Primary immunodeficiencies are disorders in which part of the body's immune system is missing or does not function normally. To be considered a primary immunodeficiency (PID), the cause of the immune deficiency must not be secondary in nature (i.e., caused by other disease, drug treatment, or environmental exposure to toxins). Most primary immunodeficiencies are genetic disorders; the majority are diagnosed in children under the age of one, although milder forms may not be recognized until adulthood. ...

primary immunodeficiency diseases

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The-HIV/AIDS-Epidemic

The HIV/AIDS Epidemic

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Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a virus that attacks the immune system, leaving individuals more susceptible to life-threatening infections and diseases. When left untreated, HIV can progress to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), the most advanced stage of the infection. HIV/AIDS affects millions of people worldwide, with symptoms ranging from flu-like illness to severe infections and ultimately, death.

The-Green-Solution

The Green Solution

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Scientists have been actively researching plant-based compounds with potential antiviral properties against HIV. Their research has led to several promising discoveries, each with unique mechanisms of action against the virus.

Griffithsin:-A-Protein-from-Red-Algae

Griffithsin: A Protein from Red Algae

Griffithsin:-A-Protein-from-Red-Algae_2_0

Griffithsin is a protein derived from red algae (Griffithsia sp.) that has demonstrated potent antiviral activity against HIV. According to a study published in the Journal of Biological Chemistry in 2007, Griffithsin can effectively inhibit the replication of HIV by binding to the virus's outer envelope, preventing it from entering host cells.

Griffithsin:-A-Protein-from-Red-Algae_2_1

Further research has confirmed the potential of Griffithsin as an HIV therapeutic. A study published in the journal Nature in 2020 reported that a modified form of Griffithsin, when administered as a nasal spray, provided protection against HIV transmission in non-human primates.

Griffithsin:-A-Protein-from-Red-Algae_2_2

Hypericin:-A-Compound-from-St.-John's-Wort

Hypericin: A Compound from St. John's Wort

Hypericin:-A-Compound-from-St.-John's-Wort_3_0

Hypericin is a naturally occurring compound found in the St. John's Wort plant (Hypericum perforatum). It has been proven to exhibit antiviral properties against HIV. A study published in the Journal of Virology in 1991 revealed that Hypericin inhibits the virus's ability to integrate into the host's genetic material, preventing its replication.

Hypericin:-A-Compound-from-St.-John's-Wort_3_1

Although the use of Hypericin as an HIV therapeutic has faced some challenges due to its photosensitizing properties, researchers continue to explore ways to overcome these limitations and harness its full potential.

Calanolide-A:-A-Compound-from-the-Rainforest-Plant-Calophyllum-lanigerum

Calanolide A: A Compound from the Rainforest Plant Calophyllum lanigerum

Calanolide-A:-A-Compound-from-the-Rainforest-Plant-Calophyllum-lanigerum_4_0

Calanolide A, a compound extracted from the Calophyllum lanigerum plant found in the Malaysian rainforest, has shown promise as a novel HIV treatment. A study published in the Journal of Medicinal Chemistry in 1996 demonstrated that Calanolide A inhibits HIV replication by targeting the reverse transcriptase enzyme, which is crucial for the virus's replication process.

Calanolide-A:-A-Compound-from-the-Rainforest-Plant-Calophyllum-lanigerum_4_1

Current research is focused on developing synthetic analogs of Calanolide A that retain its antiviral properties while reducing potential side effects.

Calanolide-A:-A-Compound-from-the-Rainforest-Plant-Calophyllum-lanigerum_4_2

The-Future-of-HIV/AIDS-Treatment

The Future of HIV/AIDS Treatment

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The pursuit of plant-based therapies for HIV/AIDS holds great promise for future breakthroughs. These natural compounds may eventually complement or even replace current treatment options, offering hope for a healthier, more sustainable approach to battling this devastating disease.

The-Future-of-HIV/AIDS-Treatment_5_1

As research progresses, scientists continue to uncover the vast potential of the plant kingdom in the fight against HIV/AIDS. With ongoing studies and clinical trials, it is only a matter of time before these groundbreaking plant-based therapies become integral components of HIV/AIDS treatment.

Allergy-Note

Allergy Note

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If you suspect an allergy to any plant-based compounds or ingredients, consult with a healthcare professional before incorporating them into your diet.

Questions-and-Answers

Questions and Answers

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Q: How do plant-based therapies work against HIV/AIDS?

Questions-and-Answers_7_1

A: Plant-based therapies can inhibit the replication of the virus, prevent it from entering host cells, or disrupt its ability to integrate into the host's genetic material, depending on the specific compound.

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Questions-and-Answers_7_3

Q: Are plant-based therapies already available for HIV/AIDS patients?

Questions-and-Answers_7_4

A: While promising, these therapies are still in the research phase and not yet available as standard treatments. Further studies and clinical trials are needed to validate their effectiveness and safety.

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Questions-and-Answers_7_6

Q: Can plant-based therapies replace current HIV/AIDS medications?

Questions-and-Answers_7_7

A: Although plant-based therapies have shown potential, more research is needed to determine if they can complement or replace existing medications. It is crucial to continue following a healthcare professional's guidance and prescribed medications while these therapies are being studied.

Questions-and-Answers_7_8

Questions-and-Answers_7_9

Q: Are there any side effects of using plant-based therapies for HIV/AIDS?

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A: As with any treatment, side effects may vary depending on the specific therapy and individual. More research is needed to understand the full scope of potential side effects associated with plant-based therapies for HIV/AIDS.

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Questions-and-Answers_7_12

Q: Can I use plant-based therapies for HIV/AIDS prevention?

Questions-and-Answers_7_13

A: While plant-based therapies have shown promise in treating HIV/AIDS, they should not be used as a sole method of prevention. Consult with a healthcare professional for guidance on HIV/AIDS prevention strategies, such as practicing safe sex and adhering to pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) when appropriate.

Plant-based therapies, such as Griffithsin, Hypericin, and Calanolide A, offer new hope in the battle against HIV/AIDS. As researchers continue to explore their potential and unravel the mechanisms by which these compounds work, we may be on the cusp of a new era in HIV/AIDS treatment. The discovery of powerful compounds from the plant kingdom offers an optimistic outlook for those affected by the disease and could revolutionize the way we combat HIV/AIDS in the future.
Supporting a Healthy Immune System with Plant-Based Foods:
While the compounds mentioned above are still in the research phase and not yet available as standard treatments, incorporating a plant-based diet rich in immune-boosting ingredients can still support overall health and well-being. Foods such as garlic, ginger, leafy greens, and berries contain essential vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants that can help strengthen the immune system.

The Great Green Hope: Plant-Based Therapies Paving the Way for HIV/AIDS Breakthroughs

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The Great Green Hope: Plant-Based Therapies Paving the Way for HIV/AID

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Symptoms-associated-with-leukopenia

Symptoms associated with leukopenia

Symptoms-associated-with-leukopenia_0_0

<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Fatigue</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Frequent infections</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Slow healing of wounds</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Fever</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Shortness of breath</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Weakness</li></ul>

Possible-causes-of-leukopenia

Possible causes of leukopenia

Autoimmune-diseases

Autoimmune diseases

Autoimmune-diseases_1_0

<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="2">Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE): A chronic inflammatory disease that can affect multiple organs, including the skin, joints, kidneys, and heart. The immune system mistakenly attacks healthy cells and tissues, which can lead to leukopenia.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="2">Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA): A chronic autoimmune disorder that primarily affects the joints, causing pain, stiffness, and inflammation. RA can also impact the production of white blood cells, resulting in leukopenia.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="2">Consult a rheumatologist for these conditions.</li></ul>

Bone-marrow-disorders

Bone marrow disorders

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="2">Aplastic Anemia: A rare condition where the bone marrow fails to produce enough new blood cells, including white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets. It can be caused by exposure to radiation, certain medications, or viral infections.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="2">Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS): A group of disorders where the bone marrow does not produce enough healthy blood cells, which can lead to low white blood cell counts. MDS can be a result of genetic mutations, exposure to radiation or certain chemicals, or can occur without a known cause.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="2">Consult a hematologist for these conditions.</li></ul>

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Viral-infections

Viral infections 

Viral-infections_3_0

<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="2">Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV): A virus that attacks the immune system, specifically targeting CD4 cells (a type of white blood cell), leading to a weakened immune system and increased vulnerability to infections.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="2">Hepatitis: An inflammation of the liver caused by various viruses, such as hepatitis A, B, and C. These viruses can impair the liver's ability to produce white blood cells, contributing to leukopenia.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="2">Consult an infectious disease specialist for these conditions.</li></ul>

Cancer-and-Cancer-Treatment

Cancer and Cancer Treatment

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="2">Leukemia: A type of cancer that begins in the bone marrow and results in the production of abnormal white blood cells. These abnormal cells crowd out healthy blood cells, leading to a decrease in normal white blood cell count.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="2">Chemotherapy and radiation therapy: Cancer treatments that target rapidly dividing cells, including white blood cells. These treatments can inadvertently damage the bone marrow, causing a temporary reduction in white blood cell production.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="2">Consult an oncologist for these conditions.</li></ul>

Nutritional-deficiencies

Nutritional deficiencies

Nutritional-deficiencies_5_0

<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="2">Vitamin B12 deficiency: This essential vitamin plays a crucial role in the production of blood cells, and a deficiency can lead to a decrease in white blood cell count.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="2">Folate deficiency: Folate, or vitamin B9, is also important for blood cell production, and a deficiency can contribute to leukopenia.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="2">Consult a primary care physician, nutritionist, or dietitian for these conditions.</li></ul>

Possible-side-effects-of-medical-drugs-that-can-cause-leukopenia:

Possible side effects of medical drugs that can cause leukopenia:

Possible-side-effects-of-medical-drugs-that-can-cause-leukopenia:_6_0

<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Antibiotics: e.g., penicillin, cephalosporins, and vancomycin</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Anticonvulsants: e.g., phenytoin, carbamazepine, and valproic acid</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Antithyroid medications: e.g., methimazole and propylthiouracil</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Immunosuppressive drugs: e.g., cyclosporine and tacrolimus</li></ul>

Possible-side-effects-of-medical-drugs-that-can-cause-leukopenia:_6_1

Herbal-and-natural-remedies-for-leukopenia

Herbal and natural remedies for leukopenia

Herbal-and-natural-remedies-for-leukopenia_7_0

<ol><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Astragalus (Astragalus membranaceus): Boosts the immune system and improves white blood cell production.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Echinacea (Echinacea purpurea): Stimulates the immune system and promotes white blood cell production.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Ginseng (Panax ginseng): Enhances immune function and supports overall health.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Cat's claw (Uncaria tomentosa): Helps boost the immune system and improves overall health.</li></ol>

Suggestions-for-Changing-Bad-Living-Habits

Suggestions for Changing Bad Living Habits

Suggestions-for-Changing-Bad-Living-Habits_8_0

<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Maintain a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Exercise regularly</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Manage stress through relaxation techniques such as meditation and yoga</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Get adequate sleep</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Limit alcohol consumption and quit smoking</li></ul>

Questions-and-answers

Questions and answers

Below-are-ten-frequently-asked-questions-that-are-not-covered-in-the-article:

Below are ten frequently asked questions that are not covered in the article:

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Q: What is the normal range for white blood cell count?

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A: The normal range for white blood cell count is 4,000 to 11,000 cells per microliter of blood.

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Below-are-ten-frequently-asked-questions-that-are-not-covered-in-the-article:_9_3

Q: How can I increase my white blood cell count naturally?

Below-are-ten-frequently-asked-questions-that-are-not-covered-in-the-article:_9_4

A: Eating a balanced diet, exercising regularly, managing stress, and getting enough sleep can help improve your white blood cell count.

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Q: Can stress cause?

Below-are-ten-frequently-asked-questions-that-are-not-covered-in-the-article:_9_7

A: Yes, stress can contribute to a decreased white blood cell count. Prolonged stress can have a negative impact on the immune system, which may result in lower white blood cell levels.

Below-are-ten-frequently-asked-questions-that-are-not-covered-in-the-article:_9_8

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Q: Can leukopenia be cured?

Below-are-ten-frequently-asked-questions-that-are-not-covered-in-the-article:_9_10

A: Treatment for leukopenia depends on the underlying cause. In some cases, treating the cause or removing the trigger (e.g., certain medications) can resolve the low white blood cell count. In other cases, ongoing management may be required.

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Q: Is leukopenia a sign of cancer?

Below-are-ten-frequently-asked-questions-that-are-not-covered-in-the-article:_9_13

A: Leukopenia can be a sign of cancer, particularly leukemia, which affects white blood cell production in the bone marrow. However, not all cases of leukopenia are related to cancer. It is essential to consult a doctor for proper diagnosis and treatment.

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Q: What are the consequences of having a low white blood cell count?

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A: A low white blood cell count can lead to an increased risk of infections, slower healing of wounds, and a weakened immune system, making it harder for your body to fight off illnesses.

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Q: Can certain foods help increase white blood cell count?

Below-are-ten-frequently-asked-questions-that-are-not-covered-in-the-article:_9_19

A: Yes, certain foods can help improve white blood cell count, such as those rich in vitamin C (e.g., citrus fruits, strawberries, and kiwi), zinc (e.g., oysters, red meat, and poultry), and selenium (e.g., Brazil nuts, tuna, and sunflower seeds).

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Q: Are there any risks associated with using herbal remedies for leukopenia?

Below-are-ten-frequently-asked-questions-that-are-not-covered-in-the-article:_9_22

A: Herbal remedies can have side effects and interact with medications. It is crucial to consult with a healthcare professional before starting any herbal treatment to ensure it is safe and appropriate for your specific situation.

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Q: How is leukopenia diagnosed?

Below-are-ten-frequently-asked-questions-that-are-not-covered-in-the-article:_9_25

A: Leukopenia is typically diagnosed through a blood test called a complete blood count (CBC), which measures the number of white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets in your blood.

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Q: Is leukopenia contagious?

Below-are-ten-frequently-asked-questions-that-are-not-covered-in-the-article:_9_28

A: No, leukopenia is not contagious. It is a medical condition caused by various factors, including diseases and medications, and cannot be transmitted from one person to another.

Leukopenia is a condition characterized by low white blood cell count, which can increase the risk of infections and impact overall health. Various factors, including autoimmune diseases, bone marrow disorders, viral infections, and cancer treatments, can contribute to leukopenia. Some medications may also cause this condition as a side effect. Herbal and natural treatments, such as Astragalus, Echinacea, Ginseng, and Cat's claw, can help improve white blood cell count. Adopting a healthy lifestyle and seeking appropriate medical consultation can also help manage and prevent leukopenia.

Leukopenia: Understanding the Causes, Risks, and Treatment Options for Low White Blood Cell Count

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Leukopenia: Understanding the Causes, Risks, and Treatment Options for

What-is-Snake-Milk-(Chelidonium-majus)

What is Snake Milk (Chelidonium majus)

What-is-Snake-Milk-(Chelidonium-majus)_0_0

What-is-Snake-Milk-(Chelidonium-majus)_0_1

Contrary to expectations, snake milk has little to do with the cold-blooded animals that scare many people. Snake milk (Chelidonium majus) is a delicate, herbaceous two-year-old plant that reaches 30-80 centimeters in height. Its stems are ribbed and branched. When the branches or leaves are broken, you can see how to separate yellowish-orange juice, which slightly resembles snake venom. In larger quantities, this juice can be poisonous, and toxicity decreases significantly when drying the plant. This aspect will be analyzed later.

What-is-Snake-Milk-(Chelidonium-majus)_0_2

<ol><li>Chelidonium&nbsp;Majus is native to Europe and is also found in the western and central part of Asia and North Africa. It is found from Portugal to the west, also in Central, Eastern and Northern Europe. The Asian range covers Turkey, Iran, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, the Caucasus and Siberia. In North America, it's an introverted plant.</li><li> majus has been known as a healing species since ancient times. The healing properties of C. majus are described by Dioscoride and Pliny the Elder in the first century BC. The main medical use of jaundice, described from ancient times to the sixteenth century, is the treatment of visual impairments and eye diseases with the help of herbal juice. &nbsp;<a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2018.00299/full" target="_blank" data-ref="Greater Celandine's Ups and Downs&minus;21 Centuries of Medicinal Uses of Chelidonium majus From the Viewpoint of Today's Pharmacology" rel="noopener">[ref. 1]</a>&nbsp;Snake milk was used as a medicinal plant in the Middle Ages mostly for the treatment of eye diseases, throat cleansing, treatment of ulcers and skin eczema, as well as against colic and jaundice.&nbsp;</li><li>&nbsp;Chelidonium majus is one of the most famous tools in folk medicine for the treatment of jaundice and liver diseases, such as inflammations, spastic conditions and gallstones. In Poland, the piece of young jaundice leaves was used as a bile agent and to regulate the action of the digestive tract. In some parts of Europe it is taken as an infusion of herbs to alleviate liver problems &nbsp;<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?author=A.+Szary+&amp;publication_year=2013&amp;title=Tajemnice+Bieszczadzkich+Ro%C5%9Blin+Wczoraj+i+dzi%C5%9B." target="_blank" data-ref="Sorry..." rel="noopener">[ref. 2]</a>&nbsp; </li></ol>

How-does-snake-milk-work?

How does snake milk work?

How-does-snake-milk-work?_1_0

How-does-snake-milk-work?_1_1

An interesting assumption is that chemicals in Chelidonium majus can slow the growth of cancer cells, but can also be harmful to normal cells. Preliminary research has shown that a larger amount of snake milk can increase the flow of bile. There is also evidence of suspected painkiller properties of snake milk.

How-does-snake-milk-work?_1_2

People use snake milk for digestive tract problems, liver and gallbladder disorders. Other possible areas of application include detoxification, relief of menstrual cramps, cough, chest pain (angina) and more. Despite the widespread use in folk medicine and in official phytotherapy, both in Europe and in traditional Chinese medicine, snake milk does not join the most popular herbal remedies such as chamomile, valerian, St. John's wort or ginseng. It is listed in pharmacopoeia and is available in pharmacies, but scientific evidence of the positive effects of Chelidonium majus is still limited.&nbsp;

How-does-snake-milk-work?_1_3

For therapeutic purposes, dried herb of C. majus (European Pharmacopoeia) is used. In some regions (Central and Eastern Europe), the roots are also exploited.&nbsp;

How-does-snake-milk-work?_1_4

The pharmacologically significant substances of C. majus are isoquinolin alkaloids. These are the components of latex produced in all parts of plants, except colors. Overall, five groups of alkaloids were found in C. majus. These are the derivatives of phenanthridine (3,4-benzoisoquinolin), protoberberin, protopine, quinolysidine, aporfin.&nbsp;

How-does-snake-milk-work?_1_5

Several flavonoids were found in the above-ground parts of C. majus in low quantities. Four diglycosides and five monoglycosides have been identified as derivatives of kempferol, ivercetin and isoramnetin. Organic acids, ingredients of essential oil, biogenic amines such as histamine, saponins, vitamins A, C, nicotinic acid are part of the other active compounds in snake milk.

Pharmacological-activities-and-clinical-evidence

Pharmacological activities and clinical evidence

Pharmacological-activities-and-clinical-evidence_2_0

To date, the majority of the pharmacological properties of C. majus studied refer to the complex mixture or individual alkaloids contained in it. The various pharmacological actions of Coptisine, one of the main ingredients of C. majus, as well as smaller amounts of berberine, are widely described in the literature, but usually as compounds derived from other sources, such as Coptis (Ranunculaceae). &nbsp;<a href="https://www.herbal-organic.com/bg/herb/14790" target="_blank" data-ref="Coptis" rel="noopener">[ref. 3]</a>&nbsp;

Pharmacological-activities-and-clinical-evidence_2_1

From the growing evidence obtained both in vitro and in vivo, with several examples of ex vivo studies on isolated organs, it is clear that four types of medicinal properties predominate: antimicrobial and antiviral, liver and gastric, anti-inflammatory and finally anticancer:

Pharmacological-activities-and-clinical-evidence_2_2

<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Antibacterial and antifungal - Antimicrobial activity of C. majus is attributed mostly to alkaloids and flavonoids, which have an inhibitory effect against S. aureus, S. epidermidis, P. aeruginosa, E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella gallinarum and other bacteria. Extracts of the plant have been tested for the antifungal effect against a large number of pathogenic fungi for humans and plants, that is. Aspergillus fumigatus, A. niger, Candida sp. Cladosporium herbarum and others. &nbsp;<a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378874102001435" target="_blank" data-ref="Redirecting" rel="noopener">[Ref. 4]</a>&nbsp; </li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Antiviral action - Glucosamine glycan present in latex inhibits intracellular human immunodeficiency virus of HIV viral migration and blocks reverse transcriptase. In&nbsp; addition, individually tested five alkaloids of C. majus: helidonin, helleritrine, sanquinarine, coptizine and berberine, are able to inhibit the development of HIV-1. &nbsp;<a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0166354206000751" target="_blank" data-ref="Redirecting" rel="noopener">[Ref. 5]</a>&nbsp; </li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Antiparasitic properties - Extracts of herbs and water from roots, as well as sangvinarine (2&ndash;4 &mu;g/ml), are highly effective in the treatment of trichomoniasis caused by Trichomonas vaginalis.&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Liver and bile ducts - One of the most common and repeatedly mentioned indications for C. majus, both in European/Mediterranean and East Asian traditional medicine, is for various liver complaints. Some of the hepatoprotective and biliary activities could be explained by the presence of esters of hydroxycanelene (caffeinic) acid. &nbsp;<a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2015.00303/full" target="_blank" data-ref="Hepatoprotective and Anti-fibrotic Agents: It's Time to Take the Next Step" rel="noopener">[Ref. 6]</a>&nbsp; More and more in-depth research is needed on the action of snake milk to support liver and bile function.&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Antiproliferative, proapoptotic and cytotoxicity to cancer cell lines - Unlike hepatoprotective properties, this type of properties are quite well documented in a large number of studies. Most of all, it is assumed that some of the main alkaloids may cause cell death or stop the proliferation of cancer cells. This is based on the ability of berberine, helleritrine, sangvinarine and other alkaloids in the plant. &nbsp;<a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0887233307002421" target="_blank" data-ref="Redirecting" rel="noopener">[Ref. 7]</a>&nbsp; </li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory action - The ability to inhibit inflammation or, in some cases, to stimulate the immune response and mitigate excessive reactivity, can contribute to postulated anticancer properties and improve the symptoms of stomach disorders. Common extracts or isolated alkaloids have been tested, but scientists say there are other components, such as hydroxycanel derivatives, flavonoids and helidonic acid, presumably with a significant contribution. </li></ul>

Pharmacological-activities-and-clinical-evidence_2_3

Toxicity-and-safety-problems

Toxicity and safety problems

Toxicity-and-safety-problems_2_0

Given that one of the main spheres of application of the plant is for disorders of the liver and bile ducts, it should emphasize its toxicity in higher doses. Many messages from the 1990s have been documented in humans. The main symptoms include cholestasis and mild to severe liver damage with a fairly well-documented causal relationship in most cases. In total, more than 50 such cases have been reported from Europe, mainly from Germany.&nbsp;

A lot of effort has been made to recognize the bioactive compounds contained in C. majus extracts and the mechanisms of their action. Numerous reports have been published about its effectiveness in the treatment of various medical complaints, such as gastrointestinal and liver disorders or skin diseases caused by microbial or viral infection. In addition to the huge number of scientific reports indicating the beneficial effect of snake milk, there is also information about its potential toxic properties. Official recommendations do not exclude the use of C. majus as a traditional herbal medicinal product. Further studies on the mechanisms of action and its areas of usefulness should therefore be carried out.

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