Preterm birth, also known as premature birth, is the birth of a baby at fewer than 37 weeks' gestational age, as opposed to the usual about 40 weeks. These babies are known as preemies or premmies. Symptoms of preterm labor include uterine contractions which occur more often than every ten minutes or the leaking of fluid from the vagina. Premature infants are at greater risk for cerebral palsy, delays in development, hearing problems and sight problems. The earlier a baby is born, the greater these ...

premature birth

Everyday-Chemicals-Carry-a-Toxic-Burden

Everyday Chemicals Carry a Toxic Burden 

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Potentially dangerous chemicals can be found in every room in your home. If not stored or used properly, these products can cause mild to serious and even life-threatening health problems for you or your children. Keep in mind that most household cleaning products and pesticides are relatively safe when used as directed, and that the toxicity level of a product depends on the dosage of the product used (never use more than the amount indicated on the label) and duration of exposure to the product.&nbsp;

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Of course, there are other toxins that are found in cosmetics or food products, as well as those in kitchen utensils and elsewhere. It is difficult to limit them if we do not first know that the products themselves contain toxins. Everyday household products that contain chemicals and hazardous substances include:

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Cosmetics and toiletries, e.g. soap, shampoo, toothpaste, shaving products, insect repellents, sunscreens and make-up</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Toys, crayons and articles for children</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Fuel, e.g. LPG for barbecues and petrol stored for lawnmowers or motor vehicles</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Horticultural products, such as weed repellents&nbsp; and pesticides</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Household cleaners such as sprays, detergent and washing powder, softeners, bleaching products and anti-stain products</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Paint, paint thinners and solvents</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Products for pets, e.g. preparations against fleas and worms and shampoo for pets</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Poison, such as insecticides and bait for pests and insects</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Preparations for cleaning of spa and swimming pools</li></ul>

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What-are-the-most-common-toxins-that-surround-us?

What are the most common toxins that surround us? 

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Among the most common toxic chemicals are organophosphates, flame retardants and phthalates, can be found in food, plastics, furniture, food packaging, cookware, boxes, carpets, shower curtains, electronics and even hair shampoo. They are almost all around us.

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Scientists and researchers believe that many of these chemicals can be carcinogenic or wreak havoc on our hormones regulating various processes in the body. But the effects of these chemicals may be most severe on a baby's developing brain.

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Brain development is most complete and fastest in the first nine months, that is, prenatally. During this time, neural connections and pathways develop. Any interference from physical stress, such as a toxic chemical or other stressor, can disrupt this natural progression, which is so delicate and complex. Therefore, these are the toxins that should be avoided during this period, as well as later in life.

Organophosphate-pesticides

Organophosphate pesticides 

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Organophosphate pesticides are a class of neurotoxic chemicals used as combat agents in the 1930s. Today, however, they account for about half of all pesticides used in the U.S., and possibly other countries as well. And they can make their way to the crops we use as food sources. Areas where pesticides are sprayed intensively, such as farms, may have higher exposure levels.

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Children exposed to higher levels of these pesticides have been found to have a higher rate of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

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One way to reduce your exposure to organophosphate pesticides is by eating organic products and using alternative pest control methods if you are engaged in growing agricultural produce.

Phthalates

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These chemicals soften plastics and help fragrances and chemicals bind together. Exposure to phthalates has been associated with lower levels of IQ. 1

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Phthalates are commonly found in shampoos, conditioners, body sprays, hair sprays, perfumes, colognes, soap, nail polish, shower curtains, medical tubes, intravenous bags, vinyl flooring and wall coverings, food packaging, and coatings on extended-release pharmaceuticals.

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You can reduce your exposure to phthalates by using fragrance-free lotions and detergents; if you heat food in the microwave in glass containers, not in plastic ones; using fragrance-free cleaners and avoiding air and plastic fresheners designated No. 3 (PVC), No. 6 (PS) and No. 7 (PC). 2

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Polybrominated-diphenyl-ethers

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers 

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These chemicals are used as flame retardants (can slow down the flame speed). They can be found in televisions, computers, insulation products and foam products, including toys and baby pillows, in many items such as carpet mats, furniture foam, appliances and electrical and electronic equipment, as well as building and automotive materials.

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The products can release ethers that accumulate as dust. Based on experimental animal studies, toxicological endpoints of exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers probably include disruption of thyroid homeostasis, neurodevelopmental deficits, reproductive changes, and even cancer. Pre- and/or postnatal exposure to these ethers can cause long-term behavioral abnormalities, especially on the motor activity and cognition of the baby. 3

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There is no database or anything like that listing which products these ethers contain, but we can still limit exposure by looking for products that do not contain such flame retardants.&nbsp;

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Experts recommend replacing products such as sofas and pillows that have open foam and using a high-performance HEPA filter to clean dust in the premises.&nbsp; 4

Air-pollutants

Air pollutants 

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Air pollution from burning fossil fuels such as coal, oil or gas is usually associated with respiratory problems. However, these pollutants may also include nitrogen dioxide, formaldehyde and benzene.

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Higher exposure to air pollutants is associated with lower birth weight, premature birth and congenital heart defects. The World Health Organization (WHO) considers exposure to benzene a major public health problem.

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In addition to trying to avoid contaminated areas, try to avoid buying furniture from particle board, plywood or pressed wood. Many of these products use adhesives containing formaldehyde.

Lead

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Lead is a naturally occurring metal. Leaded gasoline was banned in the 1970s, but can still be found in older homes that use lead paint. Lead can also make its way into the water due to corrosion by old water pipes. Lead is also used in various products such as industrial paints, automotive batteries and wheel weights.

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Lead exposure has been associated with ADHD, lower IQ and developmental delays, as well as limiting intellectual development and slowing reflexes. 5

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Babies and young children are most at risk of lead exposure because they often put their hands and toys in their mouths, and they may have had contact with lead in dust.

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Mercury

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Mercury is a naturally occurring element, but can also be released into the environment by the combustion of coal and oil. Mercury can also be found in some household items, such as thermometers, light bulbs and older models of dryers and washing machines. Mercury in the environment can make its way into fish and shellfish. Some fish, such as some tuna species, may have higher mercury concentrations. 6

Polychlorinated-biphenyls

Polychlorinated biphenyls 

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Polychlorinated biphenyls are chemicals already banned in the United States in 1979 because they harm human health and the environment. From the 1920s until their ban, about 680,000 tons were produced for microscope oils, electrical insulators, capacitors and electrical appliances such as televisions or refrigerators. They have been used before on dirt roads to preserve dust before some of the unintended consequences of widespread use are understood.

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The most commonly observed health effects in humans exposed to large amounts of biphenyls are skin diseases such as acne and rashes. Studies in workers exposed to these toxins have shown changes in blood and urine that may indicate liver damage.&nbsp;

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Other effects of polychlorinated biphenyls in animals have been identified, which include changes in the immune system, behavioral changes and impaired reproduction. There is evidence that a group of Michigan children whose mothers were exposed to biphenyls had reduced birth weight and head size, lower scores on standardized memory tests, psychomotor and behavioral tests, and decreased IQ. These effects lasted at least 7 years. 7

Numerous toxic substances create a wide range of health hazards (such as irritation, sensitisation and carcinogenicity) and physical hazards (such as flammability, corrosion and explosiveness). In addition, some of them have been found to have a detrimental effect on the fragile health of unborn children or their mothers. Many toxic chemicals have been linked to neurodevelopmental problems in children, as stated by scientists from the TENDR project.

What are the most dangerous toxins that surround us?

Бетина Цветкова

Why-spending-time-in-nature

Why spending time in nature 

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Our modern life is such that most people in developed countries live in large cities, cut off from nature. Not only that, but everyday life is so busy that physical activity and practicing sports are kept aside or are compromised by the dirty air on the street or small gyms and spaces. Besides all this, in the last two years, another factor has intervened - the world pandemic of Covid-19, which has taken us even further away from nature than closer to it. By reducing our social contacts and isolating ourselves from the world around us, it seems natural not to make an effort to spend time outside, even if we have done it before.&nbsp;&nbsp;

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What does science say? More and more studies are emerging, pointing to different benefits of spending time in natural environments (such as parks, forests and beaches). For example, living in a greener urban environment is associated with a decrease in blood pressure, a reduced likelihood of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, obesity, asthma and improved overall mood and feelings for life.

120-minutes-in-nature-are-needed-weekly

120 minutes in nature are needed weekly 

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A research&nbsp; team from several universities in 2019 was able to determine for the first time a recommended time minimum of time spent in nature, which leads to improved health <a href="https://www.thelancet.com/journals/ebiom/article/PIIS235239641930800-X/fulltext" target="_blank" rel="noopener">[ref.1]</a> &nbsp;. It's about at least 120 minutes a week in pure nature.

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And a year before this study, doctors in Scotland have the right to prescribe to their patients nothing else, but activities in natural environemnt&nbsp; <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/oct/05/scottish-gps-nhs-begin-prescribing-rambling-birdwatching" target="_blank" rel="noopener">[ref.2]</a>. For example, to sufferers of chronic diseases, mental difficulties, stress or heart disease, doctors give a list of certain routes where certain types of birds or plants can be observed. Experts believe this new approach will make people more involved in their own health and take more care of it. They see it as an additional part of treatment to accompany conventional methods with drugs.&nbsp;

Canadian-doctors-are-now-allowed-to-prescribe-nature

Canadian doctors are now allowed to prescribe nature 

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The idea of doctors being allowed to prescribe time spent in a natural environment is already a reality in Canada.The initiative is of the BC Park Foundation <a href="https://bcparksfoundation.ca/us/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">[ref.3]</a>.The main advisor of the program is the family doctor Dr. Melissa Lem, who is also an associate professor at the University of British Columbia. Motivating the goals of the program, she says:

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"A few years ago, a relatively large meta-analysis was published on several diseases such as: hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, premature births, mental health. The study evaluated and linked time spent in nature or green places to a reduced risk of all these listed diseases."&nbsp;

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Dr. Lem also explains that the recommendations in the new programme are based on studies showing that at least 2 hours a week is needed to spot health improvements.&nbsp;

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Just like in Scotland, Canadian doctors will be offering their patients how to make use of their time in the beautiful areas of the country. Many of them are even applicable to everyday activities in urban environments.

Where-else-such-programs-exist

Where else such programs exist

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Except in Canada and Scotland, time prescribing programs in nature are particularly popular in &nbsp;the <a href="https://www.parkrx.org/content/directory-programs" target="_blank" data-ref="Directory of Programs" rel="noopener">US [ref. 4]</a> . U.S. citizens have access to many such initiatives, though they vary widely and vary from state to state.

Even if in Bulgaria we are far from such a development of our health system, the conclusion is that it is nice to realize the importance of taking the time to be in nature. We need to think about what we could change in our way of life so as to strengthen our immune system and our overall physical and mental well-being. And changing their habits not to forget that perseverance is extremely important - activities in nature should be at least 2 hours a week and be regular.&nbsp;

Doctors prescribing nature

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Силвия Маринова

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Author: Rositsa Tashkova, Master of Molecular Biology and Microbiology

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Planned or accidental, any pregnancy causes a storm of emotions, excitement, worries and hopes. In this article you will learn what are the first symptoms of pregnancy, how to deal with the inconvenience some of them cause and when to consult a doctor.

Implantation-bleeding/spotting

1. Implantation bleeding/spotting

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Perhaps the earliest possible symptom of pregnancy is implantation bleeding and implantation pain. They occur about 7-10 days after ovulation if fertilization occurs. These symptoms occur only in some women, and many pregnancies begin without any bleeding or pain.

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Implantation bleeding and pain occur with the implantation or "nesting" of the fertilized and fissory egg in the mucous membrane of the uterus (endometrium).

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Fertilization occurs in the fallopian tubes that connect the ovaries to the uterus, and the fertilized egg needs about aweek before it reaches and is implanted into the uterus and begins production of the pregnancy hormone - human chorionic gonadotropin (CHG).

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Its level also measures pregnancy tests and therefore, before implantation, it is not possible to determine whether or not fertilization has occurred. Home pregnancy tests are done a week after the delay of menstruation for greater accuracy. Previously, the still low level of HMG may not be taken into account and give a false negative result. Blood tests are much more accurate.

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Usually, a woman understands that she is pregnant in the fourth week of her pregnancy when her menstruation is late. This is because the first day of the last menstruation isconsidered to start , since it is usually not known whenexactly fertilization occurred.

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Every week is called gestational week (g.s.) and the entire pregnancy lasts 40 gestational weeks, each on the usual 7 days, although the 9 months have 36 weeks. :)

When-to-seek-medical-attention

When to seek medical attention

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If we have received a positive result from the pregnancy test (it may also be a blood test), it is time to visit our obstetrician and gynecologist. [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/eng/research/pubmed/Emergencies_in_early_pregnancy_23137398" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 4</a>]

Painful-breasts

2. Painful breasts

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The initial symptoms of pregnancy too much resemble those of premenstrual syndrome (PMS). This is because after ovulation begins a strong increase in the hormone progesterone - as its name suggests (from Greek, assisting pregnancy), it promotesfetal retention and wear and tear of pregnancy.

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Progesterone is produced by the yellow body (it is formed at the site of the ovulation-detached egg), and when pregnancy occurs - from the placenta . In the course of pregnancy, its levels graduallyincrease. If pregnancy does not occur, its level quickly drops and menstrual bleeding begins.

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Progesterone has several functions:

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<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Prepares the mucous membrane of the uterus (endometrium) for the implantation of the embryo;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Makes cervical mucus (the fluid produced by the cervix) impermeable to spermatozoa;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">During pregnancy lowers the mother's immune response to hold the developing fetus;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Lowers the uterine tendency to contractions, which protects against premature birth;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Participates in the maturation of the mammary glands during pregnancy to make breastfeeding possible after childbirth.</li>
</ul>

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After becoming pregnant, both progesterone and estrogen levels rise. This leads to tension and chest pain - sometimes so irritating that anything that gets to the top of them causes an unpleasant feeling. This is most pronounced precisely at the very beginning of pregnancy , and in the second and third trimesters discomfort decreases. Some women feel changes in their breastsanother 2 weeks after conception.

How-to-help-yourself-with-painful-breasts

How to help yourself with painful breasts

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Here's what we can do to relieve the unpleasant sensation in our chests:

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<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">to avoid coarse fabrics touching our breasts;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">to monitor for changes in the size of the bra - both the cup and the circumference of the chest will increase;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">to move on to bras with soft cups, no underwires and with wider straps for better support of breast sedal breasts - bras for pregnant and nursing mothers are also available;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">to ask your partner to avoid touching our breasts, if it brings us discomfort - it takes a little patience on both sides, soon this symptom will subside.</li>
</ul>

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If during pregnancy we see or feel that a lump has appeared in our breast, we must necessarily go to the doctor, to determine whether it is a harmless formation due to the action of hormones or poses a threat to our health.

Tiredness-and-fatigue

3. Tiredness and fatigue

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Fatigue and drowsiness are among the first symptoms of pregnancy and can begin immediately after implantation of the embryo.

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About the 13th gestation week, when the second trimester occurs,the pregnant woman can feel a rush of energy. Well, or at least her situation improves. But only for thenext three months, after which exhaustion returns .

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There is no wonder in this - after all, our body builds a new body , the levels of progesterone and estrogen are very high, and they act as a naturalsedative.

What-to-do-to-cope-with-constant-fatigue-during-pregnancy

What to do to cope with constant fatigue during pregnancy

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Since taking sleeping pills or other medications to help a pregnant woman fall asleep is not suitable for this stage of life, we immediately forget about <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/pregnancy/pregnancy-fatigue#what-can-you-do" target="_blank" rel="noopener"></a>them.

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<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">take a nap during the day if we have this opportunity - but not in the late afternoons or at dusk, because this can prevent us from sleeping at night;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">the bedroom should be only for sleep and cuddling, in no case do not work in this room or in bed, because it creates the wrong associations in the brain for the purpose of this place;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">to keep the bedroom clean, cooler and well darkened, withoutscreens andlights;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">to reduce or stop coffee - in addition to preventing the future mother from falling asleep, caffeine can also activate the baby and it can start moving and kicking a lot, which is also an obstacle to good sleep;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">if there are no contraindications to this, light exercise and gymnastics also reflect well on many of the unpleasant aspects of pregnancy;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">to ask our partner to give us a massage, take breaks, pamper ourselves in a pleasant soothing environment.</li>
</ul>

When-to-seek-medical-attention_2_0

Fatigue and insomnia may be due to moreserious conditions , which need to be diagnosed and observed by a <a href="/p/diabiet_po_vriemie_na_briemiennost_simptomi_riskovie_i_svieti_245acb17_9bf9_4af8_a562_bd8e4664e6e5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer"></a> <a href="/p/sliedrodilnata_diepriesiia_kakvi_sa_simptomitie_kolko_vriemie_prodlzhava_i_kak_da_izlieziem_ot_nieia_923461ac_bd42_43a6_ae10_755d4216e930" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer"></a>doctor.

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If we have any of the followingsymptoms, then we should contact the attending physician for help:

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<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">changes in <a href="../c/eye_health" target="_blank" rel="noopener">vision</a>,</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">dizziness,</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">less frequent urination,</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">shortness of breath, upper abdominal pain or palpitations,</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">severe headache,</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">swelling/swelling of the hands, ankles and legs.</li>
</ul>

Nausea

4. Nausea

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Although it is often called "morning sickness", it can occur at any time of the day and night . In some women, the bad feeling isconstant. Nausea is due to hormonal changes in the body of the pregnant woman and passes by 16 to 20 weeks of gestation.

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How-to-relieve-the-feeling-of-nausea-and-vomiting

How to relieve the feeling of nausea and vomiting

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The severity of the condition is different, as well as the methods of dealing - in one pregnant will help one, another - another, and a third will have to endure the inconvenience.

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Here are a few things that can help with nausea and vomiting at the beginning of pregnancy [<a href="https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/morning-sickness-nausea/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 2</a>]:

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<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">rest (fatigue may worsen nausea);</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">avoid foods or smells that make us feel bad;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">to eat something like toast or a simple biscuit before we get out of bed;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">to eat a little, but often ordinary foods high in carbohydrates and low in fat (such as bread, rice, crackers and pasta);</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">to eat cold foods, not hot, if the smell of hot dishes makes us feel bad;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">to drink plenty of fluids and water (drinking a little and often to prevent vomiting);</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">to eat foods or drinks containing ginger (we need to consult a doctor or pharmacist before taking ginger supplements during pregnancy);</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">acupressure - it seems that putting pressure on the wrist (in the well on its underside) can help relieve symptoms.</li>
</ul>

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In some pregnant women, a disease develops, <a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/eng/research/search?q=hyperemesis%20gravidarum&amp;p=1&amp;st=1&amp;tp=9&amp;s=x&amp;f=4&amp;as=ARTICLE%3APUBMED%3A22866186" target="_blank" rel="noopener">called hyperemesis gravidarum with metabolic disorders (hyperemesis</a> graviditharyum) [ref. 5]. It begins with constant vomiting - 10-20 times a day, in which fluids, nutrients and valuable electrolytes are lost.

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Vomiting can also be a symptom of urogenital infection.

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<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">very dark colored urine or lack of urination for more than 8 hours;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">inability to retain food or fluids for 24 hours;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">a strong feeling of weakness, dizziness or fainting when standing up;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">pain in the abdomen;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">pain or blood when urinating;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Slimming.</li>
</ul>

Bloating

5. Bloating

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The feeling of a swollen belly can appear even before we know the good news. Progesterone keeps the musculature of the uterus "relaxed" to prevent the appearance of contractions, but it also affects the musculature of other organs - that of the intestine and the digestive system as a whole.

premature birth

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6 symptoms of early pregnancy

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