Hemolysis or haemolysis (), also known by several other names, is the rupturing (lysis) of red blood cells (erythrocytes) and the release of their contents (cytoplasm) into surrounding fluid (e.g. blood plasma). Hemolysis may occur in vivo or in vitro (inside or outside the body).

One cause of hemolysis is the action of hemolysins, toxins that are produced by certain pathogenic bacteria or fungi.  Another cause is intense physical exercise. Hemolysins damage the red blood cell's cytoplasmic membrane, ...

hemolysis

What-is-camphor?

What is camphor? 

What-is-camphor?_0_0

What-is-camphor?_0_1

Camphor (Cinnamomum camphora) is a terpene (organic compound) commonly used in creams, ointments, and lotions. Camphor oil is an oil extracted from the wood of camphor wood and treated by steam distillation. It can be used topically most often to relieve pain, irritation and itching. Camphor is also used to relieve congestion in the chest and inflammatory conditions.

What-is-camphor?_0_2

It has a strong smell and taste and is easily absorbed through the skin. Camphor is currently made from turpentine, but it is still safe to use as long as you use it correctly. There is a potential for side effects, especially if you use it in high doses. It is important to never take camphor internally or apply it to damaged skin as it can be toxic.

Biological-activity-of-camphor-essential-oil

Biological activity of camphor essential oil

Biological-activity-of-camphor-essential-oil_1_0

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In this paragraph we will consider the numerous biological activities of C. camphora, in particular the essential oil.&nbsp;

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Antimicrobial action: inhibits (suppresses the action of) Choanephora cucurbitarum; Inhibits Serratia marcescens, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus and Trichophyton rubrum; Inhibits Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Gallinarum and Escherichia coli; Inhibits Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa Inhibits Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Gloeophyllum trabeum, Penicillium purpurogenum, Trichoderma harzianum, and Aspergillus fumigatus; &nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378874119341716" target="_blank" data-ref="Redirecting" rel="noopener">[ref. 1]</a>&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Anti-inflammatory action: Blocks the production of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis-alpha factor (TNF-α); Inhibits heat-induced erythrocyte haemolysis and erythrocyte haemolysis induced by hypotonic solution; relieves allergic dermatitis, such as atopic dermatitis; &nbsp;<a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378874105005118" target="_blank" data-ref="Redirecting" rel="noopener">[ref. 2]</a>&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Insecticidal action: Insecticidal agent against mosquito and fly larvae (Chaoborus plumicornis), cabbage butterfly larvae (Pieris rapae), termite (Reticulitermes virginicus), fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) and fire ant (Solenopsis invicta × richteri); &nbsp;<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24555298/" target="_blank" data-ref="Bioactivities and compositional analyses of Cinnamomum essential oils from Nepal: C. camphora, C. tamala, and C. glaucescens - PubMed" rel="noopener">[ref. 3]</a>&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Antioxidant activity for trapping free radicals in rats;&nbsp;</li></ul>

Potential-uses-of-camphor

Potential uses of camphor

Potential-uses-of-camphor_2_0

There are many potential benefits associated with camphor, with some being investigated and more data on effectiveness and usefulness needed for others. In general, camphor has a wide variety of topical applications due to its antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory properties. It can be used to treat skin conditions, improve respiratory function and relieve pain.&nbsp;

Camphor-for-the-treatment-of-respiratory-problems

Camphor for the treatment of respiratory problems

Camphor-for-the-treatment-of-respiratory-problems_3_0

Camphor can have decongestive properties (to unclog the nose) and reduce inflammation in the lungs and throat. It can act on the nerves and reduce coughing, causing it to be depressing. It may be effective against several respiratory disorders. However, for symptoms, you should visit a doctor and do appropriate tests before taking camphor for respiratory problems.

Camphor-to-improve-skin-condition

Camphor to improve skin condition 

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Camphor is used topically on the skin to relieve itching. Camphor leaves can be used in the treatment of conditions characterized by allergic inflammation of the skin, such as Atopic Dermatitis. It has an anti-inflammatory effect and may help reduce serum immunoglobulin level E. <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/27/9/2695" target="_blank" data-ref="Phytochemistry and Applications of Cinnamomum camphora Essential Oils" rel="noopener">[ref.</a> &nbsp;4]&nbsp;

Camphor-to-improve-skin-condition_4_1

A 2015 animal study found that camphor was effective in treating wounds and wrinkles caused by ultraviolet light, making it a potential ingredient in anti-aging cosmetics. This may be due to its ability to increase the production of elastin and collagen. &nbsp;<a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ptr.5484" target="_blank" data-ref="Just a moment..." rel="noopener">[ref. 5]</a>&nbsp;

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Of course, you should consult a dermatologist for proper diagnosis and treatment at the first skin changes you notice.

Camphor-for-the-treatment-of-osteoarthritis

Camphor for the treatment of osteoarthritis 

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Osteoarthritis occurs due to wear and tear of protective cartilage, which softens the ends of bones. Camphor can be used with glucosamine sulfate and chondroitin sulfate to reduce pain associated with osteoarthritis, usually as a lotion or spread. When applied topically, it can help relieve joint pain associated with arthritis. However, there are no large enough studies to confirm this effect of camphor on humans. Therefore, you should follow the precautions and instructions given by a doctor before using camphor. 6

Camphor-to-prevent-low-blood-pressure

Camphor to prevent low blood pressure 

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One study found that both systolic and diastolic blood pressure increased when using a mixture of camphor and hawthorn extract (corodin). Corodin can be a safe and effective remedy for hypotension (low blood pressure). However, the ideal dose and duration of treatment are not defined. Therefore, the dosage and form of camphor, safe for humans, should be taken under the supervision of a doctor.

Camphor-in-Ayurveda

Camphor in Ayurveda 

Camphor-in-Ayurveda_7_0

In Ayurveda, C. camphora is used to treat bronchitis, colds, diarrhea, dysentery, edema, flu and heart problems. &nbsp;<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0975357512800678?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" data-ref="ScienceDirectScience DirectScienceDirect helpElsevierRELX Group" rel="noopener">[ref. 6]</a>&nbsp;

Risks-and-precautions-when-using-camphor

Risks and precautions when using camphor 

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Camphor is usually safe for adults when used correctly. Lotions or creams containing small amounts of camphor can be applied to the skin. Never use undiluted camphor or products containing more than 11% camphor. Always do a skin test before using camphor on your skin. Apply a small amount of camphor product to the inner part of the forearm and wait 24 hours to see if any reaction occurs.

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It is also extremely important to know that camphor should never be taken internally, as it can cause serious side effects and even fatality. Signs of camphor poisoning appear within 5 to 90 minutes after ingestion. Symptoms include burning in the mouth and throat, nausea and vomiting.

Contraindications-to-the-use-of-camphor

Contraindications to the use of camphor 

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The following cases should be known in which the use of camphor is not recommended:

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Pregnancy: Ingestion of camphor can lead to abortion, as it has the ability to cross the placental barrier.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Lactation: There is not enough information to know whether camphor can be used during breast-feeding, therefore its use is not recommended then;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Children: Camphor is not safe for use in children. Children should not take camphor by mouth, as ingestion of camphor can lead to neurotoxicity and hepatotoxicity.</li></ul>

The development of modern pharmaceutical technologies provides a theoretical basis for the effectiveness of C. camphora, which has been used in traditional medicine for a long time. The main results of research so far have been that pharmacological effects are mainly due to essential oils of C. camphora. They can be used in products to relieve arthritic and muscle pain, manage some respiratory problems, aches, and more.&nbsp; Although a number of studies have shown the benefits of camphor in a variety of health conditions, more research is needed. The use of camphor is recommended to be done after consulting a medical practitioner for an accurate dosage and method of administration.

Safe use of Camphor: Benefits and Precautions

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Safe use of camphor: benefits and precautions

Бетина Цветкова

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Author: Rositsa Tashkova, Master of Molecular Biology and Microbiology

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The record for the world's most venomous snake is once again held by an Australian species - the inland or western taipan&nbsp;(Oxyuranus microlepidotus) - its venom is specialized in killing mammals as they are the snake's prey. It is estimated that one bite is enough to kill at least 100 people.

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Perhaps unsurprisingly, Australia is the homeland of the 10 most venomous snakes in the world.

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But snake venom contains a huge variety of molecules, which have a pharmacological effect, and its toxicity is associated with only a small number of them.

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Many of the toxins can be used for medical purposes due to their specific interaction with the body. And in this case the dose makes the poison. Of course, we are far from thinking that the bite of a venomous snake is a healthy practice.

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As early as the beginning of the 17th century, the anticoagulant action of snake venom was known. And today, drugs based on it are produced. These are Captopril, Aggrastat and Eptifibatide.

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In nature, there are many venomous organisms, besides snakes - scorpions, spiders, insects, amphibians and cone snails, the poisons of which can find application in biotechnology and pharmacy.

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Snake-Venom-In-Antiquity-And-Folk-Medicine

Snake Venom In Antiquity And Folk Medicine

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The snake was considered a god of medicine in the ancient Greek world and it is still used these days as a symbol of medicine and pharmacy.

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In Ayurveda, cobra venom is used to treat joint pain, inflammation and arthritis. It has also been used for centuries in China to treat opium addiction and by Indians, who combine it with opium for pain relief.

Snake-Venom-In-Antiquity-And-Folk-Medicine_0_2

Other bodily fluids from snakes, such as blood and bile, are also widely used in traditional Chinese medicine. [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/Snake_venom_components_and_their_applications_in_biomedicine_17103111" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.1</a>]

What's-In-Snake-Venom

What's In Snake Venom

What's-In-Snake-Venom_1_0

According to some studies , more than 100 different substances are found in snake venom, with about 95% of the dry matter of the venom <a href="/p/kakva_ie_razlikata_miezhdu_bieltk_i_protiein_b1b6b96e_e340_46d2_9768_ac9fa8cd6adc" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">consisting of proteins and peptides.</a>

What's-In-Snake-Venom_1_1

Some are enzymes,&nbsp;and other components in snake venom are nucleosides, metal cations, carbohydrates and very low levels of free amino acids and lipids with less biological activity.

What's-In-Snake-Venom_1_2

Most snake poisons contain proteolytic enzymes. These enzymes accelerate the breakdown of proteins in tissues to amino acids.

What's-In-Snake-Venom_1_3

What's-In-Snake-Venom_1_4

Another type of enzymes found in almost all snake poisons are hyaluronidases, which are considered "spreading factors" as they damage the tissue at the site of the bite. This facilitates the spread of other toxins.

What's-In-Snake-Venom_1_5

Sodium is the most common cation in snake venom, but its role is unknown. Zinc and calcium are required for the activation of specific enzymes.

What's-In-Snake-Venom_1_6

The composition of snake venom differs between species, subspecies or even in the same species of snakes. These differences are related to many factors, including geographical distribution, age, gender and what the snake feeds on.

Influence-Of-Snake-Venom-On-The-Body

Influence Of Snake Venom On The Body

Influence-Of-Snake-Venom-On-The-Body_2_0

Biologically active substances in snake venom have several main effects:

Influence-Of-Snake-Venom-On-The-Body_2_1

<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Neurotoxicity (leads to neuromuscular paralysis),</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Myotoxicity (toxicity to muscle cells),</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Cytotoxicity (kills cells, can be used in the treatment of cancer),</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Hemotoxicity - toxicity to the blood: clotting or blockage of blood clotting, hemorrhages or hemolysis, that is, degradation of red blood cells;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Antimicrobial activity - against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, viruses such as HIV virus, hepatitis C virus, yellow fever, dengue and measles, some microscopic fungi and parasites causing malaria, leishmaniasis and American tripanosome.</li>
</ul>

Influence-Of-Snake-Venom-On-The-Body_2_2

Medicines-That-Contain-Snake-Venom

Medicines That Contain Snake Venom

Medicines-That-Contain-Snake-Venom_3_0

There are at least 8 drugs containing snake venom components. Most of them are used in practice, while others are still at the clinical trial stage. Here are these drugs [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/Snake_Venoms_in_Drug_Discovery_Valuable_Therapeutic_Tools_for_Life_Saving_31557973" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.2</a>]:

Medicines-That-Contain-Snake-Venom_3_1

<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Captopril - from the highly venomous jararaca or yarara&nbsp;(Bothrops jararaca), used against high blood pressure (hypertension);</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Aggrastat, Tirofiban - from the Indian saw-scaled viper&nbsp;(Echis carinatus), for heart attack;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Integrilin, Eptifibatide - from the Barbour's pygmy rattlesnake (Sistrurus miliarius barbouri), in acute coronary syndrome;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Defibrase/Reptilase, Batroxobin - from the common lancehead&nbsp;(Bothrops atrox and Bothrops moojeni), in stroke, pulmonary embolism, deep vein thrombosis and myocardial infarction;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Hemocoagulase - from the common lancehead&nbsp;(Bothrops atrox), used in plastic and abdominal surgery, as well as in vitrectomy (a type of eye surgery);</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Exanta, Ximelagatran - from cobra, in thromboembolic complications and atrial fibrillation;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Alfimeprase - at the stage of a clinical study, from the eastern copperhead (Agkistrodon contortrix), in acute peripheral arterial occlusion, also known as peripheral vascular disease;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Viprinex, Ancrod - at the stage of a clinical study, by the Malayan pit viper (Agkistrodon rhodostoma, syn. calloselasma rhodostoma), in acute ischemic stroke.</li>
</ul>

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Snake-Venom-As-A-Remedy-For-Cancer

Snake Venom As A Remedy For Cancer

Snake-Venom-As-A-Remedy-For-Cancer_4_0

The anti-cancer properties of snake venom were first studied in the 1930s, but without much success. In 1936, cobra venom was used on cancer patients for pain relief. About 30% of patients experienced significant pain relief, 38% reported a satisfactory analgesic effect, and only about 13% had no definite results. [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/Snake_Venoms_in_Cancer_Therapy_Past_Present_and_Future_30158426" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.3</a>]

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Some substances in snake venom have two main qualities, due to which it could be used in the treatment of cancer:

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<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Inhibits angiogenesis, that is, the creation of new blood vessels, so necessary to feed the growing tumor and its spread to the surrounding tissues;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">It causes apoptosis - programmed cell death.</li>
</ul>

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Substances that are isolated from the poison of various types of snakes and possess the ability to suppress angiogenesis are proteins and are called disintegratins.

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Substances that cause apoptosis are also proteins, which include both disintegrines and L-amino acid oxidase (types of enzymes).

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Currently, scientists are working on how to direct the action of these substances from snake venom only to cancer cells, without affecting others and how the substances reach the cells in question to destroy them.

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The potential of snake venom is evidence of the richness of nature and folk medicine as a source of new discoveries applicable in modern medicine, including the treatment of some of the most insidious diseases - oncological.

The Healing Properties Of Snake Venom - From Ancient Times To Modern Cancer Treatment

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 The Healing Properties Of Snake Venom - From Ancient Times To Modern

Rositsa Tashkova-Kacharova

If anemia was a woman, how would you have imagined it? Perhaps with a pale face? In fact, anemia has different faces. The causes of anemia can be various, therefore it is extremely important a medical doctor to diagnose them in order to appoint the right treatment. Treatment of one type of anemia can be dangerous for another.

Types-and-causes-of-anemia

Types and causes of anemia

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There are at least 9 different causes of anemia - some of them are rare, others are very common, and when we hear the word "anemia" we first think of them. In the following lines we will briefly look at each type and cause.

Blood-loss-anemia

Blood loss anemia

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Blood loss can occur in an accident, but also when an internal bleeding is present and anemia may be a symptom of a more serious problem. It is necessary to establish where the bleeding comes from and stop it, after that a therapy for iron deficiency anemia can be appointed if needed.

Bone-marrow-and-stem-cells-problem

Bone marrow and stem cells problem

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In aplastic anemia [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/Current_concepts_in_the_pathophysiology_and_treatment_of_aplastic_anemia_16778145" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.1</a>] the bone marrow stops producing new blood cells, which can affect erythrocytes only (red blood cells) or also other types of blood cells, e.g. white blood cells or platelets.

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Aplastic anemia can be congenital or acquired. If it is congenital patients are at greater risk of developing leukemia (blood cancer), and the acquired is caused by some external stimulus, for example a virus that alters certain immunefunctions (HIV, Epstein-Barr), or toxic substances, medications, radiation.

Bone-marrow-and-stem-cells-problem_0_2

Sickle-cell-anemia

Sickle cell anemia

Sickle-cell-anemia_0_0

This is a genetic disease in which some of the erythrocytes have an irregular sickle shape. These cells live only 10-20 days, while normal erythrocytes live up to 120 days. This leads to a reduced number of normally functioning erythrocytes and, accordingly, to anemia. [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/Sickle_cell_disease_21131035" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.2</a>]

Sickle-cell-anemia_0_1

A curious fact about this disease is that it protects against malaria, since malaria plasmodium cannot enter sickle-shaped erythrocytes. Therefore, the mutation is widespread in countries where malaria is spread - healthy people die more often from the disease and those who carry the mutation remain alive.

Decreased-production-of-erythrocytes

Decreased production of erythrocytes

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There may be various reasons for the reduced amount of red blood cells.

Lead-poisoning-anemia

Lead poisoning anemia

Lead-poisoning-anemia_0_0

In this case, the treatment includes medications that bind to lead and remove it from the body. This also solves the problem of anemia, which in this case is a symptom of poisoning.

Lead-poisoning-anemia_0_1

Chronic-disease-may-cause-anemia

Chronic disease may cause anemia

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Chronic kidney disease or chemotherapy are also factors that can lead to anemia. They can be treated with an injection of the hormone erythropoietin, which stimulates the bone marrow to produce more erythrocytes.

Hemolytic-anemia

Hemolytic anemia

Hemolytic-anemia_0_0

With hemolytic anemia [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/Hemolytic_anemia_15202694" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.3</a>], increased destruction of red blood cells (hemolysis) is observed. The reasons for this can be various, including poisoning with toxic substances, tumors, kidney or blood vessel problems, an immune reaction directed against erythrocytes, defects in the erythrocytes themselves. This condition can also lead to other unexpected complications such as gallstones and syncope.

Anemia-due-to-folate-and-vitamin-B12deficiency

Anemia due to folate and vitamin B12deficiency 

Anemia-due-to-folate-and-vitamin-B12deficiency_0_0

The deficiency of these vitamins may be due to congenital mutations in some genes that disrupt their metabolism, or may be the result of an inadequate diet. It is especially important that the levels of these two vitamins are optimal during&nbsp;pregnancy. [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/Folate_and_vitamin_B_12_status_in_relation_to_anemia_macrocytosis_and_cognitive_impairment_in_older_Americans_in_the_age_of_folic_acid_fortification_17209196" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.4</a>]

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Anemia caused by vitamin B12 deficiency is also called perniciosis anemia or megaloblastic anemia.

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Anemia-due-to-folate-and-vitamin-B12deficiency_0_3

Treatment consists of injecting B12 or taking the vitamin in the form of a supplement, but in this case very large doses are needed to alleviate the deficiency. Symptoms of anemia disappear after returning the levels of these vitamins to normal.

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Below we will focus on foods that are rich in folate and B12.

Iron-deficiency-anemia---the-most-prevalent-type-of-anemia

Iron deficiency anemia - the most prevalent type of anemia

Iron-deficiency-anemia---the-most-prevalent-type-of-anemia_0_0

In women of reproductive age, iron deficiency can be due to heavy&nbsp;menstruation, while in women who do not menstruate and in men it is important to find the source of bleeding, and for this purpose, a colonoscopy can be appointed (observing the inside of the colon with a small camera). Iron deficiency anemia affects children, too. [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/Iron_Anemia_and_Iron_Deficiency_Anemia_among_Young_Children_in_the_United_States_27249004" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.5</a>]

Iron-deficiency-anemia---the-most-prevalent-type-of-anemia_0_1

It is very important that the treatment is appointed by a doctor and you do not take iron-containing supplements at your own discretion, as this poses many risks. After we have been prescribed a therapy it is good to take the iron supplement with a meal in order to reduce the side effects.

Iron-deficiency-anemia---the-most-prevalent-type-of-anemia_0_2

Iron supplements may interact adversely with other supplements or medications, for example calcium interferes with iron absorption, so it is best to take the supplements that contain it at different times of the day.

Iron-deficiency-anemia---the-most-prevalent-type-of-anemia_0_3

Also, the body digests iron best when taken in a slightly acidic environment, so you can take it with half a glass of orange juice or with vitamin C.

Foods-and-combinations-that-are-useful-for-anaemia-sufferers

Foods and combinations that are useful for anaemia sufferers

Foods-and-combinations-that-are-useful-for-anaemia-sufferers_1_0

As it became clear, the causes of anemia are different, and therefore the food we take needs&nbsp;to be tailored to the specific cause for anemia in each individual.

hemolysis

The Healing Properties Of Snake Venom - From Ancient Times To Modern Cancer Treatment

How many types of anemia are there and how to combine foods to boost your iron