Necrosis (from Ancient Greek νέκρωσις, nékrōsis, 'death') is a form of cell injury which results in the premature death of cells in living tissue by autolysis. Necrosis is caused by factors external to the cell or tissue, such as infection, or trauma which result in the unregulated digestion of cell components. In contrast, apoptosis is a naturally occurring programmed and targeted cause of cellular death. While apoptosis often provides beneficial effects to the organism, necrosis is almost always ...

necrosis

The-most-important-thing-about-cancer

The most important thing about cancer

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Cancer is a complex genetic disorder that catalyzes the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells throughout the body, leading to life-threatening consequences. Aging, differences in lifestyle, genetic factors, hormonal changes and environmental exposure to carcinogens constitute major factors leading to cancer activation in humans. 1

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According to 2020 statistics, cancer is the leading cause of death worldwide, accounting for nearly 10 million deaths in 2020, or nearly one in six deaths. Globally, about 17 million people are diagnosed with cancer each year, and this trend is forecast to intensify dramatically in the near future. About 36 types of cancer have already been identified in humans, and a significant association between sex and type of cancer has been observed. Men are usually more prone to colorectal cancer, liver, lung, prostate and stomach cancers, while women suffer more from breast, cervical cancer, colorectal cancer, lung and thyroid cancer. 2&nbsp;

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In general, the development of cancer can be divided into three stages:

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Initiation in which exposure to a carcinogen induces DNA damage and mutations at the cellular level due to damage/error in DNA repair mechanisms;&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Initiation in which cell expansion leads to hyper proliferation, modification and inflammation of cells/tissues;&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Progression in which tumor formation occurs from preneoplastic cells by clonal expansion. 3</li></ul>DNA damage causes genomic instability, which is a major cause of cancer 4. Although some of the conventional methods such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy and surgery are effective in treating cancer, they can lead to major side effects and toxicity.

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Given the lack of effective and safe approaches, as well as the complexity of cancers, the development of new and natural chemotherapeutic agents is strongly needed. In this respect, the pharmacological properties of certain essential oils may be available therapies to suppress cancer. 5

Essential-oils:-general-information-and-biological-effects

Essential oils: general information and biological effects

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The discovery of natural plant-based products is rightly recognized as a milestone in the history of healthcare, and their introduction to the market in combination with synthetic drugs helps to lead favorably in various health problems. As a result, the extraction of plant secondary metabolites, such as essential oils by steam or hydrodistillation processes, has made significant progress over the years. Stored in oil/resinous ducts, glands or trichomes of plants, these essential oils play an important role in protecting against extraneous agents and are involved in signal transduction pathways.&nbsp;

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Essential oils are a complex mixture of various chemical compounds, mainly characterized by volatility, aroma, low molecular weight and density. The diverse biological properties of essential oils stem from differences in their chemical composition and structure. At present, three main classes of components in essential oils have been identified, namely terpenes and terpenoids (with major contributions), phenols and aliphatic compounds.&nbsp;&nbsp;

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The data from the study on which this article is based are focused on studies dealing only with in vitro (non-living test)/in vivo (live testing) anticancer activities of essential oils in general. The analysis in Scopus was carried out for the last 10 years (2011–2020) on September 14, 2021, so the information is up to date as of that date.

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Essential oils are cytotoxic in nature

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Essential oils cause programmed cell death of cancer cells through apoptosis, necrosis, cell cycle arrest, and dysfunction of major cellular organelles. This is coordinated by an increase in membrane fluidity of the affected cell, decreased generation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a change in the pH gradient and loss of mitochondrial potential, which are the main precursors of cell death. All three main types of chemical components in oils, i.e. phenols, aldehydes and alcohols, have been described to fulfil this function.

Essential-oils-such-as-antimutagenic-and-antiproliferative-agents

Essential oils such as antimutagenic and antiproliferative agents

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Antioxidants are defined as compounds that can inhibit/slow the oxidation of free radicals when used in small amounts. Antioxidant action is one of the key biological properties of essential oils to cope with oxidative stress. For example, under in vivo conditions, increasing the activity of various antioxidant enzymes and oxidized glutathione from the components of the oil of Wedelia chinensis (Osbeck) Merr.&nbsp; provides protection against lung cancer in mice. 6

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With regard to the antimutagenic activity of essential oils, cancer can be inhibited by preventing the direct penetration of mutagens into the cell membrane, inactivating mutagens by direct clearance, trapping free radicals produced by mutagens, inhibiting the conversion of promutagens to mutagens by cytochrome P450 enzyme, enzymatic detoxification of mutagens, and efficient error-free DNA repair.&nbsp;

Antiproliferative-activity-of-essential-oils

Antiproliferative activity of essential oils

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Essential oils can exert an antiproliferative effect through multiple mechanisms, including cell membrane disruption (depolarization, increase in membrane permeability, or decrease in the activity of membrane-bound enzymes) and induction of apoptosis. 7

Essential-oils-and-their-constituents-in-different-cancer-cell-lines

Essential oils and their constituents in different cancer cell lines 

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Over the past few years, the chemoprevention of cancer using essential oils or their components has attracted a lot of attention among the scientific community. Many in vitro/in vivo studies have highlighted the anticancer activity of oils and, more precisely, their main constituents in various tumour cell lines. Next, we will look at who they are and in which types of cancer they can have the necessary effect.

Essential-oils-for-breast-cancer

Essential oils for breast cancer

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Silver fir (Abies alba Mill.)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Abies koreana (Pinaceae)&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Boswellia sacra (Burseraceae)&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Casearia sylvestris Sw. (Salicaceae/Flacourtiaceae)&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Cyperus articulatus L. (Cyperaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Garcinia atroviridis Griff. (Clusiaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Garcinia celebica L. (Clusiaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Glandora rosmarinifolia (Boraginaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Helichrysum gymnocephalum (Asteraceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Iryanthera polyneura (Myristicaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Liquidambar styraciflua L. (Altingiaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Myristica fragrans. (Myristicaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Pituranthos tortuosus Apiaceae)&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Solanum spirale Roxb.&nbsp;</li></ul>

Essential-oils-in-human-breast-cancer

Essential oils in human breast cancer

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Cedrelopsis grevei (Rutaceae)&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Melaleuca armillaris(Myrtaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Monodora myristica (Annonaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Origanum onites L. (Lamiaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Satureja montana L. subsp. pisidica (Lamiaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Varthemia iphionoides (Asteraceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Xylopia aethiopica (Annonaceae)</li></ul>

Essential-oils-in-human-glioblastoma

Essential oils in human glioblastoma

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Ageratum conyzoides (L.) L. (Asteraceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Drimys angustifolia (Winteraceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Drimys brasiliensis (Winteraceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Lippia multiflora (Verbenaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Liriodendron tulipifera L. (Magnoliaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Ocimum basilicum L. (Lamiaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Piper cernuum (Piperaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Scorodopholeus zenkeri (Fabaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Zingiber officinale (Zingiberaceae)</li></ul>

Essential-oils-in-human-colon-carcinoma

Essential oils in human colon carcinoma

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Afrostyrax lepidophyllus Mildbr. (Huaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Artemisia campestris L. (Asteraceae)&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Athanasia brownii Hochr. (Asteraceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Liriodendron tulipifera L. (Magnoliaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Pistacia lentiscus L. (Anacardiaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Scorodopholeus zenkeri (Fabaceae)</li></ul>

Essential-oils-in-human-mammary-adenocarcinoma

Essential oils in human mammary adenocarcinoma

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Athanasia brownii (Asteraceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Liriodendron tulipifera L. (Magnoliaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Nepeta ucranica L. spp. (Lamiaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Populus alba L. (Salicaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Rosmarinus officinalis L. (Lamiaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Scorodopholeus zenkeri (Fabaceae)</li></ul>

<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Afrostyrax lepidophyllus. (Huaceae)&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Ageratum conyzoides (L.) L. (Asteraceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Drimys angustifolia (Winteraceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Lippia multiflora (Verbenaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Liriodendron tulipifera L. (Magnoliaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Ocimum basilicum L. (Lamiaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Piper cernuum (Piperaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Scorodopholeus zenkeri (Fabaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Zingiber officinale (Zingiberaceae)</li></ul>

Essential-oils-for-prostate-cancer

Essential oils for prostate cancer

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Ageratum conyzoides (L.) (Asteraceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Bursera glabrifolia (Burseraceae)&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Curcuma aromatica (Zingiberaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Cymbopogon citratus (Poaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Cymbopogon giganteus. (Poaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Iryanthera polyneura (Myristicaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Lavandula angustifolia (Lamiaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Lippia multiflora (Verbenaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Ocimum basilicum L. (Lamiaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Varthemia iphionoides (Asteraceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Zingiber officinale (Zingiberaceae)</li></ul>

Essential-oils-for-colorectal-cancer

Essential oils for colorectal cancer

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Aquilaria crassna (Thymelaeaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Eucalyptus camaldulensis. (Myrtaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Thymus fallax (Lamiaceae)</li></ul>&nbsp;

Essential-oils-in-acute-lymphoblastic-leukemia

Essential oils in acute lymphoblastic leukemia

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Juniperus excela (Cupressaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Juniperus oxycedrus L. (Cupressaceae)&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Pinus pinea L. (Pinaceae)&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Cedrus libani (Pinaceae)&nbsp;</li></ul>

Essential-oils-for-lung-cancer

Essential oils for lung cancer

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Artemisia indica (Asteraceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Curcuma aromatica (Zingiberaceae)&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Eucalyptus globulus(Myrtaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Pluchea dioscoridis L. (Asteraceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Populus alba L. (Salicaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Rosmarinus officinalis L. (Lamiaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Zingiber striolatum (Zingiberaceae)</li></ul>

Essential-oils-for-liver-cancer

Essential oils for liver cancer

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Pituranthos tortuosus (Apiaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Artemisia indica (Asteraceae)&nbsp;</li></ul>

Essential-oils-in-melanoma

Essential oils in melanoma

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Afrostyrax lepidophyllus (Huaceae)&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Athanasia brownii (Asteraceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Casearia sylvestris&nbsp; (Salicaceae/Flacourtiaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Curcuma aromatica (Zingiberaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Guatteria friesiana (Annonaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Liriodendron tulipifera L. (Magnoliaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Myristica fragrans (Myristicaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Neolitsea variabillima (Lauraceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Ocimum basilicum L. (Lamiaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Origanum onites L. (Lamiaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Salvia officinalis L. (Lamiaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Pituranthos tortuosus (Apiaceae)</li></ul>

Essential-oils-for-ovarian-adenocarcinoma

Essential oils for ovarian adenocarcinoma

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Mentha villosa Huds. (Lamiaceae)&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Xylopia frutescens Aubl. (Annonaceae)&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Guatteria pogonopus Mart. (Annonaceae)</li></ul>

Anticancer-effect-of-the-main-ingredients-of-essential-oils

Anticancer effect of the main ingredients of essential oils

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D-limonene, monoterpene in the fruit peels of citrus essential oils (90–95%) exhibits cytotoxicity against stomach cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, colon cancer, bladder cancer, and melanoma. Similarly, carvacrol (phenolic monoterpenoid) can inhibit tumor growth in stomach cancer cells by increasing apoptotic proteins such as Bax (Bcl-2-linked X protein, apoptosis regulator) and caspases with concomitant reduction of Bcl-2 (B -cell lymphoma 2) expression. Citral showed antitumor effects in various cancer cell lines such as MDA-MB-231, Ishikawa, ECC-1, LNCaP, PC-3, SF-767, SF-763, LU134AM, LU135, LU165, MN1112, HCT116, HT-29, AGS, NB4, and A431.

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A combined formula of citral (80 μM) and curcumin (40 μM) also acts synergistically in suppressing the growth of breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 by inducing apoptosis, DNA damage and cell cycle arrest in the G0/ G1 phase. In vitro/in vivo cytotoxic potential of citronellol has been reported against human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), breast cancer, and prostate cancer. Citronellol induced cell cycle arrest in NCI-H1299 (NSCLC cell line) due to the increased expression of cyclins (cyclin D and E) and CDK2 (cyclin-dependent kinase 2). There was a decrease in tumour volume in mice treated with increasing doses of citronellol (12.5, 25 and 50 mg kg-1). An antiproliferative effect of geraniol (monoterpenoid) was observed in cells A549 (IC50 = 797.2 μM) and tumor growth was suppressed in mice (at 50 and 75 mmol geraniol kg-1 food) due to apoptosis and cell death.

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Globularifolin iridoid exhibits cytotoxicity against U87 glioma cells due to an increase in the number of apoptotic cells, cell cycle arrest, and inhibition of cancer cell migration and invasion.

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In vitro cytotoxicity of quinocitiol (tropolone monoterpenoid) was observed (at 10 μM) in mouse melanoma cells (B16-F10); However, under in vivo conditions, mice treated with 10–20 μg michi-1 quinokitiol showed a decrease in tumor nodules. Increased expression of p53 (tumor suppressor), Bax, caspases, cytochrome c, and MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) phosphatase-3 and downregulation of survivin (apoptosis inhibitor), MMPs, and phosphorylation of ERK has been reported to induce apoptosis in quinocitiol A549 and B16-F10-treated cells.&nbsp;

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Similarly, treatment with linalool (monoterpene alcohol) reduces proliferation and cell viability in colorectal cancer, colon carcinoma, hepatocarcinoma, epidermoid carcinoma and prostate cancer. Diallyl disulfide (DADS), one of the main components of garlic essential oil, stops the division of human esophageal squamous cell cancer cells in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle. Myristicin, an active component of nutmeg oil (Myristica fragrans), exhibits cytotoxic activity by inducing apoptosis of K562 human leukemia cells.

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Other constituents of essential oils, such as bacuiol (monoterpene), myrtenal (bicyclic monoterpene), oleuropein (secoiridoid), perylyl alcohol (menthane monoterpene), thymol (monocyclic phenolic monoterpene), α-bisabolol (monocyclic sesquiterpene alcohol), α-thujone (ketone monoterpene), camphene (bicyclic monoterpene), iatammanwaltrate P (iridoid ester), eugenol (phenylpropanoid), germakren D (sesquiterpene), nymbolide (terpenoid lactone), patchouli alcohol (sesquiterpene alcohol), α-Santalol (sesquiterpene), carveol (monocyclic monoterpenoid alcohol), carvone (monoterpene), isopulegol (monoterpene alcohol),&nbsp;&nbsp; β-caryophyllene oxide (bicyclic sesquiterpene) and β-elemen (sesquiterpenoid oxide)&nbsp; have also been reported as cytotoxic and antiproliferative compounds with anticancer effects.

It has been found that various essential oils possess countless biological activities and beneficial components that can affect the development of various forms of cancer. These essential oil constituents contribute to the potential anticancer, antitumor, and antiproliferative properties of essential oils. They are specific to each type of plant and can be the basis of anticancer therapy, as well as used in the form of liposomes/nanoemulsions/nanoparticles against various types of cancer.

Anti-cancer properties of essential oils and their components

Бетина Цветкова

What-is-camphor?

What is camphor? 

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Camphor (Cinnamomum camphora) is a terpene (organic compound) commonly used in creams, ointments, and lotions. Camphor oil is an oil extracted from the wood of camphor wood and treated by steam distillation. It can be used topically most often to relieve pain, irritation and itching. Camphor is also used to relieve congestion in the chest and inflammatory conditions.

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It has a strong smell and taste and is easily absorbed through the skin. Camphor is currently made from turpentine, but it is still safe to use as long as you use it correctly. There is a potential for side effects, especially if you use it in high doses. It is important to never take camphor internally or apply it to damaged skin as it can be toxic.

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Biological activity of camphor essential oil

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In this paragraph we will consider the numerous biological activities of C. camphora, in particular the essential oil.&nbsp;

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Antimicrobial action: inhibits (suppresses the action of) Choanephora cucurbitarum; Inhibits Serratia marcescens, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus and Trichophyton rubrum; Inhibits Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Gallinarum and Escherichia coli; Inhibits Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa Inhibits Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Gloeophyllum trabeum, Penicillium purpurogenum, Trichoderma harzianum, and Aspergillus fumigatus; &nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378874119341716" target="_blank" data-ref="Redirecting" rel="noopener">[ref. 1]</a>&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Anti-inflammatory action: Blocks the production of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis-alpha factor (TNF-α); Inhibits heat-induced erythrocyte haemolysis and erythrocyte haemolysis induced by hypotonic solution; relieves allergic dermatitis, such as atopic dermatitis; &nbsp;<a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378874105005118" target="_blank" data-ref="Redirecting" rel="noopener">[ref. 2]</a>&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Insecticidal action: Insecticidal agent against mosquito and fly larvae (Chaoborus plumicornis), cabbage butterfly larvae (Pieris rapae), termite (Reticulitermes virginicus), fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) and fire ant (Solenopsis invicta × richteri); &nbsp;<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24555298/" target="_blank" data-ref="Bioactivities and compositional analyses of Cinnamomum essential oils from Nepal: C. camphora, C. tamala, and C. glaucescens - PubMed" rel="noopener">[ref. 3]</a>&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Antioxidant activity for trapping free radicals in rats;&nbsp;</li></ul>

Potential-uses-of-camphor

Potential uses of camphor

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There are many potential benefits associated with camphor, with some being investigated and more data on effectiveness and usefulness needed for others. In general, camphor has a wide variety of topical applications due to its antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory properties. It can be used to treat skin conditions, improve respiratory function and relieve pain.&nbsp;

Camphor-for-the-treatment-of-respiratory-problems

Camphor for the treatment of respiratory problems

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Camphor can have decongestive properties (to unclog the nose) and reduce inflammation in the lungs and throat. It can act on the nerves and reduce coughing, causing it to be depressing. It may be effective against several respiratory disorders. However, for symptoms, you should visit a doctor and do appropriate tests before taking camphor for respiratory problems.

Camphor-to-improve-skin-condition

Camphor to improve skin condition 

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Camphor is used topically on the skin to relieve itching. Camphor leaves can be used in the treatment of conditions characterized by allergic inflammation of the skin, such as Atopic Dermatitis. It has an anti-inflammatory effect and may help reduce serum immunoglobulin level E. <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/27/9/2695" target="_blank" data-ref="Phytochemistry and Applications of Cinnamomum camphora Essential Oils" rel="noopener">[ref.</a> &nbsp;4]&nbsp;

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A 2015 animal study found that camphor was effective in treating wounds and wrinkles caused by ultraviolet light, making it a potential ingredient in anti-aging cosmetics. This may be due to its ability to increase the production of elastin and collagen. &nbsp;<a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ptr.5484" target="_blank" data-ref="Just a moment..." rel="noopener">[ref. 5]</a>&nbsp;

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Of course, you should consult a dermatologist for proper diagnosis and treatment at the first skin changes you notice.

Camphor-for-the-treatment-of-osteoarthritis

Camphor for the treatment of osteoarthritis 

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Osteoarthritis occurs due to wear and tear of protective cartilage, which softens the ends of bones. Camphor can be used with glucosamine sulfate and chondroitin sulfate to reduce pain associated with osteoarthritis, usually as a lotion or spread. When applied topically, it can help relieve joint pain associated with arthritis. However, there are no large enough studies to confirm this effect of camphor on humans. Therefore, you should follow the precautions and instructions given by a doctor before using camphor. 6

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Camphor to prevent low blood pressure 

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One study found that both systolic and diastolic blood pressure increased when using a mixture of camphor and hawthorn extract (corodin). Corodin can be a safe and effective remedy for hypotension (low blood pressure). However, the ideal dose and duration of treatment are not defined. Therefore, the dosage and form of camphor, safe for humans, should be taken under the supervision of a doctor.

Camphor-in-Ayurveda

Camphor in Ayurveda 

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In Ayurveda, C. camphora is used to treat bronchitis, colds, diarrhea, dysentery, edema, flu and heart problems. &nbsp;<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0975357512800678?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" data-ref="ScienceDirectScience DirectScienceDirect helpElsevierRELX Group" rel="noopener">[ref. 6]</a>&nbsp;

Risks-and-precautions-when-using-camphor

Risks and precautions when using camphor 

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Camphor is usually safe for adults when used correctly. Lotions or creams containing small amounts of camphor can be applied to the skin. Never use undiluted camphor or products containing more than 11% camphor. Always do a skin test before using camphor on your skin. Apply a small amount of camphor product to the inner part of the forearm and wait 24 hours to see if any reaction occurs.

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It is also extremely important to know that camphor should never be taken internally, as it can cause serious side effects and even fatality. Signs of camphor poisoning appear within 5 to 90 minutes after ingestion. Symptoms include burning in the mouth and throat, nausea and vomiting.

Contraindications-to-the-use-of-camphor

Contraindications to the use of camphor 

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The following cases should be known in which the use of camphor is not recommended:

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Pregnancy: Ingestion of camphor can lead to abortion, as it has the ability to cross the placental barrier.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Lactation: There is not enough information to know whether camphor can be used during breast-feeding, therefore its use is not recommended then;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Children: Camphor is not safe for use in children. Children should not take camphor by mouth, as ingestion of camphor can lead to neurotoxicity and hepatotoxicity.</li></ul>

The development of modern pharmaceutical technologies provides a theoretical basis for the effectiveness of C. camphora, which has been used in traditional medicine for a long time. The main results of research so far have been that pharmacological effects are mainly due to essential oils of C. camphora. They can be used in products to relieve arthritic and muscle pain, manage some respiratory problems, aches, and more.&nbsp; Although a number of studies have shown the benefits of camphor in a variety of health conditions, more research is needed. The use of camphor is recommended to be done after consulting a medical practitioner for an accurate dosage and method of administration.

Safe use of Camphor: Benefits and Precautions

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Safe use of camphor: benefits and precautions

Purpose-of-anticoagulants

Purpose of anticoagulants 

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Anticoagulants are type of a drug used if you are at risk of blood clots. They can potentially block a blood vessel and disrupt blood flow in the body. Also known as blood thinners, anticoagulants are chemicals that prevent or reduce blood coagulation by prolonging clotting time.

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Anticoagulants are available in many different forms, including injections, intravenous (IV) drugs and medicines you take orally (orally). They often treat and prevent life-threatening conditions that can occur due to blood clots, such as strokes, heart attacks and pulmonary embolism. [&nbsp;<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560651/" target="_blank" data-ref="Page not available - NCBI BookshelfTwitterFacebookLinkedInGitHubNCBI Insights BlogTwitterFacebookYoutube" rel="noopener">[ref. 1]</a>&nbsp;]

What-are-the-advantages-and-side-effects-of-anticoagulants?

What are the advantages and side effects of anticoagulants?

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Anticoagulants are extremely effective in preventing these life-threatening conditions such as stroke, pulmonary embolism and heart attack. There are also several different ways in which these drugs work. This means that people who cannot take one medicine are likely to take another medicine with a similar effect.

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However, side effects are possible, and among the most common side effects with any anticoagulant is bleeding. Depending on the drug used, there are other potential risks, such as necrosis of the skin,&nbsp; severe PMS in women, bruising, bleeding gums, dizziness, headache, etc. [&nbsp;<a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40138-013-0014-6?error=cookies_not_supported&amp;code=29f13e37-8df2-4ff3-9d02-a5efc6c65811" target="_blank" data-ref="Anticoagulants: A Review of the Pharmacology, Dosing, and Complications - Current Emergency and Hospital Medicine Reports" rel="noopener">[ref. 2]</a>&nbsp;]

Natural-anticoagulants---who-are-they

Natural anticoagulants - who are they 

Garlic

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Besides its characteristic taste and numerous applications in culinary, garlic (Allium sativum) has natural antibiotic and antimicrobial properties. A&nbsp;2018 study published in Food Science and Biotechnology reported that garlic powder demonstrated antithrombotic activity in rats.<a href="https://www.herbal-organic.com/bg/pubmed/Allium_sativum_garlic_a_natural_antibiotic_6366484" target="_blank" data-ref="Allium sativum (garlic)--a natural antibiotic. | Билкови и природни лекарства" rel="noopener"></a> Antithrombotic agent is a substance that reduces the formation of blood clots. [&nbsp;<a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10068-018-0469-z?error=cookies_not_supported&amp;code=b65de6d1-7da4-49bf-9928-c1eb90c8aef4" target="_blank" data-ref="A comparative study of the antithrombotic effect through activated endothelium of garlic powder and tomato extracts using a rodent model of collagen and epinephrine induced thrombosis - Food Science and Biotechnology" rel="noopener">[ref. 4]</a>&nbsp;

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A review of studies from 2020 found that garlic supplements can help reduce blood pressure and have mild antithrombotic effects. [&nbsp;<a href="https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/etm.2019.8374" target="_blank" data-ref="Garlic lowers blood pressure in hypertensive subjects, improves arterial stiffness and gut microbiota: A review and meta-analysis" rel="noopener">[ref. 5]</a>&nbsp;

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Vitamin-E

Vitamin E

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Vitamin E reduces blood clotting in several different ways. These effects depend on the amount of vitamin E a person takes.&nbsp;

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According to the National Institutes of Health (NIH), people taking blood thinning drugs should avoid taking large doses of vitamin E. However, it is not clear how much vitamin E dilutes blood, although people may need to take more than 400 international units (IU) per day. &nbsp;<a href="https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminE-HealthProfessional/" target="_blank" data-ref="Office of Dietary Supplements - Vitamin E" rel="noopener">[Ref. 6]</a>&nbsp;

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However, taking vitamin E can bring other health benefits, and it is recommended to provide it from foods such as almonds, sunflower seeds, spinach, peanut butter and others.

Ginkgo-biloba

Ginkgo biloba 

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Practitioners of traditional Chinese medicine have used leaves from the Ginkgo biloba tree (Ginkgo biloba) for thousands of years. &nbsp;<a href="https://www.herbal-organic.com/bg/pubmed/Ginkgo_biloba_13678141" target="_blank" data-ref="Ginkgo biloba. | Билкови и природни лекарства" rel="noopener">[Ref. 7] Ginkgo</a> is also a very popular herbal supplement in the USА and Europe. People take ginkgo biloba for blood diseases and memory problems, blood circulation and other issues.

There are various natural substances that can reduce blood clotting to some extent. Among them are ginkgo biloba, garlic, cinnamon, ginger and others. However, not all of them can be as effective as blood thinning drugs. People at risk of blood clots should not use them instead of prescription medicines.&nbsp;

necrosis

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