Milk allergy is an adverse immune reaction to one or more proteins in cow's milk. When allergy symptoms occur, they can occur rapidly or have a gradual onset. The former may include anaphylaxis, a potentially life-threatening condition which requires treatment with epinephrine among other measures. The latter can take hours to days to appear, with symptoms including atopic dermatitis, inflammation of the esophagus, enteropathy involving the small intestine and proctocolitis involving the rectum and ...

milk hypersensitivity

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Common-skin-anomalies-or-changes

Common skin anomalies or changes

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Moles: are frequently benign, but modifications to their color, size, or shape may be a sign of melanoma, a kind of skin cancer. Melanoma is a severe illness that requires immediate medical attention. If you observe any changes in your moles, we advise that you visit a dermatologist.&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Lesions: can be brought on by allergies, cancer, or even infections. The skin cancers basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma can both appear as lesions. We advise visiting a dermatologist if you discover any new or atypical lesions. In some cases, a biopsy may be needed to determine the lesion's malignancy.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Rashes: These symptoms may indicate underlying medical conditions like lupus or psoriasis. If an inexplicable rash that won't go away after using over-the-counter medications.</li></ul>

Other-Serious-and-Life-Threatening-Skin-Disorders

Other Serious and Life-Threatening Skin Disorders

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Melanoma is a form of skin cancer that, if untreated, can be fatal. We advise visiting a dermatologist right away if you discover any new moles, changes in the size or shape of an existing mole, or other strange skin growths. The likelihood of survival can be significantly increased by early detection and treatment.&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Cancerous Kaposi sarcoma is more common in people with weakened immune systems, such as individuals with HIV or AIDS. Can result in skin, mouth, and other places having red or purple sores. If you have HIV or AIDS and discover any strange skin growths or lesions, we advise that you consult an oncologist. Treatment for Kaposi Sarcoma may include chemotherapy, radiation, or surgery.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Merkel Cell Carcinoma: a rare but aggressive type of skin cancer that often appears as a painless lump on the skin. Can spread quickly and be difficult to treat if not caught early. We recommend seeing a dermatologist or an oncologist if you notice any unusual lumps or growths on your skin. Treatment for Merkel Cell Carcinoma may include surgery, radiation, or chemotherapy.</li></ul>

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Herbal-and-natural-remedies

Herbal and natural remedies

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While natural remedies can be helpful in some cases, they are not a substitute for professional medical treatment. Here are some natural remedies that may help soothe and heal your skin:

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Aloe vera gel: Can help soothe sunburned skin and other skin irritations.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Tea tree oil: Can help fight acne and other skin infections.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Coconut oil: Can help moisturize dry skin and hair.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Chamomile tea: Can help soothe irritated skin and reduce inflammation.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Turmeric paste: Can help reduce inflammation and heal skin irritations</li></ul>&nbsp;

Foods,-medications,-and-allergies-that-can-result-in-skin-issues

Foods, medications, and allergies that can result in skin issues 

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Medications:&nbsp;

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Antibiotics: Certain antibiotics, including sulfonamides, tetracyclines, and penicillin, can trigger allergic responses that lead to hives, rashes, and other skin issues.&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medicines (NSAIDs): NSAIDs, such as aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen, can result in Stevens-Johnson syndrome, a form of allergic reaction that can result in severe skin rashes, blisters, and peeling.&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Anticonvulsants: Certain anticonvulsants, including phenytoin, carbamazepine, and lamotrigine, can result in hypersensitivity responses and skin rashes.&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Chemotherapy medications: Certain chemotherapy medications, such as doxorubicin and methotrexate, can result in skin issues such rashes, blisters, and discoloration of the skin.&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">ACE inhibitors: ACE inhibitors, such as enalapril and lisinopril, can result in angioedema, a side effect that can result in swelling of the face, lips, tongue, and throat.</li></ul>&nbsp;

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Active compounds in medications that can cause skin problems:

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Penicillin: beta-lactam ring</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Tetracycline: tetracycline hydrochloride</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Sulfonamides: sulfamethoxazole, sulfasalazine</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Aspirin: acetylsalicylic acid</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Ibuprofen: ibuprofen lysine</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Naproxen: naproxen sodium</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Phenytoin: phenytoin sodium</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Carbamazepine: carbamazepine</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Lamotrigine: lamotrigine</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Doxorubicin: doxorubicin hydrochloride</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Methotrexate: methotrexate sodium</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Enalapril: enalapril maleate</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Lisinopril: lisinopril dihydrate</li></ul>

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Pollen: Pollen allergy can cause skin problems such as hives, rash, and itching.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Latex: Latex allergy can cause skin problems such as itching, rash, and hives.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Dust mites: Dust mite allergy can cause eczema, hives, and other skin reactions.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Animal dander: Animal dander allergy can cause hives, eczema, and other skin reactions.</li></ul>Foods:

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Shellfish: Shellfish allergy can cause skin problems such as hives, eczema, and itching.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Peanuts: Peanut allergy can cause skin problems such as hives, rash, and itching.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Milk: Milk allergy can cause skin problems such as eczema and hives.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Wheat: Wheat allergy can cause skin problems such as hives and eczema.</li></ul>Always see a medical practitioner if you believe you may have a medicine allergy or food intolerance as this list is not complete.

Changes or abnormalities in your skin can be alarming, but it's important not to panic. Many skin problems are treatable if detected in time. If you notice unusual skin changes or abnormalities, we recommend that you seek medical attention immediately. Remember that prevention is the best medicine. Protect your skin from the sun and avoid behaviors that can damage your skin, such as smoking.

When Your Skin Needs More Than Just a Moisturizer: Understanding Skin Changes and Abnormalities

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When Your Skin Needs More Than Just a Moisturizer: Understanding Skin 

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A-Brief-History-of-Bulgarian-Yoghurt

A Brief History of Bulgarian Yoghurt 

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In the early 20th century, the famous Russian Nobel Prize-winning scientist Ilya Mechnikov (1845-1916), working at the Pasteur Institute in Paris, began research on the causes of human aging. He found that during meals, protein substances in food are broken down under the action of putrefactive intestinal bacteria, which cause poisoning of the body and early death.&nbsp;

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He proved that the only food that could limit the development of putrefactive bacteria in the intestines is Bulgarian yoghurt, which explains the largest number of healthy centenarians in Bulgaria.

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During the biological studies of Ilya Mechnikov, the Bulgarian physician Mr. Stamen Grigorov, a medical student in his fourth academic year at the University of Geneva, undertook a study of Bulgarian yoghurt and found that the reasons for fermentation were one rod-like and one spherical bacterium. The report of his discovery was published in the "Revue Medicale De La Suisse Romande" issue 10 of 20.10.1905, Geneva. <a href="https://www.journalstudiesanthropology.ro/en/anthropometric-study-on-the-role-of-yogurt-fermented-with-lactobacillus-bulgaricus-and-bifidobacterium-animalis-subsp-lactis-in-the-prevention-and-treatment-of-obesity-and-related-diseases/a104/" target="_blank" data-ref="Anthropometric study on the role of yogurt fermented with Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp lactis in the prevention and treatment of obesity and related diseases - ARS" rel="noopener">[ref.</a>&nbsp;1]&nbsp;

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So, the beginning of extensive research on the role of Bulgarian yoghurt as a product with unique nutritional, dietary and healing properties was set with the discovery of Dr. Stamen Grigorov and Ilya Mechnikov's theory of the relationship between the increased life expectancy of Bulgarians and the consumption of yogurt. Hundreds of subsequent studies have confirmed the health benefits of yogurt.&nbsp;

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In particular, Lactobacillus bulgaricus has been found to have a strong antimicrobial effect and ability to form colonies in the human intestine. The same bacterium produces an antimicrobial factor (a substance similar to antibiotics) known as "bulgarican". Other studies have been devoted to the effects of yogurt microflora on cholesterol. <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/5/1/6" target="_blank" data-ref="Effects of Dietary Yogurt on the Healthy Human Gastrointestinal (GI) Microbiome" rel="noopener">[ref. 2]</a> Consumption of yogurt has been found to reduce cholesterol levels.&nbsp; &nbsp;<a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0939475319303825" target="_blank" data-ref="Redirecting" rel="noopener">[ref. 3]</a>&nbsp;

Health-benefits-and-composition-of-yogurt

Health benefits and composition of yogurt 

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Yogurt can be high in protein, calcium, vitamins, and live culture, or probiotics, which can improve the gut microbiota. In this way, the body's immune defense is also improved, which means improved counteraction to pathogenic microorganisms.

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In addition, yogurt is a useful food for bones and teeth and helps prevent digestive problems.&nbsp;

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According to the scientific publication "Traditional Bulgarian Dairy Products: Ethnic Foods with Health Benefits", "yogurt is considered a nutrient-rich food that significantly contributes to the intake of macro- and micronutrients, especially calcium and protein. Yogurt is a source of iodine, potassium, phosphorus and vitamins: the water-soluble riboflavin (B2) and cobalamin (B12) and fat-soluble vitamin D." &nbsp;<a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/9/3/480" target="_blank" data-ref="Traditional Bulgarian Dairy Products: Ethnic Foods with Health Benefits" rel="noopener">[ref. 4]</a>&nbsp;

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In terms of different bacteria, the most common lactobacilli in Bulgarian yoghurt are L. helveticus, Lacticaseibacillus paracasei, Limosilactobacillus fermentum and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus. Several strains of Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Leuc. pseudomesenteroides and Weissella confusa were also isolated from yogurt.&nbsp;

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In addition, among the most important healthy components of dairy products, including yogurt, are bioactive peptides with various functions, fatty acids (γ-aminobutyric acid, conjugated linoleic acid), lactic acid and exopolysaccharides. All these compounds have immunomodulatory, antihypertensive, antitumor or anticancer activity, as well as antimicrobial, antioxidant and mineral-binding properties. &nbsp;<a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/elsc.201800050" target="_blank" data-ref="Just a moment..." rel="noopener">[ref. 5]</a>&nbsp;

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No less important for health are the prebiotics contained in yogurt. These are galactooligosaccharides (GOS) and other milk oligosaccharides (MO), whose main role is to selectively support the development of useful microflora in the gastrointestinal system.&nbsp;

Other-types-of-yogurt

Other types of yogurt

Low-fat-and-skimmed-milk

Low-fat and skimmed milk

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Low-fat yogurt is usually made with 2% milk. Skim yogurt is made with zero percent or skim milk.

Kefir

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Kefir is a liquid yogurt to drink. It contains probiotics and is easy to prepare at home by adding kefir grains to the milk and letting it stand for 12 to 24 hours.

Greek-yogurt

Greek yogurt 

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Greek yogurt is thick and creamy. It can withstand heat more than regular yogurt and is often used in the Mediterranean cooking style. It is made by further straining the ordinary yogurt to remove the liquid whey.

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The result is a higher protein content due to its denser concentration, but additional straining results in a lower calcium content.

Skir

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Like Greek yogurt, skyr, pronounced "skir", is an Icelandic-style yogurt that is dense, creamy and high in protein. Compared to regular yogurt, skir requires 4 times more milk to make it and contains 2 to 3 times more protein.

Yogurt-and-lactose-intolerance

Yogurt and lactose intolerance

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Yogurt is low in lactose, so a person with lactose intolerance is likely to be well received. It also contains bacteria that aid digestion. If you have this health problem, try plain Bulgarian yogurt and see how the body reacts. This applies only to people with lactose intolerance, and not to those with cow's milk allergy.

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People with lactose intolerance are often deficient in calcium, so yogurt can be an important component of the diet to provide the mineral.

Yogurt is a popular dairy product obtained by bacterial fermentation of milk and corresponding bacterial strains. Bulgarian yoghurt is just such a product, providing a wide range of health benefits, as well as numerous vitamins, minerals and healthy fats. There are other types of yogurt with a higher protein content, for example, as well as with another texture, but Bulgarian yogurt has the perfect mix of moderately sour taste and impeccable consistency.

The most important thing about yogurt: composition, benefits and types

Бетина Цветкова

Author: Silvia Marinova, PhD student in the Genomic Stability Laboratory at BAS

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Food allergies are extremely common among the population. They affect about 5% of adults and about 8% of children [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24388012" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 1</a>]. These conditions are due to a reaction of the immune system shortly after the consumption of a particular food. Even a minimum amount of food is sufficient and can cause the immediate appearance of the relevant symptoms.

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In the article you will find the answers to the most frequently asked questions related to food allergies – what is the cause and how to recognize them, which foods are most allergenic, how to test for them, and whether there is a treatment. We will also clarify the difference between the terms "food allergy" and "nutritional intolerance".

Тhe-cause-of-food-allergies

Тhe cause of food allergies

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The reason for the appearance of an allergy to a particular food is that the immune system reacts by mistake to usually harmless ingredients in it (allergens) <a href="https://www.webmd.com/allergies/what-are-histamines#1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"></a> and treats them as dangerous. This is followed by the inclusion of protective measures aimed at neutralizing the respective ingredient and freeing our body from it. This is what stands behind the release of a substance called histamine [<a href="https://www.webmd.com/allergies/what-are-histamines#1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 2</a>]. It causes inflammation and is responsible for the primary symptoms you may experience:

Тhe-cause-of-food-allergies_0_1

<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Skin symptoms such as itching, eczema, redness</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"> Swelling of the lips, face, tongue or other parts of the body</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"> Nasal congestion and difficulty breathing</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"> Abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, etc.</li>
</ul>

Anaphylaxis-and-what-are-the-symptoms-you-may-be-getting-one

Anaphylaxis and what are the symptoms you may be getting one

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In some people, the above-described immune system reaction to any food can be very dangerous and even life-threatening. Such a condition is known as anaphylaxis&nbsp;or anaphylactic shock. <a href="https://www.puls.bg/aktualno-c-6/anafilaksiia-anafilaktichen-shok-1-chast-n-31900" target="_blank" rel="noopener"></a> Some of the symptoms are as follows:

Anaphylaxis-and-what-are-the-symptoms-you-may-be-getting-one_1_1

<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Constriction of the airways leading to suffocation</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Shock and a sharp drop in blood pressure</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Dizziness</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Rarely convulsions, etc.</li>
</ul>

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Anaphylaxia can occur instantly (up to 30 seconds) after the collision with the allergen, or up to a few minutes or several hours. It is important to know that the faster the symptoms appear, the more likely it is to be severe. However, even a mild manifestation at first can grow into a life-threatening condition.

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Regardless of the acuity of symptoms, it is important to consult a doctor and at the slightest suspicion of an allergy soon after food consumption. Even if your condition is not life-threatening, it is best to see a doctor during the allergic reaction. This would make it easier to both recognize the condition and diagnose it.

Which-foods-are-the-most-common-allergens

Which foods are the most common allergens

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Any food can cause an allergy. However, there are studies that show that some foods cause allergic reactions more often than others. These are:

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Allergy to the protein in cow's milk is most common in newborn babies, <a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/gb/bul/research/pubmed/Frequency_of_cow_s_milk_allergy_in_childhood_12487202" target="_blank" rel="noopener"></a> especially if their first consumption was before the age of six months [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/gb/bul/research/pubmed/Frequency_of_cow_s_milk_allergy_in_childhood_12487202" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 3</a>]. The good thing is that over 85% of cases symptoms disappear with age.

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These include allergic reactions to tree nuts such as walnuts, almonds, Brazil nuts, macadamia, pine nuts, cashews, hazelnuts, etc. People who have such an allergy should avoid not only the nuts in question, but also their derivatives, such as nut oils, tahini and others. The immune response to nuts is often very violent and is considered to be the most dangerous [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/gb/bul/research/pubmed/How_do_we_know_when_peanut_and_tree_nut_allergy_have_resolved_and_how_do_we_keep_it_resolved_20645999" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 5</a>] compared to those to other food allergies.<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/gb/bul/research/pubmed/How_do_we_know_when_peanut_and_tree_nut_allergy_have_resolved_and_how_do_we_keep_it_resolved_20645999" target="_blank" rel="noopener"></a>

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<ul>
<li>
<h3>Peanuts</h3>
</li>
</ul>

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Like other nut allergies, the immune reaction to peanuts is common and symptoms can be very acute and life-threatening.

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Eggs are the second most common causative agent of children's allergies. It is interesting to mention that sometimes an allergen is the yolk, but in most cases it is the white. <a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/gb/bul/research/pubmed/Tolerance_to_cooked_egg_in_an_egg_allergic_population_16792596" target="_blank" rel="noopener"></a> Also of great importance is the thermal treatment [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/gb/bul/research/pubmed/Tolerance_to_cooked_egg_in_an_egg_allergic_population_16792596" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 5</a>]. In over 70% of cases it can prevent the body's immune response.

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<ul>
<li>
<h3>Shellfish and fish</h3>
</li>
</ul>

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The shell seafood delicacies include some representatives of mollusks and arthropods. These are squid, mussels, cuttlefish, shrimp, lobster. Shellfish are <a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/gb/bul/research/pubmed/Food_hypersensitivity_by_inhalation_19232116" target="_blank" rel="noopener"></a> most often accompanied by gastrointestinal disorders such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea.

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For this reason, it is often confused with poisoning. This type of allergy does not improve with age. It is also interesting that it can occur even only when inhaling fumes from cooking [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/gb/bul/research/pubmed/Food_hypersensitivity_by_inhalation_19232116" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 7</a>].

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Fish allergy is also very common. It is characteristic of it that it occurs in adults, and not in childhood, as in most other such conditions.

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<ul>
<li>
<h3>Wheat</h3>
</li>
</ul>

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Allergy to wheat is often confused with celiac or non-celiac gluten sensitivity, since the symptoms are similar and include digestive disorders, swelling, nausea, etc. Like other food allergies, and unlike the other two types of sensitivity, gluten allergy leads to the inclusion of an IgE branch of the immune system. This means that allergy and sensitivity to gluten are two different conditions.

The-difference-between-food-allergy-and-nutritional-intolerance

The difference between food allergy and nutritional intolerance

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Both food allergy and nutritional intolerance are conditions that are due to an adverse reaction to a particular substance in a food. The difference comes from the root cause of this reaction. Food allergy causes a reaction of the immune system, which leads to the production of antibodies from IgE class. This means that even a very small amount of the substance irritant can trigger the body's protective reaction, and as a result, symptoms appear very quickly.

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Nutritional intolerance, in turn does not cause an immune response. Symptoms sometimes appear hours or days after the consumption of a food. Also, their acuity depends on the amount of the accepted irritant. It may be the result of a shortage of certain enzymes.

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An example is lactose intolerance - when the body lacks lactase - the enzyme responsible for the breakdown of lactose milksugar. The clinical manifestation is bloating, flatulence, diarrhea, abdominal pain.

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Another type is histamine intolerance [<a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/histamine-intolerance#diet" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 7</a>]. Some foods (spinach, avocado, dried fruits, etc.) <a href="https://www.puls.bg/aktualno-c-6/alergiia-km-khrani-i-khranitelna-neponosimost-n-32236" target="_blank" rel="noopener"></a> naturally contain a greater amount of histamine. As mentioned above, it causes inflammation. Accordingly, some people are more sensitive to it and develop symptoms such as skin redness, nausea, diarrhea, dizziness and others. These are just two of the possibilities for food intolerance, but there are others.

How-to-tell-if-you-suffer-from-a-food-allergy-or-food-intolerance

How to tell if you suffer from a food allergy or food intolerance

How-to-tell-if-you-suffer-from-a-food-allergy-or-food-intolerance_4_0

In most cases, food allergies are easier to distinguish from intolerance, since their symptoms appear quickly after the consumption of a particular food. Also, there are blood and skin tests, which can be appointed by the attending physician. Taking notes and a food diary could make it easier to make an accurate diagnosis. The latter is also mainly in determining nutritional intolerances, since reliable tests for most of them do not yet exist.

milk hypersensitivity

The most important thing about yogurt: composition, benefits and types

Food allergies - 5 things you need to know