Paralysis (also known as plegia) is a loss of motor function in one or more muscles. Paralysis can be accompanied by a loss of feeling (sensory loss) in the affected area if there is sensory damage as well as motor. In the United States, roughly 1 in 50 people have been diagnosed with some form of permanent or transient paralysis. The word comes from the Greek παράλυσις, 'disabling of the nerves', itself from παρά (para), 'beside, by' and λύσις (lysis), 'making loose'. A paralysis accompanied by ...

paralysis

What-are-Lion's-Mane-mushrooms-(Hericium-erinaceus)?

What are Lion's Mane mushrooms (Hericium erinaceus)?

What-are-Lion's-Mane-mushrooms-(Hericium-erinaceus)?_0_0

The lion's mane mushroom is first of all an edible mushroom, otherwise we would not write about it in such a context. And despite its fearsome name in our native language, Hericium erinaceus has irrefutable nicknames in other countries around the world. In Japan, it is known as Yamabushitake or "mushroom mountain monk". This is because the Buddhist monks of Yamabushi wear "suzukake" or a garment with long strands of hair or fur, Which resembles the mushroom. In China, it's Ho Tou Gu, the "monkey-headed mushroom." 1

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The shaggy appearance of the lion's mane also won him titles such as:

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Mushroom bearded tooth</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Mushroom bearded hedgehog</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Satir's beard</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Mushroom pompom and other even more attractive.</li></ul>All of these names point to the unique orb shape characteristic of lion's mane mushrooms, making them easy to recognize in the wild, at farmers' markets, or on the rare occasions when found elsewhere.

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Like the reishi mushroom, lion's mane has been used for medicinal purposes for thousands of years (2000 BC, to be exact). In both Chinese and Japanese medicine, lion's mane "has traditionally been used to strengthen the spleen, nourish the intestines, and also as an anticancer drug."

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But what really makes lion's mane stand out from other mushrooms (aside from the fact that it looks like a lion's lush mane and tastes like crab or lobster), it's a natural nootropic. This means that it can naturally improve cognitive function. 2

How-the-Lion's-Mane-mushroom-works---active-ingredients

How the Lion's Mane mushroom works - active ingredients 

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Lion's mane contains various functional compounds, but two are the main substances that stand out:

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Aromatic Hericenones</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Dieterpenoid erinacins</li></ul>No other food contains this powerful combination, which makes lion's mane exceptional.

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The chemical structures of these compounds are somewhat complex. Aromatics consist of loops bonded by covalent bonds (shared electrons). This adds a measure of stability known as aromaticity, hence the name.

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Diterpenes - naturally produced from plants, animals and fungi - have four isoprene units. Isoprene consists of two or more hydrocarbon units with a specific arrangement of carbon atoms.

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Neerinacin diterpenoids are found in other medicinal mushrooms and exhibit both antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity. But erinacins can do something unusual that non-erinacins cannot: cross the blood-brain barrier.&nbsp; (Hericenons may share this ability; but further study is needed for confirmation.) This hidden superpower is what gives the lion's mane mushroom its beneficial effect on the brain.

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The fruiting bodies of lion's mane contain two compounds that are called erinacin A and B. Both erinacins have been shown to promote nerve growth factor (NGF) synthesis, which has potential applications in dealing with multiple neurological conditions and disabilities. 3

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To date, more than 70 compounds have been identified in Hericium erinaceus. It's possible that this new data could help unravel some of the mysteries behind the lion's mane's incredible potential. 4

General-benefits-of-using-lion's-mane

General benefits of using lion's mane 

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Traditionally used to combat digestive disorders and stomach problems, the lion's mane mushroom has also been recognized as a restorative for overall health to support immunity and cognitive function.

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It is believed that the healing, regenerative nature of lion's mane helps to maintain the optimal condition of:&nbsp;

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Liver</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Spleen</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Heart</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Lungs</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Kidneys</li></ul>Any "deficiency" in the body — thought to manifest externally with symptoms such as insomnia, weakness, and loss of strength — can be addressed with the help of Hericium erinaceus.

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Of course, lion's mane also has a long tradition of use for brain health. Some cultures recognize the fungus as an aid to memory, concentration, and overall mental function; Others point to the lion's mane mushroom to support nerve growth and repair, as well as for more clarity and focus.

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Seven-scientifically-based-benefits-of-lion's-mane-mushrooms

Seven scientifically based benefits of lion's mane mushrooms 

Protection-against-dementia-and-Alzheimer's-disease

Protection against dementia and Alzheimer's disease 

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One of the most impressive benefits of lion's mane mushrooms is that they can protect against dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Studies have shown that lion's mane can improve cognitive function and memory in people with mild to moderate forms of these diseases. Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia, affecting at least 50 million people.&nbsp; Dementia is a general term used to describe the deterioration of mental functions that occurs with age. Symptoms may include memory loss, difficulty reasoning and problem solving, confusion, and changes in mood or behavior.

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Lion's mane contains compounds known as hericistins and erinacins, which have been shown to promote nerve growth and protect neurons from damage.

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The unique ability of erinacins to cross the blood-brain barrier and promote regenerative activity in the brain is the most important advantage of the lion's mane mushroom. Here it is important to explain more about the so-called. nerve growth factor (NGF).

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Nerve growth factor functions exactly as the name suggests: it regulates the growth and reproduction of nerve cells, supports cellular health, and prevents cell death. NGF is part of a family of molecules known as neurotrophic factors that support both mature and developing neurons.

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Neurotrophic factors allow the brain to heal and repair itself after an injury and maintain what's known as "brain neuroplasticity" throughout life. In other words, your brain never stops responding to information, thought patterns, and external stimuli, and NGF helps strengthen or even create important neural pathways in the brain.

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Studies in people with dementia for the use of lion's mane  

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Problems with cognition can arise when the brain fails to cope with the growth and formation of new connections as we age. The resulting cognitive decline can manifest as varying degrees of memory loss or dementia. Several studies have shown the potential of lion's mane for dementia prevention and cognitive support.

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In one of them, a group of 30 adults with "mild cognitive impairment" were divided into two groups and given either lion's mane or placebo. Those who took lion's mane supplements performed better on cognitive tests at weeks 8, 12 and 16 of the study. 5

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In studies on PC12 cells — used to study brain health and function — lion's mane appeared to prevent damage and reduce the occurrence of cell death.

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Even in healthy subjects, mushroom supplementation can improve the ability to recognize and recall previously learned information ("recognition memory") by exercising activity similar to brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). BDNF supports the plasticity of neurons, making learning, memorization and cognitive processes easier to run. 6

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Studies in people with Alzheimer's for the use of lion's mane 

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Currently, no human studies have been conducted to investigate the effects of Hericium erinaceus on Alzheimer's patients. In studies on mice, however, mushroom extracts were able to reduce symptoms of memory loss and prevent the accumulation of beta-amyloid (β-amyloid) plaques. Since the accumulation of β-amyloid plaques is a key factor in the development of Alzheimer's disease, this activity can have significant implications for the prevention or even treatment of the disease.&nbsp;

Relieving-symptoms-of-anxiety-and-depression

Relieving symptoms of anxiety and depression 

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Lion's mane isn't just a strength for memory — it can also help your mood. Hericium erinaceus extracts appear to regenerate cells in the hippocampus, the area of the brain responsible for emotional response and memories. In a mouse model, the fungus shows the potential to support neurogenesis, the process of growing new nerve cells.

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The practical daily benefit of all this can be seen in studies related to anxiety and depression. A four-week study involving a group of 30 postmenopausal women found that cookies made with lion's mane were better than placebo cookies at reducing anxiety and irritability. 7

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Lion's mane extracts have been shown to block the signaling power of nuclear factor-kappa beta (NF-kB), a protein complex responsible for promoting inflammation by inducing synthesis of pro-inflammatory compounds. The fungus may also reduce elevated levels of two pro-inflammatory cytokines, known as IL-6 and TNF-alpha.

Recovery-Benefits-from-Nervous-System-Injuries

Recovery Benefits from Nervous System Injuries 

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The brain, spinal cord and other nerves that travel around the body are part of the nervous system. These elements collaborate to transmit and exchange messages that control almost all bodily functions. Injuries to the brain or spinal cord can be fatal. They often lead to paralysis or loss of mental abilities, and the recovery time is long.

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However, lion's mane mushroom extract has been shown in studies to promote the growth and repair of nerve cells, which may help in recovering from this type of injury. Lion's mane extract may also help reduce the severity of brain damage after a stroke.

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In one study, high doses of lion's mane mushroom extract given to rats immediately after a stroke helped reduce inflammation and reduce the size of stroke-related brain damage by 44%.

Improved-protection-against-ulcers-in-the-digestive-tract

Improved protection against ulcers in the digestive tract 

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Stomach ulcers are usually a consequence of two main factors: overgrowth of H. pylori and damage to the gastric mucosa caused by long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).

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Lion mane extract, when taken correctly, has been found to protect against the development of stomach ulcers by inhibiting the growth of H. pylori and protecting the gastric mucosa from damage. This was attributed to a polysaccharide fraction isolated from a mycelial culture of the medical fungus.&nbsp;

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Anti-inflammatory-action-and-reduction-of-oxidative-stress

Anti-inflammatory action and reduction of oxidative stress 

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The lion's mane mushroom contains powerful anti-inflammatory and antioxidant chemicals that can help manage inflammatory conditions. In fact, one study comparing the antioxidant abilities of 14 different species of mushrooms found that lion's mane had the fourth highest antioxidant activity.&nbsp;

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In rats, lion's mane extract reduces inflammation and indicators of oxidative stress, suggesting it may be particularly useful in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease, liver damage and stroke. It is necessary to investigate whether it has the same effect in humans in larger studies.&nbsp;

Anti-cancer-action-of-the-mushroom-Lion's-mane

Anti-cancer action of the mushroom Lion's mane 

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When lion's mane extract combines with human cancer cells in a test tube, it causes cancer cells to die at a faster rate. This is seen in many types of cancer cells, including tumors of the liver, colon, stomach and blood. 8

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In another study, we find that diterpene shows good cytotoxic activity against two human cancer cell lines - K562, LANCAP and HEP2. 9

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Antioxidant power and skin protection with Lion's Mane mushrooms 

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When the body is stressed or exposed to chemicals — whether in the environment or food — compounds known as free radicals are formed. Antioxidants like those found in lion's mane have the ability to "donate" electrons to free radicals, which neutralizes compounds while protecting healthy cells. The result is less inflammation and a lower risk of cell damage.

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According to research, lion's mane may have specific benefits associated with this anti-inflammatory activity, including:

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Reduce skin aging by increasing levels of skin antioxidants and collagen proteins</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Reduce prooxidant reactive oxygen species and increase antioxidant levels in the brain</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">An increase in antioxidants and a decrease in lipid peroxidation in diabetic rat models, suggesting potential applications for the management of diabetic neuropathy.</li></ul>

If you are looking for a way to improve your brain function, memory and immunity, you can do so with the help of the lion's mane mushroom. This small mushroom is rich in nutrients that can help improve nerve function, antioxidant protection, and relieve symptoms of anxiety and depression. Their potency has also been shown in conditions such as Alzheimer's, as well as in several types of cancer.&nbsp; Lion's Mane mushrooms have powerful anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and immunostimulating properties, as well as the ability to reduce the incidence of heart disease, ulcers and diabetes in animals, and in some areas in humans. More testing is needed on the applications of this fungus in humans to reveal its potential mechanisms.

The mysterious properties of Lion's Mane mushroom (Hericium erinaceus)

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The mysterious properties of Lion's Mane mushroom (Hericium erinac)

Бетина Цветкова

Medicinal-products-from-very-toxic-animals

Medicinal products from very toxic animals

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You would never voluntarily ingest snake venom or smear your skin with insect venom, would you? Well, before you disavow anything like this, you should know that there is actually a long history of transforming some of the most toxic substances on Earth into useful and even sometimes life-saving drugs.

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Scientists are increasingly looking at the deadliest corners of the animal world for drugs, as the poisons of some animals are full of molecules that evolved to perform very specific activities in small quantities. In other words, they are ideal pharmaceuticals.

Botulinum-toxin

Botulinum toxin 

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Botulinum toxin is a neurotoxic protein that is produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum and other similar species, causing mild injection site paralysis. Also known as Botox, it won't bring you back from the brink of death. In fact, one gram would be enough to kill a million people, but by paralyzing the muscles of the face in very small doses, you can deprive yourself of several wrinkles. However, with this result comes some serious risks for cosmetic use, including dysphagia, muscle weakness and allergic reactions. 1

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Botox was originally used as a treatment for ophthalmic conditions such as strabismus (crossed eyes) and twitching eyelids. Today, it is also used to prevent migraines and is just one of many terrible substances that are successfully used.

Captopril

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The oldest toxic-inspired pharmaceutical product, and indeed the one that started looking for others, is captopril. It appeared in pharmacies in 1981 and almost instantly became popular because it treated hypertension or high blood pressure, which is a prerequisite to develop heart or kidney disease and get a heart attack, stroke or aneurysm, and all thanks to the poison of a South American viper.

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One of the great effects of this snake venom is the alarmingly rapid drop in blood pressure. This drop is useful for snakes, because the brain and muscles from which their food (other animals) have to escape do not work so well without blood. Because snakes hunt mammals, scientists believe that if they could understand how the poison works, they could better understand how our bodies regulate blood pressure.&nbsp;

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It turns out that the blood pressure regulation system is quite complex, but one major way our bodies raise blood pressure is by activating a protein called angiotensin. One of the important things angiotensin does in its active form is to make the muscle cells lining the blood vessels constrict. This means higher pressure.&nbsp;

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Scientists discovered that snake venom contains a molecule that blocks the enzyme that makes angiotensin active angiotensin the converting enzyme, or ACE. With few chemical changes, they create captopril, the first ACE inhibitor, and although captopril itself is no longer widely prescribed, ACE inhibitors are still administered every day.

Ziconotide

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Here in focus is the amazing and deadly marble cone snail. These slow-moving snails can eat fast-moving fish because their venom quickly paralyzes prey and is very strong. However, the advantage is that their sting does not hurt, and this is because some of the hundreds of conotoxins, the small protein toxins that cone snails produce, target the nerves that signal pain.

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Almost 40 years ago, a student who had just graduated from high school discovered that one of these toxins reduced pain about 1,000% more strongly than morphine without causing addiction. This is because it kills pain more directly and specifically than morphine and other opioids. Opioids reduce pain by binding to opioid receptors, which triggers a cascade that, among other things, reduces the activity of calcium channels that nerve cells in the spinal cord need to communicate with the brain.&nbsp;

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The toxin from the cone snails simply blocks these channels directly, and this means that there are not so many adverse effects. Your body can't develop a tolerance to it like it can to opioids, and it works in cases where opioids don't. However, this is not a perfect medicine, as it has side effects, such as difficulty walking or psychiatric symptoms, and should be given in specific places and with specific doses.

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Ziconotide is in turn a newer, intrathecal analgesic drug used to treat chronic pain. His indication, according to the FDA, is for the treatment of chronic severe pain in patients with intolerance or refractoriness to systemic analgesics or intrathecal morphine. 2

Exenatide

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There is a frighteningly impressive creature that you can read that they call it "the monster Gila". The poison of this poisonous lizard can lower blood sugar in people with type 2 diabetes.

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The so-called Gila monsters are lizards that live in the deserts of North America. Their poison is not so dangerous for humans, but it is extremely painful the bite itself, and one of the ingredients looks a lot like a hormone that our bodies naturally produce after we eat food. This hormone, called glucagon-like peptide 1, triggers the release of insulin, and because insulin is a hormone that tells cells to take in more sugar from the blood, it lowers blood sugar.

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We can't just give humans more of human protein to lower their blood sugar because it breaks down too quickly by enzymes, but the protein in the poison of Gila lizards has a superpower: it's extremely stable. Its action lasts more than 70 times longer in the blood than in the human species, which means that it is much easier to use.&nbsp;

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It's not clear why monsters have this super stable sugar-lowering hormone. Scientists only discovered it because they systematically study the poison to see what the different components do, but a synthetic version of the Gila hormone has been on the market for more than a decade. In addition to helping control blood sugar, it also supports insulin it produces healthy beta cells in the pancreas and makes people feel fuller. 3

Linaclotide-and-Plecanatide

Linaclotide and Plecanatide

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These drugs work by binding to and activating receptors on the cells that line your gut, telling them to release water and salt. This, in turn, softens the stool, facilitating bowel movements. Scientists aren't entirely sure how, but animal studies suggest that these drugs also trigger pain-relieving nerve pathways in the colon.&nbsp;

Cantharidin

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The next toxin named cantharidin comes from a type of beetle. If you lubricate one of these beetles, the cantharidin in the blood and other tissues of the beetle will burn your skin, creating blisters. If you swallow too many of these beetles, you will have a lot of problems. According to some estimates, just seven drops of the substance are enough to kill you. In small, controlled doses, cantharidin can remove warts and treat a condition known as molluscum contagiosum.

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Biologists believe that male beetles produce this thing as a defensive weapon, as it protects them from being eaten by predators and they can also splash it out at threat. A fun fact is that they also pass on some of it to females during mating with a so-called wedding gift to protect the next generation.&nbsp;

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However, instead of leaving these beetles alone, people have been trying to use their toxins for centuries to treat a host of health conditions, as well as a strong aphrodisiac. 4

Stichodactyla-toxin

Stichodactyla toxin

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Stichodactyla helianthus is a tropical anemony known as the "solar anemone" and part of the order Actiniaria. The Caribbean solar anemone is armed with poison-filled stinging cells that can stun prey and repel predators. It is likely that its paralytic poison could revolutionize the treatment of autoimmune diseases.&nbsp;

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Back in the 1990s, a scientist discovered that one of the paralysis-inducing peptides in anemone venom was special. Called stichodactyl toxin, it does its job by blocking a certain type of potassium channel one that in us happens to be involved in activating a specific set of immune cells.

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These cells are the older T cells that have already encountered potential pathogens, but remain in the tissues as a form of immunological memory. They also end up the cells behind many autoimmune diseases, such as lupus and multiple sclerosis, because they sometimes target parts of the body instead of foreign substances. So finding something that selectively damages these cells could lead to relatively effective and targeted therapies for autoimmune conditions, but it has proven to be a real challenge at this stage.

People are facing a huge range of diseases of different origins and innovative approaches to develop applicable therapies and new methods of treatment are constantly being sought. In this regard, one of the most suitable places to look for remedies is nature in the face of herbs, plants and some poisonous animal species.
One of the best ways to make sure we have the next generation of drugs is to protect all animal species, even those that can kill you, because they may also hold the key to curing diseases, such as autoimmune diseases or cancer.

7 drugs that are extracted from highly toxic animals

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What-is-multiple-sclerosis

What is multiple sclerosis 

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Multiple sclerosis is a disease that affects the brain, spinal cord and optic nerves that make up the central nervous system and control everything we do.&nbsp;<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28367411/" target="_blank" data-ref="Multiple Sclerosis: Pathogenesis, Symptoms, Diagnoses and Cell-Based Therapy - PubMed" rel="noopener">[ref. 1]</a>&nbsp;

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The exact cause of the development of the disease is unknown, but we know that something triggers the immune system to specifically attack the central nervous system (CNS). The resulting damage to myelina - the protective layer, isolating wire-like nerve fibers, disrupts signals to and from the brain. This interruption of communication signals causes unpredictable symptoms such as tingling, tingling, mood swings, memory problems, pain, fatigue, blindness and/or paralysis.&nbsp;

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As mentioned, the course of the disease varies from person to person, and these losses may be temporary or long-lasting. These things largely depend on the type of MS from which the individual suffers.&nbsp;

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Although there is no way to predict with certainty how the individual's disease will progress, four main courses of MS disease (also called types or phenotypes) were defined by the International Advisory Committee on Clinical Trials of MS in 2013&nbsp;<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24871874/" target="_blank" data-ref="Defining the clinical course of multiple sclerosis: the 2013 revisions - PubMed" rel="noopener">[Ref. 2]</a>&nbsp; These are:

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<ol><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Clinically isolated syndrome</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Relapse-remitting (or recurrent only)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Secondary progressive</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Primary progressive.</li></ol>

Symptoms-and-causes-of-developing-multiple-sclerosis

Symptoms and causes of developing multiple sclerosis

Diagnosing MS can be a difficult process. At an early stage of MS, symptoms may be nonspecific and suggest several disorders of the nervous system, and at a later stage also make treatment more difficult.&nbsp; Diagnostic criteria, which include MRI results and analysis of cerebrospinal fluid, have been developed and revised by experts in the field to help healthcare professionals make an accurate and timely diagnosis. It is crucial for the future and life of a person diagnosed with multiple sclerosis.