nasal cavity

Earache---what-is-it

Earache - what is it

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Ear pain (otalgia) usually occurs in children, but it can also occur in adults.&nbsp;<a href="https://www.herbal-organic.com/bg/condition/43842" target="_blank" data-ref="Earache | Билкова &amp; Естесвена Медицинa" rel="noopener">[ref. 1]</a> The pain that starts inside the ear is known as primary otalgia, while the pain that occurs outside the ear is known as secondary otalgia. &nbsp;<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29365233/" target="_blank" data-ref="Ear Pain: Diagnosing Common and Uncommon Causes - PubMed" rel="noopener">[Ref. 2]</a>&nbsp;

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Pain in the ear may occur gradually or suddenly. It can be dull, sharp or burning as a sensation and can be temporary or prolonged. Usually, pain occurs only in one ear, but sometimes it can appear in both ears. &nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549830/" target="_blank" data-ref="Page not available - NCBI BookshelfTwitterFacebookLinkedInGitHubNCBI Insights BlogTwitterFacebookYoutube" rel="noopener">[ref. 3]</a>&nbsp;

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Signs-and-symptoms-of-earaches

Signs and symptoms of earaches 

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Symptoms that may accompany ear pain include:

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">High temperature</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Drainage from the ear</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Hearing loss</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Headache</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Difficulty chewing</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Jaw pain</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Click or pop the jaw</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Restlessness and irritability (in children)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Increased crying (in children)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Loss of appetite (in children)</li></ul>

Causes-and-risk-factors-for-ear-pain

Causes and risk factors for ear pain

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Pain in the ear is often caused by blockage of the eutachium tube. This is the passage that extends from the middle ear to the back of the nasal cavity and throat. When the eustahium tube is blocked, the air and liquid can not pass through the passage, causing more pressure and pain.&nbsp;

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Ear infections are a common cause of ear aches, especially in children. Infections of the middle ear, called otitis media, occur when fluids accumulate in the tubes inside the middle ear. This liquid can then become infected by a bacterium or virus. Children are more likely to develop ear infections than adults, partly because their eustahian tubes are smaller and straight, making it difficult to pass fluids. Their immune system is also still developing, making them more susceptible to infections.

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Pain in the ear can be caused by scratching the inside of the ear with a finger, cotton swab or other object. Other possible causes of ear pain include:

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Allergies</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Sinus infection</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Sore throat</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Infection of the teeth</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Accumulation of earwax</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Temporomandibular joint syndrome</li></ul>

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Eight-effective-means-for-relieving-ear-pain

Eight effective means for relieving ear pain

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Not all ear infections have a bacterial causative agent or need prescription drugs, including antibiotics. In fact, you can provide relief with some publicly available natural and home remedies such as:

Over-the-counter-painkillers

Over-the-counter painkillers

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Over-the-counter painkillers (OTC) such as ibuprofen and acetaminophen can be taken to control pain associated with a painful type of ear infection called acute otitis media. They are safe to use with or without antibiotics, but you should follow the dosing instructions on the label. These drugs can also help lower the temperature.&nbsp;

Warm-or-cold-compress

Warm or cold compress

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Use a compress of ice or heat and place it on the affected ear to relieve pain. The temperature you use depends on your preferences. You can also alternate a cold and warm compress every 10 minutes.

Ear-drops

Ear drops 

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Ear drops can reduce pressure in the ear caused by fluid and accumulation of earwax. You should read the instructions carefully and consult a doctor before applying ear drops to a child.

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Ear drops are not a substitute for prescription ear drops or antibiotics, so they can be used short-term. If symptoms worsen, examination by a doctor is mandatory.

Massage

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Gentle massage can help with ear pain, which is caused by a problem in the jaw or teeth or that cause headaches from tension. People can massage the affected area, as well as all surrounding muscles. For example, if the area behind the ear hurts, try massaging the muscles of the jaw and neck.

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The massage can also help with the pain of an ear infection. Continuing to exert pressure downwards, rub forward to the front of the ears.

Garlic

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Garlic has long been used in folk medicine to relieve pain. Some research suggests that it has antimicrobial properties that can fight infection. &nbsp;<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK92775/" target="_blank" data-ref="Page not available - NCBI BookshelfTwitterFacebookLinkedInGitHubNCBI Insights BlogTwitterFacebookYoutube" rel="noopener">[Ref. 4]</a>&nbsp;

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People should not use it as a substitute for antibiotics prescribed by a doctor. Instead, consider adding garlic to an antibiotic diet to speed up relief and immune protection. You can also take it as a dietary supplement if you don't particularly like it.

Neck-exercises

Neck exercises

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Some ear pain is caused by pressure in the ear canal. There are easy neck exercises that can be used to relieve this tension.&nbsp;

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Follow these steps to help yourself through exercise if you have ear pain:

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<ol><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Sit upright with both feet under pressure on the ground.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Slowly turn your neck and head to the right until your head becomes parallel to the shoulder.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Turn your head to the other side until your head becomes parallel to the left shoulder.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Lift your shoulders high, as if trying to cover your ears with shoulders.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Make the movements slowly, hold them slightly, stretching more, count to five, then relax.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Repeat exercises often during the day.</li></ol>

Ginger

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Ginger has natural anti-inflammatory properties that can help soothe ear pain. You can prepare ginger juice or strained oil warmed with ginger in it, and apply it to the outer ear canal. Do not put it directly in the ear.

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Hydrogen-peroxide

Hydrogen peroxide

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<h3>Hydrogen peroxide has been used as a natural remedy for ear pain for many years. To use this method of treatment, put a few drops of hydrogen peroxide into the affected ear. Let it stand for a few minutes, then drain it over a sink. Rinse the ear with clean, distilled water.</h3>

The best home remedy for ear pain depends on the cause of the problem. If it is caries, the pain in your ear may not improve until you visit a dentist. However, if it comes to ear infection, using a natural drug can make the disease bearable until your body fights off the infection. Many ear infections disappear on their own for about a week or two, with symptoms starting to improve after a few days with natural means. But if this does not happen, necessarily seek medical attention.

Ear Pain: Home Treatments & Remedies for Earaches -

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Бетина Цветкова

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Author: Yana Nencheva, Biochemist, PhD candidate in Biophysics

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In the last year of isolation, visits to beauty studios have been mostly cancelled, and when they are sometimes allowed to open again, you start to doubt their safety. The dilemma is somewhere between:

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<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Is my health at risk if I visit a beauty studio?</li>
</ul>

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<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Do I risk my beauty if I stick to home beauty treatments?</li>
</ul>

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There is no unambiguous answer, because with some procedures it is best not to do experiments at home, but to turn to a professional. On the other hand, there are situations that we better take care of out hair and skin using home beauty treatments.

Advantages-of-procedures-in-beauty-studios

Advantages of procedures in beauty studios

Hairdressing-and-mathematics

Hairdressing and mathematics

Hairdressing-and-mathematics_0_0

Let us not underestimate the work of the hairdresser. What happens while you are in the beauty salon is actually an individual geometric analysis and a haircut in order to change the parameters of the figure. Each strand is lifted at a certain angle relative to the skull, so that after the haircut it falls in the desired way.

Hairdressing-and-mathematics_0_1

In one of the interviews of the mathematical online magazine of the University of Cambrich, it is precisely about this - the relationship between mathematics and hairdressing. In the interview, hair salon owner Nikki Dunbavin says: " Idefinitely use maths more than I everthought I'd have to. To get exactly the right hair color for a client, I need to do it by mixing base colors, which is why I calculate individual ratios. For haircuts, I appreciate centimeters and angles to get the result they want" [<a href="https://www.cambridgemaths.org/blogs/intersections-mathematics-and-the-hairdresser/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 1</a>].

Chemical-peeling-should-be-done-only-by-a-specialist

Chemical peeling should be done only by a specialist

Chemical-peeling-should-be-done-only-by-a-specialist_0_0

Chemical peeling is a classic, proven method, but it is also considered one of the most aggressive approaches to dealing with facial imperfections. It is often associated with pain and fear of burning because it hides its risks. Yes, in extremely rare cases they would be life-threatening and if not performed by a professional, complications occur more<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/Advances_in_chemical_peeling_9001857" target="_blank" rel="noopener"></a> often in <a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/Complications_of_chemical_peeling_2674236" target="_blank" rel="noopener">darker</a> skin types and range from mildirritations to uneven pigmentation and permanent scarring [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed_citation/Complications_of_medium_depth_and_deep_chemical_peels_23378707" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 3</a>].

Chemical-peeling-should-be-done-only-by-a-specialist_0_1

In recent years, preparations have been developed to minimize the risk to the skin, and we can be misled that the procedure is also easy to apply at home. Not. In order for the "healing injury" to be controlled, a number of steps in the analysis of the skin and the conduct of the procedure itself must be strictly observed. For this - chemical peeling is not something with which we can compromise and make at home with a preparation bought even from the pharmacy. Here we necessarily need the analysis and control of a dermatologist.

Main-drawback---harmful-chemicals-in-beauty-studios

Main drawback - harmful chemicals in beauty studios

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Let's not put under one denominator all beauty salons, but since the most common are places for manicures and hair salons, we will discuss them. They are exposed to harmful chemicals that are highly irritating and can lead to allergic reactions.

Main-drawback---harmful-chemicals-in-beauty-studios_1_2

A 2011 study looked at the risks posed by the hairdressing profession. Allergens are kept with low concentration, but on the other end it is constant and the variety of allergens grows. The most common allergens are: persulfates, destroying melanin in the hair, necessary to achieve a lighter color, as well as naraphenylenediamine and latex. Some of the symptoms may occur already during training in a hairdresser's school. It is interesting to note that there are people who are more susceptible to the appearance of a professional allergy of this kind, some develop professional asthma and rhinitis. Science has been triggered in the development of effective prevention methods [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/Etiology_determinants_diagnostics_and_prophylaxis_of_occupational_allergic_respiratory_diseases_in_hairdressers_22312965" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 5</a>].

Advantages-of-home-beauty-treatments

Advantages of home beauty treatments

Natural-face-and-hair-masks

Natural face and hair masks

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If you do not have a skin problem that requires special dermatological procedures, there is nothing wrong with making homemade face masks. One of the advantages in this case is the very convenience of being able to do at any time at home. On the Internet there are a variety of recipes for masks that can be experimented with, but I would recommend lighter masks for the purpose of skin maintenance. It is nice to observe the seasonal features, of course. For example, in the dry season, masks are nice to be more hydrating for both skin and hair. Natural hydrating masks for summer would contain yogurt, avocado and others [ref. 6].

Natural-face-and-hair-masks_2_1

How to take care of your hair and skin in summer

Manicure-at-home

Manicure at home

Manicure-at-home_2_0

Above, we looked at the problem of chemicals in beauty salons and their harm. Very often, not only the nail polish remover, but also the nail polish itself contain formaldehyde ( formaldehyde), formalin, which is known for being a carcinogen. Unfortunately, especially the manicurists themselves, there is often no ventilation provided. In many cases, this is accompanied by irritation of the eyes and nasal cavity. Yes, it's a good advantage to keep your manicure at home, and best in a ventilated place (terrace or window) [ref. 7].

Manicure-at-home_2_1

Read more: <a href="../p/7_stpki_v_izbora_na_kachiestviena_kozmietika_2b839f29_de72_4e6a_9285_13b57cc8d17a" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> 8+1 steps in choosing quality cosmetics</a>

How-to-dye-your-hair-at-home---disadvantages-of-home-beauty-treatment

How to dye your hair at home - disadvantages of home beauty treatment

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As we mentioned from the beginning - let's not underestimate the hairdresser. Besides applying mathematical knowledge during the haircut and drawing the paint mixture, this person also has experience. It matters not only if you need another pair of hands to paint the back of the back of the head. Experience with certain brands and how they affect the type of hair is important. Naturally, no one will stop you from painting at home, but if you have no experience and have the opportunity, do it with a specialist.

The-truth:-we-want-to-escape-from-stress

The truth: we want to escape from stress

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Let's face it: one of the reasons we need beauty treatments is not because we actually need them. Our need is to reduce stress, slow down, both work and homework.

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Fortunately, in recent years there has been more and more talk about stress in the workplace and how it affects us not only mentally, but also physically. There are different approaches to dealing with it, such as relaxation techniques, searching for the internal problem, reassessing negative thoughts and more [<a href="https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/how-to-handle-stress-at-work-2019041716436" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 8</a>]. But<a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/stress-and-family#family-meals" target="_blank" rel="noopener">the truth is,</a> sometimes we just need to go to the beauty salon, change our hair, manicure and get a little pampered.

The-truth:-we-want-to-escape-from-stress_4_3

Which one is best - beauty studio or beauty treatments at home

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 Which one is best - beauty studio or beauty treatments at home

Yana Nencheva

Author: Rositsa Tashkova, Master of Molecular biology and Microbiology

Spring is coming and for some of us, it brings about some tedious experiences, instead of joy and vitality from observing nature being reborn. Hay fever, or also called allergic rhinitis, is annoying and exhausting. We have no choice: we are once again looking for effective treatment as we try to find out what is causing it.

What-causes-hay-fever

What causes hay fever

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It is interesting that the word "hay fever" derives <a href="https://books.google.bg/books?id=OBVAAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA245&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false" target="_blank" rel="noopener"></a> from the outdated and misconception that it was caused by the smell of freshly mowed hay [<a href="https://books.google.bg/books?id=OBVAAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA245&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 1</a>].

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Today it is known that hay fever can be caused by exposure to a variety of allergens - household dust, mites, hair and particles of dead skin from pets, cigarette smoke, exhaust gases from cars, perfumes, <a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/eng/research/pubmed/A_review_on_Respiratory_allergy_caused_by_insects_31223213" target="_blank" rel="noopener"></a> <a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/eng/research/pubmed/A_review_on_Respiratory_allergy_caused_by_insects_31223213" target="_blank" rel="noopener">cockroaches</a> [ref. 2], mold and mold. Hay fever is the most common allergic reaction and affects the quality of life of&nbsp;too many people worldwide.

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There are two types of allergic rhinitis&nbsp;- seasonal and year-round. Seasonal allergic rhinitis&nbsp;usually occurs in spring, summer, and even autumn, when different plants bloom.

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Hay fever is sometimes part of a series of allergic manifestations called atopic march. The development of these conditions usually follows a certain pattern - it begins with eczema (atopic dermatitis), followed by food allergies, then hay fever, and finally asthma. However, not all people with asthma have progressed through the atopic march, and not all people with one allergy will develop others.

What-are-the-symptoms-of-allergic-rhinitis

What are the symptoms of allergic rhinitis

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It all starts with supposedly innocent tickling in the nose, which passes into itching, and the itching - in constant sneezing. Symptoms of allergic rhinitis gradually intensify. Soon we have a torturously runny nose, the secretion running down the throat.

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The mucous membrane of the nasal cavity flows, the eyes are itchy, red, and teary. Sometimes there is even puffiness around them. The throat and vocal cords can also suffer and our voice becomes hoarse, but if edema begins in the larynx, it can prove life-threatening. It is necessary to immediately seek urgent medical attention.

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With a stronger allergic reaction, if measures are not taken, hay fever can lead to severe conditions such as sinusitis, otitis media (inflammation of the ear), cough, and even bronchial asthma. Bronchial asthma develops in about 60% of cases of allergic rhinitis <a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/eng/research/pubmed/The_link_between_allergic_rhinitis_and_asthma_the_united_airways_disease_20441427" target="_blank" rel="noopener"></a> in adults and in about 80% of children.

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The constant struggle for air <a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/eng/research/pubmed/The_impact_of_asthma_chronic_bronchitis_and_allergic_rhinitis_on_all_cause_hospitalizations_and_limitations_in_daily_activities_a_population_based_observational_study_25880039" target="_blank" rel="noopener"></a> and poor sleep expected lead to a constant feeling of fatigue and irritability [ref. 5]. Hay fever can even prevent the person from working or studying.

What-role-does-the-immune-system-play-in-allergic-rhinitis

What role does the immune system play in allergic rhinitis

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All allergies are directly related to the activity of the immune system. It is known that for the development of allergic reactions, both environmental factors and genetic predisposition <a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/eng/research/pubmed/Genetic_predisposition_for_atopy_and_allergic_rhinitis_in_the_Singapore_Chinese_population_22053312" target="_blank" rel="noopener"></a> [ref. 6] play an essential role. People who have close relatives suffering from this condition are at increased risk of developing hay fever.

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The usual role of the immune system is to detect and attack disease-causing microorganisms, parasites, emerging cancer cells - all that can make us sick. But an allergic reaction can be seen as confusion or "overreaction" on the part of our immune system - it begins to attack various harmless substances, considering them hostile. These are the allergens.

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In our body circulate components of the immune system called antibodies (immunoglobulins or Ig) that seek and bind to strictly specific substances - antigens. When connecting an antibody to an antigen, a "battle" signal is sent and the immune system begins "war".

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In the case of allergies, IgE antibodies are responsible. At some point, an allergen falls in our country and our body produces a<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/eng/research/pubmed/Total_IgE_plasma_levels_vary_according_to_gender_and_age_in_Brazilian_patients_with_allergic_rhinitis_25518031" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> large amount of IgE </a> antibodies [ref. 7] that come into effect upon repeated encounter.

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So all the malice that comes with hay fever is actually doing to us by our own immune system and its not entirely adequate response.

Who-is-at-risk-of-developing-allergic-rhinitis

Who is at risk of developing allergic rhinitis

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Allergic reactions, in general, are more characteristic of children but can occur suddenly at any moment in our lives. Usually, allergic rhinitis or hay fever manifest themselves for the first time before we are over 20 years of age (in 80% of sufferers), but a later occurrence is not excluded.

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In Europe, the people least affected by the condition are people from Eastern and Central <a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/eng/research/pubmed/European_Community_Respiratory_Health_Survey_in_Adults_ECRHS_12089647" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Europe,</a> followed by the Mediterranean [ref. 8].

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We were found to be less likely to suffer from <a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/eng/research/pubmed/Pet_exposure_and_the_symptoms_of_asthma_allergic_rhinitis_and_eczema_in_6_7_years_old_children_21625021" target="_blank" rel="noopener"></a> hay fever if we had pets [ref. 9] in the first year of life, especially dogs.

Hay-fever-in-children

Hay fever in children

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We need to approach our children with greater care if they find themselves suffering from hay fever, as they often cannot express in words their discomfort or explain to themselves why they feel so bad. Often this makes them irritable and provokes them to "make scenes" at home or at school, where educators may not understand the true causes of the child's behavior.

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One of the differences between the common cold and allergic rhinitis is the duration of the condition. While with the cold everything goes away for a few days to a week, hay fever lasts a long time. Sometimes the restless behavior of the child, caused by discomfort and irritations in the ears, nose, and throat, can be mistakenly perceived as attention deficit syndrome.

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Another aspect to also take into account <a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/eng/research/pubmed/Allergic_Diseases_and_Internalizing_Behaviors_in_Early_Childhood_26715608" target="_blank" rel="noopener"></a> is the emotional [ref. 10] - often children with allergies feel different from others, which deepens their suffering.

How-to-understand-who-is-the-causative-agent-of-allergic-rhinitis

How to understand who is the causative agent of allergic rhinitis

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A visit to an allergist will clarify which is the allergen - the causative agent of allergic rhinitis in our particular case. Usually the most effective, easy, and inexpensive is the skin test, in which a small amount of allergen is inserted under the skin and the reaction is tracked.

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There are two types of skin tests. In one, a droplet with an allergen is placed on the skin and scratched with a needle, and after 10-20 minutes, the result is reported by the degree of redness or edema. The second test is more sensitive than the first. It consists of injecting a small amount of the potential allergen under the skin, and the result is reported after 20 minutes.

Immunotherapy---treatment-of-hay-fever

Immunotherapy - treatment of hay fever

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Symptoms of allergic rhinitis vary in strength in each individual person. While for one simply avoiding the allergen would be enough to make it feel relatively good, for another it will need medical treatment.

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Usually, treatment is symptomatic - sprays, pills, eye drops, and syrups are used to relieve itching and ridges.

nasal cavity

Which one is best - beauty studio or beauty treatments at home

Hay fever - causes and effective treatment