Infarction is tissue death (necrosis) due to inadequate blood supply to the affected area. It may be caused by artery blockages, rupture, mechanical compression, or vasoconstriction. The resulting lesion is referred to as an infarct

(from the Latin infarctus, 'stuffed into').

Infarction occurs as a result of prolonged ischemia, which is the insufficient supply of oxygen and nutrition to an area of tissue due to a disruption in blood supply. The blood vessel supplying the affected area of tissue may ...

infarction

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Author: Rositsa Tashkova, Master of Molecular Biology and Microbiology

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The most common problem associated with the prostate in men over 50, is its enlargement. The condition has different names - enlarged prostate, benign hyperplasia (BPH) or enlargement of the prostate gland.

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According to some data, more than 50% of men over the age of 60 suffer from an enlarged prostate, and the percentage becomes impressive after 85 years of age - 90%.

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In the article you will learn:

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<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">What is the prostate - ads do not give a comprehensive answer</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">What is the condition enlarged prostate, causes and risk factors</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Symptoms, that the prostate is enlarged</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Treatment of enlarged prostate by conventional means and drugs</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Alternative treatment of enlarged prostate with herbs</li>
</ul>

What-is-the-prostate

What is the prostate

What-is-the-prostate_0_0

The prostate is an organ that only men have. It is an apricot-sized gland and produces some of the ingredients of seminal fluid. The gland is located right in front of the rectum (right intestine) and under the bladder.

What-is-the-prostate_0_1

The prostate surrounds the urethra - the duct that carries urine from the bladder outwards. It is a vital organ for the proper functioning of the male reproductive system.

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What-is-the-prostate_0_3

The prostate secretes fluid that keeps sperm alive and mobile, protecting the genetic code they carry. It contains a number of substances, including enzymes, zinc and citric acid. One of these enzymes (PSA) liquifies&nbsp;the seminal fluid after a few minutes outside the male body, allowing sperm to move more easily to the egg.

What-is-the-prostate_0_4

During ejaculation, the prostate shrinks and injects its fluid into the urethra. In doing so, it closes the opening between the bladder and the urethra and the semen passes at high speed. That is why it is impossible for urine to pass during ejaculation. [<a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/319859#what-does-the-prostate-do" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 1</a>]

Enlarged-prostate---causes-and-risk-factors

Enlarged prostate - causes and risk factors

Enlarged-prostate---causes-and-risk-factors_1_0

Benign (noncancerous) enlargement of the prostate is a condition that blocks the passage of urine through the urethra. Prostate cells gradually multiply, creating an enlargement that puts pressure on the urethra and, accordingly, prevents the normal discharge of urine and semen from the body.

Enlarged-prostate---causes-and-risk-factors_1_1

The narrowed urethra forces the bladder to contract more strongly to get rid of urine.

Enlarged-prostate---causes-and-risk-factors_1_2

Thus, over time, the bladder muscle can become stronger, thicker and too sensitive. As a result, it begins to shrink, even when it contains small amounts of urine, leading to the well-known need to urinate frequently.

Enlarged-prostate---causes-and-risk-factors_1_3

Enlarged-prostate---causes-and-risk-factors_1_4

However, the bladder muscle can not overcome the effect of the narrowed urethra, so urine remains in the bladder and it does not empty completely.

Enlarged-prostate---causes-and-risk-factors_1_5

It is not entirely clear what causes an enlarged prostate. However, this may be due to changes in the balance of sex hormones when men get older. There are several risk factors for prostate enlargement. These include:

Enlarged-prostate---causes-and-risk-factors_1_6

<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><a href="/p/10_liubopitni_fakta_za_starieienieto_i_kak_da_gho_zabavim_359c758c_61cf_45c5_9da2_e588e3e54d79" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Aging</a>. Prostate enlargement rarely manifests itself with any symptoms in men younger than 40 years of age. About a third of men experience moderate to severe symptoms by the age of 60, and about half - up to the age of 80.</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><a href="/p/kak_ghienitie_opriedieliat_prilikata_s_roditielitie_ni_2256bb0a_9ee8_4d00_8f3e_7ca44b90aa45" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Heredity</a>. If you have a blood relative - for example, a father or brother with prostate problems - the condition is more likely to affect you. Studies show that genetic factor is of great importance and is most likely autosomal dominant inheritance. [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/eng/research/pubmed/Familial_aggregation_of_bothersome_benign_prostatic_hyperplasia_symptoms_12670565" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 6</a>]</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><a href="/p/vsichko_za_diabiet_tip_2_na_iedno_miasto_9b1be4d6_84a7_42c6_8e37_de3bd6480ba1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Diabetes</a> and heart disease. Research has shown that diabetes, as well as heart disease and the use of beta blockers, can increase the risk of prostate enlargement.</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Lifestyle. Obesity increases the risk of increased prostate, and exercise can reduce it.</li>
</ul>

Symptoms-of-enlargedprostate

Symptoms of enlargedprostate

Symptoms-of-enlargedprostate_2_0

At the initial stages of enlargement of the prostate, symptoms may not appear, but as the condition progresses, the following complaints usually appear:

Symptoms-of-enlargedprostate_2_1

<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Weak urinary stream</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Feeling incomplete emptying of the bladder</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Difficulty starting when urinating</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Frequent urination</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">A sense of urgency to go</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Getting up often at night to urinate</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">A stream that starts and stops at intersections</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Going back to the toilet again, minutes after the last time</li>
</ul>

Symptoms-of-enlargedprostate_2_2

It is good to keep in mind that in some cases the prostate is very enlarged, but no symptoms are present.

Symptoms-of-enlargedprostate_2_3

Symptoms-of-enlargedprostate_2_4

Enlargement of the prostate does not only cause annoying, but harmless discomfort. When the bladder is not completely emptied, the risk of developing urinary tract infections increases.

Symptoms-of-enlargedprostate_2_5

Over time, other serious problems may develop, including bladder stones, blood in the urine, incontinence (discharge or inability to hold), acute urinary retention (inability to urinate).

Symptoms-of-enlargedprostate_2_6

The sudden and complete inability to urinate is an emergency and you should immediately visit a doctor! In rare cases, damage to the bladder or kidneys may develop from enlargement of the prostate.

Conventional-treatment-of-enlarged-prostate

Conventional treatment of enlarged prostate

Conventional-treatment-of-enlarged-prostate_3_0

Treatment of the enlarged prostate may include medical drugs, a minimally invasive procedure or surgery, depending on the age, size of the gland and severity of symptoms. Everything is strictly individual on a case-by-case basis, and the decision on the type of treatment should be taken jointly between patient and doctor. [<a href="https://www.webmd.com/men/prostate-enlargement-bph/features/enlarged-prostate-bph-complex-problem#1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 2</a>]

Medications-for-enlarged-prostate

Medications for enlarged prostate

Medications-for-enlarged-prostate_3_0

The medications used to treat the enlarged prostate have two mechanisms of action - either suppressing the growth of its cells to stop the enlargement, or shrinking it.

Medications-for-enlarged-prostate_3_1

Drug treatment gives good results and rarely has side effects, therefore it is preferred by men.

Medications-for-enlarged-prostate_3_2

Medications-for-enlarged-prostate_3_3

There are two groups of drugs - alpha blockers and inhibitors of the enzyme 5-alpha reductase.

Medications-for-enlarged-prostate_3_4

Alpha blockers. These drugs do not reduce the size of the prostate, but are very effective for relieving symptoms, as they relax the muscles around the prostate and bladder, so urine can pass more easily. Alpha blockers act quickly and symptoms improve within a day or two. They are most effective for men with a normal to moderately enlarged prostate gland.

Medications-for-enlarged-prostate_3_5

Inhibitors of 5-alpha reductase. They can partially shrink the prostate by reducing the levels of the male hormone dihydrotestosterone (DHT), which is involved in prostate growth.

Minimally-invasive-procedures

Minimally invasive procedures

Minimally-invasive-procedures_3_0

Minimally-invasive-procedures_3_1

Transurethral microwave therapy (TUMT) - special equipment is used , which locally raises the temperature to 42-44 degrees (hyperthermia) or 45-60 degrees (thermotherapy). It is used in patients with slight to moderate blockage of the flow of urine. Reduces the frequency of urination, the feeling of urgency, tension and the intermittent stream - but does not correct any problems with emptying the bladder. TUMT is performed in a doctor's office and requires only local anesthesia and pain medications.

Minimally-invasive-procedures_3_2

Transurethral needle ablation of the prostate (TUNA) - the procedure destroys part of the prostate tissue to relieve symptoms. No stay in the hospital is required.

Surgical-intervention

Surgical intervention

Surgical-intervention_3_0

Surgical-intervention_3_1

Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) - the most common operation in an enlarged prostate. It is believed to bring the greatest relief of symptoms. Only the tissue that presses the urethra with the help of an electric loop is removed.

Surgical-intervention_3_2

Transurethral incision of the prostate (TUIP) - in this procedure, incisions are made in the prostate instead of removing tissue. They reduce pressure on the urethra and so urination is facilitated. After manipulation, the relief of symptoms is slower after TUIP, compared to TURP. But retrograde ejaculation is less common and not as severe as after TURP. After manipulation, a catheter is required for 1-2 days.

Surgical-intervention_3_3

Surgery or a simpleectomy - in more severe cases, when minimally invasive therapies do not work and there is damage or stones in the bladder, it may be necessary to perform open surgery to remove part of the prostate tissue. Recovery can take months.

Herbal-treatment-of-enlarged-prostate

Herbal treatment of enlarged prostate

Herbal-treatment-of-enlarged-prostate_4_0

Herbal-treatment-of-enlarged-prostate_4_1

Milder cases of enlarged prostate could be treated with herbs or supplements after consulting a doctor. Herbs may also be used as an additional tool to conventional medications or procedures, but the likelihood of herbs and supplements interacting and altering the action of medicines should be taken into account, because those might make the patient's condition worse. [<a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/11192365_Herbs_for_Benign_Prostatic_Hyperplasia" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 5</a>]

Herbal-treatment-of-enlarged-prostate_4_2

The most studied and most commonly used herbs and supplements for the treatment of enlarged prostate are [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279008/table/benign-prstate-dsrdr.phytothera/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 4</a>]:

Herbal-treatment-of-enlarged-prostate_4_3

<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Beta-sytosterol - found in many plants, of which promising are the results of medications with root from the plant Hypoxis rooperi. </li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Ryegrass pollen extract - also contains beta-sytosterol, but there is evidence that it can also reduce prostate size. However, studies on the results of this extract remain contradictory.</li>
</ul>

Herbal-treatment-of-enlarged-prostate_4_4

Herbal-treatment-of-enlarged-prostate_4_5

<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Pygeum africanum or Prunus africana- the extract is made from the bark of the African cherry tree. Numerous studies have found positive results for the effects of pygeum. It seems to help some men with enlarged prostate wake up less often at night, go less often to the toilet during the day, have a stronger stream of urine and better empty their bladder.</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Serenoa repens (saw palmetto) - this supplement is among the most commonly used, but studies have shown extremely contradictory results for its effectiveness.</li>
</ul>

Herbal-treatment-of-enlarged-prostate_4_6

Some of the less commonly used herbs and plants&nbsp;to improve the condition of the prostate are:

Herbal-treatment-of-enlarged-prostate_4_7

<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Wild basil (Clinopodium vulgare) - the herb has various applications - in inflammation of the prostate, to stimulate the resistance forces and regenerative processes in the body, in uterine fibroids, breast mastopathy and others. The herb is not harmless and should not be taken during pregnancy, lactation, pre-infarction and diseases related to the heart and cardiovascular activity!</li>
</ul>

Herbal-treatment-of-enlarged-prostate_4_8

Herbal-treatment-of-enlarged-prostate_4_9

<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Pumpkin seeds - seeds and seed extract seem to help with symptoms of BPH and can shrink the size of the prostate.</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Nettle (Urtica dioica) - its root can help you not to wake up so often at night to go to the toilet. Sometimes it is used together with other supplements to treat BPH symptoms.</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Smallflower hairy willowherb (Epilobium parviflorum) and Fireweed (Epilobium angustifolium or Chamerion angustifolium) -&nbsp; the scientific interest&nbsp;in these herbs has intensified in recent years and more studies and clinical trials are needed to prove their action, but they still seem to have a good therapeutic effect in prostate diseases. In laboratory conditions (in vitro) it has been found that the active substance found in these herbs - enotein B, inhibits the growth of prostate cells. [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/Evaluation_of_the_therapeutic_effect_against_benign_prostatic_hyperplasia_and_the_active_constituents_from_Epilobium_angustifolium_L_30529422" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 7</a>]</li>
</ul>

Herbal-treatment-of-enlarged-prostate_4_10

There are also a few herbs and supplements where it is too early to say whether they are useful for alleviating symptoms of the enlarged prostate. Early studies look good, but there is a need for much more data before conclusions can be drawn.

Herbal-treatment-of-enlarged-prostate_4_11

These are [<a href="https://www.webmd.com/men/prostate-enlargement-bph/enlarged-prostate-supplements-remedies#1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 3</a>]:

Herbal-treatment-of-enlarged-prostate_4_12

<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Aqueous garlic extract</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Linseed extract</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Milk thistle (Silybum marianum)</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Dried cranberry powder</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Quercetin (found in apples, tea and red grapes)</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Red clover (Trifolium pratense)</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Selenium</li>
</ul>

Herbal-treatment-of-enlarged-prostate_4_13

There are many European studies on the efficacy, dose and adverse effects of these plants in the treatment of enlarged prostate. However, many questions remain concerning: long-term benefits and adverse effects of herbal treatment, prevention of complications, standardization of extracts and simultaneous use of medicines. But at the moment, it seems that these herbal therapies can be used to relieve a number of symptoms in patients with BPH, stage I and II.

Herbal-treatment-of-enlarged-prostate_4_14

Herbal-treatment-of-enlarged-prostate_4_15

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Causes, conventional and herbal treatment of enlarged prostate

https://d20hztklr4qnvi.cloudfront.net/eed22972-5a16-42de-aec6-6f09afc9dc3a_middle.jpg

 Causes, conventional and herbal treatment of enlarged prostate

Rositsa Tashkova-Kacharova

Author: Rositsa Tashkova, Master of Molecular Biology and Microbiology

Photo by <a href="https://unsplash.com/@freestocks?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText" target="_blank" rel="noopener">freestocks</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com/s/photos/suspicion?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Unsplash</a>

<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/eng/research/search?q=Capgras%20delusion&amp;p=1&amp;st=1&amp;tp=9&amp;s=0" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Capgra</a> syndrome [ref. 1] is a rare but very interesting psychiatric condition, received its name from its discoverer - the French psychiatrist Jean-Maries Joseph Capgra Jean Marie Joseph Capgras; 1873—1950).

The sufferer of the syndrome begins to think that his relative, relative, husband, child or even a pet has been replaced with another - that it is no longer his close person, but is someone who impersonates him, an alien or a robot. The patient admits that his targeted doppelganger really "looks" or is even "identical" to his relative, but is sure it is not the same person. Logically, this worsens relations and puts the targeted in a complex situation, and he can also be subjected to aggression on the part of the diseased.

Who-is-at-risk-of-developing-Capgra-syndrome

Who is at risk of developing Capgra syndrome

Who-is-at-risk-of-developing-Capgra-syndrome_0_0

The condition is most commonly seen in patients suffering from paranoid <a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/eng/research/pubmed/Schizophrenia_and_monothematic_delusions_17372282" target="_blank" rel="noopener"></a> schizophrenia [ref. 2], neurodegenerative diseases or dementia, as well as after brain injuries. Women are more often affected.

Who-is-at-risk-of-developing-Capgra-syndrome_0_1

Capgra syndrome often manifests itself in a state of psychosis, but in a third of cases it is a brain injury, which suggests that the cause of the disease probably has an anatomical basis.

Who-is-at-risk-of-developing-Capgra-syndrome_0_2

Who-is-at-risk-of-developing-Capgra-syndrome_0_3

Photo by <a href="https://unsplash.com/@franckinjapan?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Franck V.</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com/s/photos/robot?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Unsplash</a>

Who-is-at-risk-of-developing-Capgra-syndrome_0_4

An overview of cases of the syndrome shows a link between it and the following conditions: paranoid schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, affective disorder, Alzheimer's disease, dementia with Levi's calf, multi-infarction dementia, head trauma, epilepsy, cerebrovascular disease, pituitary tumor, multiple myeloma, multiple sclerosis, viral encephalitis, frontal lobe pathology and AIDS [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/eng/research/pubmed/A_review_of_the_phenomenology_and_cognitive_neuropsychological_origins_of_the_Capgras_syndrome_10029936" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 3</a>].

What-are-the-likely-mechanisms-behind-Capgra-syndrome

What are the likely mechanisms behind Capgra syndrome

What-are-the-likely-mechanisms-behind-Capgra-syndrome_1_0

The disease should be distinguished from prosoppagnosia, a condition in which patients cannot distinguish faces. But <a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/eng/research/pubmed/Autonomic_recognition_of_names_and_faces_in_prosopagnosia_a_neuropsychological_application_of_the_Guilty_Knowledge_Test_6483172" target="_blank" rel="noopener"></a>at the sametime, the electrical activity of their skin increases when they see pictures of loved ones, even though they do not realize that they know them.

What-are-the-likely-mechanisms-behind-Capgra-syndrome_1_1

However, this is not the case for those suffering from Capgra syndrome - when they see their loved one's face, in whom they doubt, the electrical activity of their skin does not increase - just as it would if they saw an unknown person [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/eng/research/pubmed/Reduced_autonomic_responses_to_faces_in_Capgras_delusion_9263474" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 5</a>]. <a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/eng/research/pubmed/Accounting_for_delusional_misidentifications_2224375" target="_blank" rel="noopener"></a>

What-are-the-likely-mechanisms-behind-Capgra-syndrome_1_2

What-are-the-likely-mechanisms-behind-Capgra-syndrome_1_3

Photo by <a href="https://unsplash.com/@hightography?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText" target="_blank" rel="noopener">JØNΛS.</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com/s/photos/suspicious?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Unsplash</a>

What-are-the-likely-mechanisms-behind-Capgra-syndrome_1_4

It is possible that the neuropsychological abnormality in Capgra syndrome consists in disconnecting the relationship between a proper facial recognition system and a proper autonomic nervous system [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/eng/research/pubmed/Schizophrenia_and_monothematic_delusions_17372282" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 2</a>].

Psychodynamics-or-anatomical-damage

Psychodynamics or anatomical damage

Psychodynamics-or-anatomical-damage_2_0

Historically, one of the hypotheses at issue is sought after in psychodynamics: according to her, conflicting feelings of love and hatred towards a close relative find a solution to the delusion, since the "doppelganger" can be hated without guilt. Closely related to this is Berson's idea (1983) that the defining event is a change in crucial interpersonal relationships, producing a sense of strangeness and provoking previously unconscious negative feelings. They, Besson argues, cause the patient to conclude that the person who induces these different feelings is a fraud.

Psychodynamics-or-anatomical-damage_2_1

But psychodynamics does not provide the full explanation for the syndrome, as more and more studies have emerged in recent decades that clearly show that neurological significance matters, that is, physical disability [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1688551/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 5</a>].

Psychodynamics-or-anatomical-damage_2_2

One of the syndrome's researchers, Prof. William Hirstein, wrote in an email <a href="https://sciencedevil.wordpress.com/2012/11/16/we-all-have-capgras-delusions-they-prevent-divorce/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">to the author of the blog Science Satire Serpent</a> [ref. 7] the following:

Psychodynamics-or-anatomical-damage_2_3

"My current hypothesis about Capra, which is a more specific version of the earlier position I took in the 1997 article with Ramachandrang, is that we have a hybrid idea of the people we know well, containing two parts. One part presents them externally: how they look, sound, etc. The other part presents them internally: their personalities, beliefs, characteristic emotions, preferences, etc. Capgra syndrome occurs when the idea of the inner part is damaged or inaccessible. This gives the impression that someone who looks familiar from the outside, but different from the inside, is an impostor. This provides a much more specific explanation that fits well with what patients actually say. It corrects a problem with the earlier hypothesis as it shows that there are many possible answers to the question of lack of emotion when we see someone."

Psychodynamics-or-anatomical-damage_2_4

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Photo by <a href="https://unsplash.com/@bernardhermant?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Bernard Hermant</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com/s/photos/trust?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Unsplash</a>

Psychodynamics-or-anatomical-damage_2_6

Today, Capgra syndrome is considered a neurological disorder, in which delusion is mainly due to organic brain lesions or degeneration. But this has not always been the case - when the syndrome was first identified it was thought to be a psychiatric disease only in women, associated with hystericalness.

Treatment-of-Capgra-syndrome

Treatment of Capgra syndrome

Treatment-of-Capgra-syndrome_3_0

There is no well-established treatment of the condition, but therapy depends on the cause - if the syndrome is associated with schizophrenia, then treatment often involves the use of antipsychotics, while if the cause is brain trauma or lesion, then if possible, surgery can be performed.

Treatment-of-Capgra-syndrome_3_1

Some caring institutions also apply validation therapy, in which instead of trying to convince the sufferer that his relative has not been replaced with another, they confirm the delusion and thereby lower the level of panic and stress in the patient [<a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/capgras-syndrome#treatment" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 8</a>].

infarction

Capgras syndrome: when we think someone else is pretending to be our loved one