Marjoram (; Origanum majorana) is a somewhat cold-sensitive perennial herb or undershrub with sweet pine and citrus flavors. In some Middle Eastern countries, marjoram is synonymous with oregano, and there the names sweet marjoram and knotted marjoram are used to distinguish it from other plants of the genus Origanum. It is also called pot marjoram, although this name is also used for other cultivated species of Origanum.

Marjoram is indigenous to Cyprus, Turkey, Mediterranean, Western Asia, Arabian ...

marjoram

Can-essential-oils-reduce-snoring?

Can essential oils reduce snoring? 

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Essential oils have been used for millennia to treat various diseases. [ref.1] They are made by extracting natural chemicals from certain plants. These chemicals give plants their smells and tastes, so extracting them is like capturing the essence of the plant. Real essential oils are extracted naturally, by steaming or crushing different parts of the plant. Essential oils are often made from bark of trees, roots, flowers, leaves and herbs.

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In aromatherapy, for example, essential oils are usually inhaled or diluted and applied to the skin. They are not intended for internal use. Clinical trials have shown that essential oils can reduce nausea and anxiety in people with cancer. Other studies point out to the antibacterial effects of some locally applied essential oils.

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Although there is currently insufficient evidence to support these statements, many people reported the positive effect of essential oils in some common problems, one of which is snoring.

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According to statistics, nearly half of adults snore, and over 25 percent are habitually snoring. Problematic snoring and sleep disorders are more common in men and overweight people and usually get worse with age. Snoring is definitely unpleasant for others, but it can also be a sign of a more serious condition known as obstructive sleep apnea. This condition occurs in about three percent of the total population.

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How-essential-oils-can-help-with-snoring-and-sleep-apnea

How essential oils can help with snoring and sleep apnea 

Thymus-vulgaris

Thymus vulgaris  

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According to experts in the field of aromatherapy massage, rubbing a little oil of aromatic thyme on the legs at night can reduce snoring. [ref.2]

Mint-(Mentha)

Mint (Mentha)

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Mint oil has a purifying effect, helping to clear the sinuses and making breathing easier. Inhalation of mint oil can also help to cleanse the secretions that the respiratory system can hold. [ref.3]

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Eucalyptus

Eucalyptus_1_0

Early research has shown that eucalyptus can help break down mucus in the respiratory system, including in the sinuses and at the back of the throat. [ref.4] People use eucalyptus oil to relieve symptoms of asthma and bronchitis, and it also has antibacterial action. [ref.5]

Cedar-Wood-(Cedrus)

Cedar Wood (Cedrus)

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Cedar tree has a pleasant woody smell, which can help reduce anxiety and relax muscles. This can help you get into a state of relaxation and wellness to prepare the body for sleep. [ref.6]

Lemon-(Citrus-limon)

Lemon (Citrus limon) 

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<h3>&nbsp;The fresh citrus aroma of lemon oil is a natural remedy for improving your mood. Lemon oil can also help by reducing anxiety and promoting the sense of relaxation that is needed for a good night sleep. [ref.7]</h3>

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Clove-(Syzygium-aromaticum)

Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) 

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Cloves is an herb and spice with various medical applications. Clove oil is used to make it easier to separate sputum from the body. It can also help break down sputum that moves to the back of the throat during sleep. [ref.8] S. aromaticum is rich in many phytochemicals, such as sesquiterpenes, monoterpenes, hydrocarbons and phenolic compounds. Evgenil acetate, eugenol and &beta;-caryophylene are the most significant phytochemicals in clove oil.&nbsp;

Clove-(Syzygium-aromaticum)_1_1

Pharmacologically, S. aromaticum has been studied against various pathogenic parasites and microorganisms, including pathogenic bacteria, plasmodies, parasites Theileria, herpes simplex and hepatitis C viruses. Several reports document the analgesic, antioxidant, anticancer, antiseptic, antidepressant, antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antifungal and antibacterial activity of the eugenol. [ref.9]

Pine-(Pinus)

Pine (Pinus)

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Essential oil obtained from pine needles has both antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. Aromatherapy experts also use it for massage and relaxation of tense muscles and inflamed joints. Massage therapy with pine oil can be an effective tool for dealing with insomnia.

Dill-(Anethum-graveolens)

Dill (Anethum graveolens)

Dill-(Anethum-graveolens)_1_0

Dill can provide anti-inflammatory properties. Some people use it to reduce inflammation in the nose and throat and improve the flow of air through the nasal passages. This relief can contribute to easier sleep. [ref.10]

Salvia-officinalis

Salvia officinalis 

Salvia-officinalis_1_0

Sage oils have long been used and appreciated for their healing potential. [ref.11] Sage oil can be effective against respiratory infections, such as the common cold. It can also help improve blood circulation and hot flushes in postmenopausal women. [ref.12]

Citronella-(Cymbopogon-Winterianus)

Citronella (Cymbopogon Winterianus) 

Citronella-(Cymbopogon-Winterianus)_1_0

Citronella oil has detoxifying and anti-inflammatory properties that can help better cleanse the body of toxins that disrupt hormonal balance and normal sleep cycle.&nbsp; [ref.13]

Lavender-(Lavandula)

Lavender (Lavandula) 

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Lavender is the most commonly used oil to treat insomnia. This oil promotes relaxation and can cause the release of melatonin, the sleep hormone. In addition, lavender oil acts as an antidepressant. [ref.14]

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Mayorana-(Marjoram)

Mayorana (Marjoram) 

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Majorana has expectorant effects that can help break down some of the mucus that prevents breathing at night. [ref.15] This&nbsp; plant also has anti-inflammatory properties due to its active ingredients as well as antioxidant action. [ref.16]

Valerian-root-(Valeriana-officinalis)

Valerian root (Valeriana officinalis)

Valerian-root-(Valeriana-officinalis)_1_0

Valerian root has proven sedative effects, which is why it is often present in natural formulas to support sleep. [ref.17] Valerian oil can help you enjoy a restful night's sleep, as well as the anti-inflammatory and antibacterial action of the oil. [ref.18]

Valerian-root-(Valeriana-officinalis)_1_1

How-to-use-essential-oils-to-cope-with-snoring-or-sleep-apnea

How to use essential oils to cope with snoring or sleep apnea 

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There are several ways to use essential oils in sleep disorders:

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Air diffusion and inhalation</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Add diluted oil to a hot tub</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Add a few drops of oil to a glass of water</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Add essential oil to base oil such as coconut and directly rub it into the skin</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Add a few drops of diluted essential oil and directly rub it in the feet</li></ul>

Sleep problems can be due to excessive stress, anxiety and many other factors. Some natural essential oils can help to relieve this stress, prepare your body for a state of relaxation and good night sleep. These include valerian oil, lavender, sage and clove, as well as other less well-known such as majorana, citronella and cedar wood.

How essential oils help with snoring and sleep problems

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Бетина Цветкова

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Author: Rositsa Tashkova, Master of Molecular Biology and Microbiology

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Some of the plants we are used to living with or even eating may pose a danger to our pets. In this article you will read which plants and foods we need to watch out for in order to preserve the health and life of our four-legged friends.

Alcoholic-beverages

Alcoholic beverages

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Alcohol is toxic to animals. It can lead to dangerously low blood sugar levels, low blood presure and body temperature. Alcohol suppresses the central nervous system and can stop breathing and cause death.

Apple-seeds,-apricot-pits,-cherry-pits,-peach-pits

Apple seeds, apricot pits, cherry pits, peach pits

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All of them contain cyanide inside, which is toxic and released by chewing the seeds or pits. If the animal accidentally swallows a few apple seeds, it probably will not get hurt, but the risk is not worth it.

Avocado

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The leaves, fruits, seeds and bark of avocados contain persine. This substance can cause vomiting and diarrhea in dogs and more serious signs of poisoning in other animals - birds, horses and rodents are particularly sensitive to the toxicity of avocados.

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Chocolate-and-candy

Chocolate and candy

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Chocolate is toxic to dogs, cats and ferrets due to its content of theobromine and caffeine, which can excessively increase heart rate and cause excessive activation of the nervous system, seizures and death. Cocoa powder is most dangerous, followed by dark chocolate.

Coffee-and-black-or-green-tea

Coffee and black or green tea

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Animals are much more sensitive to caffeine than humans. The symptoms of caffeine poisoning are similar to those of chocolate poisoning - tremor, vomiting, diarrhea, rapid heartbeat, high blood pressure, seizures.

Artificial-sweeteners

Artificial sweeteners

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Xyliol is a common artificial sweetener in our food - in candy, chewing gum, etc. It is toxic to pets.

Garlic-and-onions

Garlic and onions

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Garlic, onions and all representatives of their family contain thiosulfate, which is harmless to us, but toxic to animals, since it leads to oxidative damage of red blood cells and hemolytic anemia.

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Grapes-and-raisins

Grapes and raisins

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They are particularly dangerous for dogs. Their consumption leads to vomiting and diarrhea, but the danger comes from the fact that they can cause sudden renal failure, which is a very serious condition.

Hops-and-beer

Hops and beer

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Hops are particularly dangerous for dogs, but also for cats. It leads to a very strong and dangerous increase in body temperature, vomiting, anxiety, rapid pulse and even death after only a few hours.

Macadamia-nuts

Macadamia nuts

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In dogs, macadamia nuts can cause vomiting, ataxia (loss of balance and coordination), weakness, hyperthermia and depression.

Mouldy-foods

Mouldy foods

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As we would not eat mouldy food, so it is also dangerous for animals due to the content of mycotoxins in mold, capable of damaging the liver and other organs and systems.

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The-green-parts-of-potatoes-and-tomatoes

The green parts of potatoes and tomatoes

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Potatoes and tomatoes are from the same family - Solanaceae, and contain the poisonous substance solanine. If a small amount is ingested, poisoning should not occur. But large amounts of solanine lead to confusion, severe gastrointestinal disorders, lethargy and weakness.

Wild-mushrooms

Wild mushrooms

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People mistakenly think that the dog would not eat a poisonous mushroom. Unfortunately, it does not have an innate instinct for this and cases of dogs poisoned by wild mushrooms are not rare. Even worse, some poisonous mushrooms smell like fish, which especially attracts dogs and can have fatal consequences. Experts advise to immediately contact a veterinarian if you see that your dog has eaten a mushroom while on a walk in nature.

Mustard-and-mustard-seeds

Mustard and mustard seeds

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Mustard seed (from which mustard is made) contains substances that lead to inflammation of the stomach or digestive system - gastroenteritis.

Salt

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It sounds strange, but it is true. Salt poisoning in dogs and cats leads to vomiting, diarrhea, decreased appetite, lethargy, impaired coordination, excessive thirst or urination. In severe cases, tremors, convulsions, coma and even death are possible.

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Walnuts

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Walnuts are safe for pets only in small quantities. Signs of poisoning include vomiting, tremor, weakness, fever, seizures.

Bread-yeast-and-yeast-dough

Bread yeast and yeast dough

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Yeast is very toxic to dogs. If they get into the digestive system alive, they find favorable conditions for development and cause severe bloating of the stomach, which is a life-threatening condition. In addition, they release alcohol that enters the blood and can lead to alcohol poisoning.

Herbs-that-are-poisonous-to-dogs

Herbs that are poisonous to dogs

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Here are which herbs and spices it is good to keep away from the dog:

Herbs-that-are-poisonous-to-dogs_17_1

<ul>
<li>Mace (spice made from the shell of the nutmeg)</li>
<li>Oregano (Origanum vulgare)</li>
<li>Cannabis sativa</li>
<li>Marjoram (Origanum majorana)</li>
<li>Tarragon, taros (Artemisia dracunculus)</li>
<li>Borage, medicinal cucumber (Borago officinalis)</li>
<li>Camomile (Matricaria chamomilla)</li>
<li>Sorrel (Rumex acetosa)</li>
<li>Bay leaf (Lauraceae)</li>
<li>Epazote, Mexican tea (Dysphania ambrosioides)</li>
<li>Lemon verbena (Aloysia citrodora) and lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus)</li>
<li>Mint in large quantities (Mentha)</li>
</ul>

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Herbs-that-are-poisonous-to-cats

Herbs that are poisonous to cats

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Here are which herbs and spices it is good to keep away from the cat:

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<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Oregano</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Marjoram</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Cannabis</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Tarragon</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Borage</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Chamomile</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Sorrel</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Lavender in large quantities</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Epazote, Mexican tea</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Lemon verbena and lemongrass</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Mint in large quantities</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Bay leaf</li>
</ul>

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It is important to distinguish between tastes, emotions and physiology between humans and animals without attributing ours to them. This will help us understand them and their world much better and meet their needs appropriately.

Plants and foods that are toxic for your pets

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 Plants and foods that are toxic for your pets

Rositsa Tashkova-Kacharova

Text adaptation: Rositsa Tashkova, Master of Molecular Biology and Microbiology

The Persian Empire is one of the largest&nbsp;known in world history, encompassing the lands located on the Iranian Plateau – Asia Minor – Egypt and Europe. It is the predecessor of Iran. The great kings of the ancient Persian kingdom belonged to the Achaemenid dynasty (648 - 330 BC), and according to mythology, its founder was Achaemenus, who is considered the son of Perseus.

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The most famous Persian doctor, Abu Ali Al-Hussein Ibn Abdallah Ibn Sina, aka Avicenna, was the first person in medical history to use the term "epilepsy", meaning "possessed by an external force" in Latin.

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He is the author of 40 books in the field of medicine, including the most influential work of his time - "The Canon of Medicine". This medical encyclopedia collects and systematizes all knowledge up to that time and becomes a standard medical textbook for many universities in Asia and Europe. It was used until the middle of the 17th century.

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This article is based on a 2014 scientific publication&nbsp;[<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1059131114000260" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.1</a>], in which the most significant herbs and medicinal plants used in Ancient Persia in epilepsy sufferers were studied and collected. The intersections and potential applications of these plants in modern medicine are sought, especially as anticonvulsants (suppressing convulsions characteristic of the disease).

French-lavender-(Lavandula-stoechas)-against-convulsions

French lavender (Lavandula stoechas) against convulsions

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The effects of the water-methanol extract of French lavender flowers on epilepsy and spasms in mice have been investigated. The results show that it significantly delays the appearance of the first seizures and reduces the severity of convulsions in these laboratory animals. Possible explanations of these results may be the role of the plant extract as a calcium channel blocker. [<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378874199001981?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.2</a>]

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Marjoram-(Origanum-majorana)-reduces-the-duration-of-seizures

Marjoram (Origanum majorana) reduces the duration of seizures

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The antiepileptic and sedative properties of various extracts from the aerial parts of majorana in rodents have been studied and all extracts have been found to slow down the onset and reduce the duration of seizures. The main compound responsible for the activity of the plant has been identified and it's called ursolic acid. [<a href="https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1079&amp;context=intmed_facpub" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.3</a>]

Coriander-(Coriandrum-sativum)-seed-extracts

Coriander (Coriandrum sativum) seed extracts

Coriander-(Coriandrum-sativum)-seed-extracts_2_0

Coriander is also known as Chinese parsley or cilantro. Aqueous and ethanolic coriander seed extracts were tested on mice and the results showed that both extracts had anticonvulsant effect. Scientists suggest that the effect may partly be due to coumarin compounds isolated from this plant. [<a href="https://vlibrary.emro.who.int/imemr/anticonvulsant-effects-of-coriandrum-sativum-l-seed-extracts-in-mice/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.4]</a>

Dodder-(Cuscuta-epithymum)

Dodder (Cuscuta epithymum)

Dodder-(Cuscuta-epithymum)_3_0

The plant is also known as lesser dodder, hellweed, strangle-tare. The anticonvulsant activity of water-alcohol extract from the dodder plant was investigated using a PTZ test inmice. The results show that at a dose of 100 mg/kg, the extract significantly increased seizure latency and survival rates, but no significant effect on the duration of convulsions was observed. [<a href="https://www.sid.ir/en/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?id=76824" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.5</a>]

marjoram

Plants and foods that are toxic for your pets

Epilepsy in Ancient Persia - which medicinal plants they used to treat seizures

Herbs that relieve chemotherapy and radiation therapy adverse side effects