenia contagious?

Below-are-ten-frequently-asked-questions-that-are-not-covered-in-the-article:_9_28

A: No, leukopenia is not contagious. It is a medical condition caused by various factors, including diseases and medications, and cannot be transmitted from one person to another.

Leukopenia is a condition characterized by low white blood cell count, which can increase the risk of infections and impact overall health. Various factors, including autoimmune diseases, bone marrow disorders, viral infections, and cancer treatments, can contribute to leukopenia. Some medications may also cause this condition as a side effect. Herbal and natural treatments, such as Astragalus, Echinacea, Ginseng, and Cat's claw, can help improve white blood cell count. Adopting a healthy lifestyle and seeking appropriate medical consultation can also help manage and prevent leukopenia.

Leukopenia: Understanding the Causes, Risks, and Treatment Options for Low White Blood Cell Count

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Leukopenia: Understanding the Causes, Risks, and Treatment Options for

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Medicinal-products-from-very-toxic-animals

Medicinal products from very toxic animals

Medicinal-products-from-very-toxic-animals_0_0

You would never voluntarily ingest snake venom or smear your skin with insect venom, would you? Well, before you disavow anything like this, you should know that there is actually a long history of transforming some of the most toxic substances on Earth into useful and even sometimes life-saving drugs.

Medicinal-products-from-very-toxic-animals_0_1

Scientists are increasingly looking at the deadliest corners of the animal world for drugs, as the poisons of some animals are full of molecules that evolved to perform very specific activities in small quantities. In other words, they are ideal pharmaceuticals.

Botulinum-toxin

Botulinum toxin 

Botulinum-toxin_0_0

Botulinum toxin is a neurotoxic protein that is produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum and other similar species, causing mild injection site paralysis. Also known as Botox, it won't bring you back from the brink of death. In fact, one gram would be enough to kill a million people, but by paralyzing the muscles of the face in very small doses, you can deprive yourself of several wrinkles. However, with this result comes some serious risks for cosmetic use, including dysphagia, muscle weakness and allergic reactions. 1

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Botox was originally used as a treatment for ophthalmic conditions such as strabismus (crossed eyes) and twitching eyelids. Today, it is also used to prevent migraines and is just one of many terrible substances that are successfully used.

Captopril

Captopril_0_0

Captopril_0_1

The oldest toxic-inspired pharmaceutical product, and indeed the one that started looking for others, is captopril. It appeared in pharmacies in 1981 and almost instantly became popular because it treated hypertension or high blood pressure, which is a prerequisite to develop heart or kidney disease and get a heart attack, stroke or aneurysm, and all thanks to the poison of a South American viper.

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One of the great effects of this snake venom is the alarmingly rapid drop in blood pressure. This drop is useful for snakes, because the brain and muscles from which their food (other animals) have to escape do not work so well without blood. Because snakes hunt mammals, scientists believe that if they could understand how the poison works, they could better understand how our bodies regulate blood pressure.&nbsp;

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It turns out that the blood pressure regulation system is quite complex, but one major way our bodies raise blood pressure is by activating a protein called angiotensin. One of the important things angiotensin does in its active form is to make the muscle cells lining the blood vessels constrict. This means higher pressure.&nbsp;

Captopril_0_4

Scientists discovered that snake venom contains a molecule that blocks the enzyme that makes angiotensin active angiotensin the converting enzyme, or ACE. With few chemical changes, they create captopril, the first ACE inhibitor, and although captopril itself is no longer widely prescribed, ACE inhibitors are still administered every day.

Ziconotide

Ziconotide_0_0

Here in focus is the amazing and deadly marble cone snail. These slow-moving snails can eat fast-moving fish because their venom quickly paralyzes prey and is very strong. However, the advantage is that their sting does not hurt, and this is because some of the hundreds of conotoxins, the small protein toxins that cone snails produce, target the nerves that signal pain.

Ziconotide_0_1

Almost 40 years ago, a student who had just graduated from high school discovered that one of these toxins reduced pain about 1,000% more strongly than morphine without causing addiction. This is because it kills pain more directly and specifically than morphine and other opioids. Opioids reduce pain by binding to opioid receptors, which triggers a cascade that, among other things, reduces the activity of calcium channels that nerve cells in the spinal cord need to communicate with the brain.&nbsp;

Ziconotide_0_2

The toxin from the cone snails simply blocks these channels directly, and this means that there are not so many adverse effects. Your body can't develop a tolerance to it like it can to opioids, and it works in cases where opioids don't. However, this is not a perfect medicine, as it has side effects, such as difficulty walking or psychiatric symptoms, and should be given in specific places and with specific doses.

Ziconotide_0_3

Ziconotide is in turn a newer, intrathecal analgesic drug used to treat chronic pain. His indication, according to the FDA, is for the treatment of chronic severe pain in patients with intolerance or refractoriness to systemic analgesics or intrathecal morphine. 2

Exenatide

Exenatide_0_0

Exenatide_0_1

There is a frighteningly impressive creature that you can read that they call it "the monster Gila". The poison of this poisonous lizard can lower blood sugar in people with type 2 diabetes.

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The so-called Gila monsters are lizards that live in the deserts of North America. Their poison is not so dangerous for humans, but it is extremely painful the bite itself, and one of the ingredients looks a lot like a hormone that our bodies naturally produce after we eat food. This hormone, called glucagon-like peptide 1, triggers the release of insulin, and because insulin is a hormone that tells cells to take in more sugar from the blood, it lowers blood sugar.

Exenatide_0_3

We can't just give humans more of human protein to lower their blood sugar because it breaks down too quickly by enzymes, but the protein in the poison of Gila lizards has a superpower: it's extremely stable. Its action lasts more than 70 times longer in the blood than in the human species, which means that it is much easier to use.&nbsp;

Exenatide_0_4

It's not clear why monsters have this super stable sugar-lowering hormone. Scientists only discovered it because they systematically study the poison to see what the different components do, but a synthetic version of the Gila hormone has been on the market for more than a decade. In addition to helping control blood sugar, it also supports insulin it produces healthy beta cells in the pancreas and makes people feel fuller. 3

Linaclotide-and-Plecanatide

Linaclotide and Plecanatide

Linaclotide-and-Plecanatide_0_0

These drugs work by binding to and activating receptors on the cells that line your gut, telling them to release water and salt. This, in turn, softens the stool, facilitating bowel movements. Scientists aren't entirely sure how, but animal studies suggest that these drugs also trigger pain-relieving nerve pathways in the colon.&nbsp;

Cantharidin

Cantharidin_0_0

The next toxin named cantharidin comes from a type of beetle. If you lubricate one of these beetles, the cantharidin in the blood and other tissues of the beetle will burn your skin, creating blisters. If you swallow too many of these beetles, you will have a lot of problems. According to some estimates, just seven drops of the substance are enough to kill you. In small, controlled doses, cantharidin can remove warts and treat a condition known as molluscum contagiosum.

Cantharidin_0_1

Biologists believe that male beetles produce this thing as a defensive weapon, as it protects them from being eaten by predators and they can also splash it out at threat. A fun fact is that they also pass on some of it to females during mating with a so-called wedding gift to protect the next generation.&nbsp;

Cantharidin_0_2

However, instead of leaving these beetles alone, people have been trying to use their toxins for centuries to treat a host of health conditions, as well as a strong aphrodisiac. 4

Stichodactyla-toxin

Stichodactyla toxin

Stichodactyla-toxin_0_0

Stichodactyla-toxin_0_1

Stichodactyla helianthus is a tropical anemony known as the "solar anemone" and part of the order Actiniaria. The Caribbean solar anemone is armed with poison-filled stinging cells that can stun prey and repel predators. It is likely that its paralytic poison could revolutionize the treatment of autoimmune diseases.&nbsp;

Stichodactyla-toxin_0_2

Back in the 1990s, a scientist discovered that one of the paralysis-inducing peptides in anemone venom was special. Called stichodactyl toxin, it does its job by blocking a certain type of potassium channel one that in us happens to be involved in activating a specific set of immune cells.

Stichodactyla-toxin_0_3

These cells are the older T cells that have already encountered potential pathogens, but remain in the tissues as a form of immunological memory. They also end up the cells behind many autoimmune diseases, such as lupus and multiple sclerosis, because they sometimes target parts of the body instead of foreign substances. So finding something that selectively damages these cells could lead to relatively effective and targeted therapies for autoimmune conditions, but it has proven to be a real challenge at this stage.

People are facing a huge range of diseases of different origins and innovative approaches to develop applicable therapies and new methods of treatment are constantly being sought. In this regard, one of the most suitable places to look for remedies is nature in the face of herbs, plants and some poisonous animal species.
One of the best ways to make sure we have the next generation of drugs is to protect all animal species, even those that can kill you, because they may also hold the key to curing diseases, such as autoimmune diseases or cancer.

7 drugs that are extracted from highly toxic animals

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Бетина Цветкова

Purpose-of-anticoagulants

Purpose of anticoagulants 

Purpose-of-anticoagulants_0_0

Anticoagulants are type of a drug used if you are at risk of blood clots. They can potentially block a blood vessel and disrupt blood flow in the body. Also known as blood thinners, anticoagulants are chemicals that prevent or reduce blood coagulation by prolonging clotting time.

Purpose-of-anticoagulants_0_1

Anticoagulants are available in many different forms, including injections, intravenous (IV) drugs and medicines you take orally (orally). They often treat and prevent life-threatening conditions that can occur due to blood clots, such as strokes, heart attacks and pulmonary embolism. [&nbsp;<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560651/" target="_blank" data-ref="Page not available - NCBI BookshelfTwitterFacebookLinkedInGitHubNCBI Insights BlogTwitterFacebookYoutube" rel="noopener">[ref. 1]</a>&nbsp;]

What-are-the-advantages-and-side-effects-of-anticoagulants?

What are the advantages and side effects of anticoagulants?

What-are-the-advantages-and-side-effects-of-anticoagulants?_1_0

Anticoagulants are extremely effective in preventing these life-threatening conditions such as stroke, pulmonary embolism and heart attack. There are also several different ways in which these drugs work. This means that people who cannot take one medicine are likely to take another medicine with a similar effect.

What-are-the-advantages-and-side-effects-of-anticoagulants?_1_1

However, side effects are possible, and among the most common side effects with any anticoagulant is bleeding. Depending on the drug used, there are other potential risks, such as necrosis of the skin,&nbsp; severe PMS in women, bruising, bleeding gums, dizziness, headache, etc. [&nbsp;<a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40138-013-0014-6?error=cookies_not_supported&amp;code=29f13e37-8df2-4ff3-9d02-a5efc6c65811" target="_blank" data-ref="Anticoagulants: A Review of the Pharmacology, Dosing, and Complications - Current Emergency and Hospital Medicine Reports" rel="noopener">[ref. 2]</a>&nbsp;]

Natural-anticoagulants---who-are-they

Natural anticoagulants - who are they 

Garlic

Garlic_2_0

Besides its characteristic taste and numerous applications in culinary, garlic (Allium sativum) has natural antibiotic and antimicrobial properties. A&nbsp;2018 study published in Food Science and Biotechnology reported that garlic powder demonstrated antithrombotic activity in rats.<a href="https://www.herbal-organic.com/bg/pubmed/Allium_sativum_garlic_a_natural_antibiotic_6366484" target="_blank" data-ref="Allium sativum (garlic)--a natural antibiotic. | Билкови и природни лекарства" rel="noopener"></a> Antithrombotic agent is a substance that reduces the formation of blood clots. [&nbsp;<a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10068-018-0469-z?error=cookies_not_supported&amp;code=b65de6d1-7da4-49bf-9928-c1eb90c8aef4" target="_blank" data-ref="A comparative study of the antithrombotic effect through activated endothelium of garlic powder and tomato extracts using a rodent model of collagen and epinephrine induced thrombosis - Food Science and Biotechnology" rel="noopener">[ref. 4]</a>&nbsp;

Garlic_2_1

A review of studies from 2020 found that garlic supplements can help reduce blood pressure and have mild antithrombotic effects. [&nbsp;<a href="https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/etm.2019.8374" target="_blank" data-ref="Garlic lowers blood pressure in hypertensive subjects, improves arterial stiffness and gut microbiota: A review and meta-analysis" rel="noopener">[ref. 5]</a>&nbsp;

Garlic_2_2

Vitamin-E

Vitamin E

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Vitamin E reduces blood clotting in several different ways. These effects depend on the amount of vitamin E a person takes.&nbsp;

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According to the National Institutes of Health (NIH), people taking blood thinning drugs should avoid taking large doses of vitamin E. However, it is not clear how much vitamin E dilutes blood, although people may need to take more than 400 international units (IU) per day. &nbsp;<a href="https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminE-HealthProfessional/" target="_blank" data-ref="Office of Dietary Supplements - Vitamin E" rel="noopener">[Ref. 6]</a>&nbsp;

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However, taking vitamin E can bring other health benefits, and it is recommended to provide it from foods such as almonds, sunflower seeds, spinach, peanut butter and others.

Ginkgo-biloba

Ginkgo biloba 

Ginkgo-biloba_2_0

Practitioners of traditional Chinese medicine have used leaves from the Ginkgo biloba tree (Ginkgo biloba) for thousands of years. &nbsp;<a href="https://www.herbal-organic.com/bg/pubmed/Ginkgo_biloba_13678141" target="_blank" data-ref="Ginkgo biloba. | Билкови и природни лекарства" rel="noopener">[Ref. 7] Ginkgo</a> is also a very popular herbal supplement in the USА and Europe. People take ginkgo biloba for blood diseases and memory problems, blood circulation and other issues.

There are various natural substances that can reduce blood clotting to some extent. Among them are ginkgo biloba, garlic, cinnamon, ginger and others. However, not all of them can be as effective as blood thinning drugs. People at risk of blood clots should not use them instead of prescription medicines.&nbsp;