Pueraria montana is a species of plant in the botanical family Fabaceae. At least three sub-species (alternatively called varieties) are known. It is closely related to other species in the genus Pueraria (P. edulis and P. phaseoloides) and the common name kudzu is used for all of these species and hybrids between them. The morphological differences between them are subtle, they can breed with each other, and it appears that introduced kudzu populations in the United States have ancestry from more ...

pueraria montana

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Author: Rositsa Tashkova, Master of Molecular Biology and Microbiology

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Osteoporosis is a disease that mainly affects women after menopause. Unfortunately, only then do we start thinking about it, and measures can be taken much earlier. For example, active sports at a young age is a factor that is often overlooked, but in fact has a strong positive effect on bone density and therefore their strength later in life.

Role-of-herbs-in-the-treatment-and-prevention-of-osteoporosis

Role of herbs in the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis

Role-of-herbs-in-the-treatment-and-prevention-of-osteoporosis_0_0

Studies are also being carried out on various herbs and medicinal plants that can be used to increase bone density and combat osteoporosis. They may serve as a complementary medicine to the main treatment, especially in postmenopausal women.

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Some of these plants have estrogen-like properties that are important for bone health. It is good to keep in mind that herbal treatments are supportive and have a slow effect, and therefore it is recommended to use them for prevention and maintenance, and not as a single treatment.

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Herbs can exert an impact on inflammatory processes and metabolism, reduce bone destruction and help preserve calcium in the body.

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Eleuthero-(Acanthopanax-senticosus)

Eleuthero (Acanthopanax senticosus)

Eleuthero-(Acanthopanax-senticosus)_1_0

The herb is also called &nbsp;devil's bush, Siberian ginseng, ciwujia, Devil's shrub, shigoka, touch-me-not, wild pepper, or kan jang. A study by Hwang et al. has found that taking 3 grams of powdered extract of the herb per day for 6 months leads to positive effects on bone structure in menopausal women. [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/The_effects_of_Acanthopanax_senticosus_extract_on_bone_turnover_and_bone_mineral_density_in_Korean_postmenopausal_women_19452124" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.1</a>]

Red-clover-(Trifolium-pratense)-contains-estrogen-like-compounds

Red clover (Trifolium pratense) contains estrogen-like compounds

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It is believed that red clover contains estrogen-like compounds, which may be due to its potential positive effect on bone density observed in some studies. [<a href="https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2015/689138/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.2</a>]

Red-clover-(Trifolium-pratense)-contains-estrogen-like-compounds_2_1

Unfortunately, these estrogen-like compounds may interact adversely with other medications, as well as not be suitable for some patients suffering or prone to other diseases (for example, estrogen-dependent breast cancer) therefore a preliminary consultation with a doctor is necessary.

Red-clover-(Trifolium-pratense)-contains-estrogen-like-compounds_2_2

Soybeans-(Glycine-max)-may-have-a-protective-effect-on-bones

Soybeans (Glycine max) may have a protective effect on bones

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Soybeans contain isoflavons - they also resemble estrogen, and it is believed that for this reason they can have a protective effect on bones against loss of density.

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Many different studies have found such an effect of taking soy isoflavons. But here is also the same warning about the likelihood of interaction and adverse effects in some patients. [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/The_pros_and_cons_of_phytoestrogens_20347861" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.3</a>]

Genistein

Genistein_4_0

Phytoestrogen genistein also belongs to the group of isoflavons and has an oestrogen-like effect. For the first time, the substance is isolated from the plant dyer's greenweed or dyer's broom&nbsp;(Genista tinctoria), from whose Latin name comes the name of the substance.

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Genistein is also found in soybeans (Glycine max), lupine (Lupinus), broad beans or fava bean (Vicia faba), Psoralea, kudzu (Japanese arrowroot or Chinese arrowroot), coffee.

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Various studies [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/Effects_of_genistein_and_hormone_replacement_therapy_on_bone_loss_in_early_postmenopausal_women_a_randomized_double_blind_placebo_controlled_study_12369794" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.4</a>] establish the effectiveness of this phytoestrogen in osteoporosis, and the mechanisms and contraindications are similar to those described above.

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Chinese-traditional-medicine-and-herbal-combinations

Chinese traditional medicine and herbal combinations

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A number of herbal combinations of Chinese traditional medicine have shown effectiveness against osteoporosis. [<a href="http://j.skums.ac.ir/Article/jskums-90" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.5</a>] Here we will focus on some of them:

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<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Yang Huo San Zi Tang - contains seeds of white mustard (Sinapis alba), shiso seeds (Perilla frutescens), daikon turnip seeds (Raphanus sativus var. Longipinnatus);</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Yigu of capsules - contains common wheat (Triticum aestivum), dried fruits of Psoralea corylifolia, sweet wormwood (Artemisia annua), Xanthium sibiricum, bitter apricot nuts, ricebean (Vigna umbellata).</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Bo-gu Ling;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Classic Yin and Yang Tonic Formula - contains a variety of phytoestrogens, such as isoflavones, lignans and coumarin;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Xian Ling GuBao - consists of 9 herbs, among which Еpimedium, psoralen, Rehmannia root, danshen or also known as red sage (Salvia miltiorrhiza), Anemarrhena asphodeloides&nbsp;and others.</li>
</ul>

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Some herbs and herbal combinations have a positive effect on osteoporosis, especially in menopausal women. However, due to the similarity of the active substances in these medicinal plants with the hormone estrogen, which are due to their effects, it is necessary to carefully monitor the therapy and the approach to each patient should be individual, according to their medical history, diseases and medications they use.

Bone density in osteoporosis: which herbs may improve it

https://d20hztklr4qnvi.cloudfront.net/c2ad31a9-8a07-4d9e-9bed-65c1015cc6f8_middle.jpg

 Bone density in osteoporosis: which herbs may improve it

Rositsa Tashkova-Kacharova

About 2 million people worldwide die each year from liver disease. Unfortunately, the awareness of the deterioration of the liver comes only when it’s too late and symptoms are already showing. This makes preventive examinations especially important.

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The most common diseases of this organ are viral hepatitis (hepatitis B and C), cirrhosis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NSCLC), steatosis, fibrosis, alcoholic liver disease (alcoholic hepatitis), liver cancer, liver failure. Not everyone knows that elevated blood cholesterol levels are also directly related to the liver.

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The liver is the main purifying organ in our body - it has the task of neutralizing toxins and harmful substances that enter the blood. This makes it particularly sensitive to the use of drugs and herbs, especially in some diseases. Therefore, consultation with your doctor is mandatory before you start taking any herb for liver problems to avoid potential hepatotoxicity and additional damage to this extremely important organ.

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IIn this article we will look at herbs that have been shown to help with some liver diseases:

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<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Chronic hepatitis</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Fatty liver disease (hepatic steatosis)</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Cirrhosis</li>
</ul>

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Most of the information is taken from the scientific article "Current Status of Herbal Medicines in Chronic Liver Disease Therapy: The Biological Effects, Molecular Targets and Future Prospects", published in 2016 in the International Journal of Molecular Sciences.&nbsp;[<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/Current_Status_of_Herbal_Medicines_in_Chronic_Liver_Disease_Therapy_The_Biological_Effects_Molecular_Targets_and_Future_Prospects_26633388" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.1</a>]

Medicinal-plants-for-chronic-hepatitis

Medicinal plants for chronic hepatitis

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Chronic hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver. It is usually caused by viral infections, autoimmune diseases, or toxic substances such as drugs or alcohol.

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Viral hepatitis is the most common liver disease. Over time, it can develop into fibrosis and cirrhosis. The causative agents are hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV). Currently, more than 30% of the world's population is infected with HBV.

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<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis) - the active substance of licorice is called glycyrrhizin. Various studies have established its various functions in protecting the liver - has an anti-inflammatory effect on the liver by several mechanisms, inhibits the release of viral particles in HCV infection, controls the reproduction of HBV [ref.2], lowers liver enzymes ALT and AST. It is important to keep in mind that prolonged use of licorice can lead to dangerous side effects, including high blood pressure and low levels of potassium in the blood.</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) - the active substance of milk thistle, with effects on the liver, is silibinin. It is extracted from the seeds of the plant. Inhibits HCV and lowers ALT, AST and alkaline phosphatase levels in patients with chronic hepatitis. [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/A_pilot_study_on_the_liver_protective_effect_of_silybin_phosphatidylcholine_complex_IdB1016_in_chronic_active_hepatitis_8225695" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.3</a>] Fortunately, no side effects from the use of milk thistle have been identified.</li>
</ul>

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<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Gale of the wind, Stonebreaker, or Seed-under-leaf (Phyllanthus niruri) - according to some studies, the aqueous extract of the plant can help with viral hepatitis B. Side effects are upper abdominal pain and diarrhea.</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Baikal skullcap or Chinese skullcap (Scutellaria baicalensis) - the substance baikalin from the herb seems to accelerate the regeneration of liver cells and inhibits the onset of programmed cell death (apoptosis).</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Mongolian milkvetch (Astragalus membranaceus)- the aqueous extract of the root of the herb can help with chronic viral hepatitis B and against the occurrence of liver fibrosis. There are no known side effects, but it may interact with some medications.</li>
</ul>

Medicinal-plants-for-fatty-liver-disease-(hepatic-steatosis)

Medicinal plants for fatty liver disease (hepatic steatosis)

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Hepatic obesity or steatosis is a reversible pathological process in which large vacuoles with triglyceride fat accumulate in the liver cells.

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Fatty liver disease is usually caused by excessive alcohol consumption or metabolic disorders such as obesity, insulin resistance and dyslipidemia.

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Alcoholic fatty liver disease (ALD) refers to alcohol-related steatosis, while nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (ALD) means that the primary cause of steatosis is not alcohol. Steatosis predisposes the liver to inflammation and fibrosis.

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In developed countries, fatty liver disease is the most common liver disease, the prevalence of which ranges from about 20% to 60%.

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For those with early stage non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, gradual weight loss is the only solution to prevent the progression of the disease.

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According to recent studies, some herbal products appear to have positive effects on this potentially reversible disease. Both laboratory and clinical studies have suggested that medicinal plants may have a moderate benefit in its treatment.

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<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Cardus marianus, Milk thistle, Blessed milk thistle, Marian thistle, Mary thistle, Saint Mary's thistle, Mediterranean milk thistle, variegated thistle, and Scotch thistle (Silybum marianum) - after intake of white thistle seed extract, a decrease of hepatic steatosis was observed in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in ultrasound results.</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Baikal skullcap or Chinese skullcap (Scutellaria baicalensis)- according to a clinical trial, the root of Baikal hellebore has a protective effect in alcoholic fatty liver disease&nbsp;[<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0041008X11003978?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.4</a>]. In laboratory animals, intake of the herb root extract has been shown to reduce the level of total serum cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-cholesterol, ALT and AST and increase the level of serum HDL-cholesterol.&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

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<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Jiaogulan (Gynostemma pentaphyllum)&nbsp;- the aqueous extract of the plant has been found to suppress the accumulation of cholesterol and triglycerides and prevent oxidative stress. According to a clinical trial, it lowers serum AST, ALP, insulin, lowers body fat index and insulin resistance index [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/The_add_on_effects_of_Gynostemma_pentaphyllum_on_nonalcoholic_fatty_liver_disease_16708768" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.5</a>].</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Apricot (Prunus armeniaca) - In laboratory animals, apricots have been found to have the potential to suppress hepatic steatosis through their antioxidant action and reduced serum AST and ALT levels.&nbsp;[<a href="https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v18/i31/4118.htm" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.6</a>]</li>
</ul>

Medicinal-plants-against-liver-cirrhosis

Medicinal plants against liver cirrhosis

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Cirrhosis is a condition in which the liver does not function properly due to long-term damage, it is an extreme complication of chronic liver disease.

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According to a study in Germany, the most common etiologies of liver cirrhosis are associated with alcoholic liver disease (52%), chronic hepatitis C (28%) or hepatitis B (14%) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (6%).

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The pathological hallmark of cirrhosis is the development of fibrosis, which replaces the normal parenchyma. Fibrosis means that non-functional tissue accumulates in the liver, as a scar remains when wounds heal.

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The most effective way to fight cirrhosis is prevention, as the disease is irreversible in itself.

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In this case, the seeds of Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) and the roots of Baikal skullcap (Scutellaria baicalensis), Licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis), red sage, Chinese sage, tan shen, or danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza), and East Asian arrowroot, kudzu (Pueraria lobata) have shown beneficial effects. [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/Current_Status_of_Herbal_Medicines_in_Chronic_Liver_Disease_Therapy_The_Biological_Effects_Molecular_Targets_and_Future_Prospects_26633388" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.1</a>]

Q&amp;A

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Where is the liver located?

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The liver is a large organ located mainly in the upper right abdomen, below the diaphragm and above the stomach.

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When can you feel liver pain?

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With liver pain, most people feel a dull, throbbing sensation in the upper right abdomen. Liver pain can also be felt as a stabbing sensation that takes your breath away. Sometimes this pain is accompanied by swelling or pain that spreads to the back or right shoulder blade.

Q&amp;A_3_4

The causes of liver pain are the same that were discussed in the article above, but also others: viral hepatitis, alcoholic cirrhosis, liver steatosis, abscess or cyst in the liver, Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome, Bud-Chiari syndrome, thrombosis of the portal vein, liver cancer, liver injury or gallstones.

Q&amp;A_3_5

What are the symptoms of liver diesease?

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Liver disease is not always associated with noticeable signs and symptoms. If they do occur, this may include:

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<ul>
<li>Skin and eyes that look yellowish (jaundice),</li>
<li>Abdominal pain and swelling,</li>
<li>Swelling of the legs and ankles,</li>
<li>Dark color of urine,</li>
<li>Pale stool color,</li>
<li>Chronic fatigue,</li>
<li>Itchy skin,</li>
<li>Easy bruising,</li>
<li>Nausea or vomiting,</li>
<li>Loss of appetite.</li>
</ul>

The liver does not hurt. Which are the herbs that can improve its health in the case of hepatitis, steatosis, and cirrhosis

https://d20hztklr4qnvi.cloudfront.net/af2de74f-c55f-406f-a61e-e6ff9a707948_middle.jpg

 The liver does not hurt. Which are the herbs that can improve its

<figure><img class="tinyMCEImg" src="https://d20hztklr4qnvi.cloudfront.net/4d77832c-2d00-41fe-be9f-a87009ec89d0_middle.png" border="0" alt="homemade brandy" title="homemade brandy">
<figcaption>Pictured: Georgi Petrov from Vakarel. Source: Bulgarian Farmer</figcaption>
</figure>

What is a party without a glass, or two... or three, of something special? Toast after toast, the degree of mood rises, and we have forgotten that the next morning an uninvited guest will visit us - the hangover.

Here, besides the fermented cabbage and tripe soup, some herbs come to the rescue. It may sound unconventional, but science has also dealt with this issue. As the main source of information, we used the 2016 article "Natural Products for the Prevention and Treatment of Hangover and Alcohol Use Disorder" [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/Natural_Products_for_the_Prevention_and_Treatment_of_Hangover_and_Alcohol_Use_Disorder_26751438" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.1</a>].

The use of herbs to cope with hangovers rests on two mechanisms: the neutralization of free radicals (antioxidant action of medicinal plants) and an increase in the level of enzymes involved in the breakdown of alcohol (alcohol dehydrogenase, ADH and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, ALDH).

Fenugreek-seed-extract-(Trigonela-foenum-graecum)

Fenugreek seed extract (Trigonela foenum-graecum)

Fenugreek-seed-extract-(Trigonela-foenum-graecum)_0_0

It has been found that the aqueous extract of fenugreek seeds has a strong hepatoprotective effect - protects the liver from the toxic effects of alcohol. This seems to be due to its strong antioxidant properties - fenugreen seeds are rich in polyphenols, which are biologically active substances that neutralise free radicals - which can also help relieve hangovers. [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/Protective_action_of_fenugreek_Trigonella_foenum_graecum_seed_polyphenols_against_alcohol_induced_protein_and_lipid_damage_in_rat_liver_18240000" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.2</a>]

Thyme-infusion-and-oil-(Thymus-vulgaris)

Thyme infusion and oil (Thymus vulgaris)

Thyme-infusion-and-oil-(Thymus-vulgaris)_1_0

Aqueous extract and thyme essential oil have a strong antioxidant and detoxifying effect. It has the property to lower the levels of certain indicators of oxidative stress in the brain and liver, in particular nitric oxide and malondialdehyde. [<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0278691509002245" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.3</a>] What more pleasant remedy than a cup of aromatic thyme tea?

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Mango-fruit-(Mangifera-Indica)

Mango fruit (Mangifera Indica)

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The fruit of mango can help us with hangovers through both mechanisms - it is rich in polyphenols with antioxidant action and also increases the activity of enzymes involved in alcohol metabolism, lowering its levels in the blood. [<a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jcbn/48/3/48_10-96/_article" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.4</a>]

Kudzu-or-Chinese-arrowroot-(Pueraria-lobata)

Kudzu or Chinese arrowroot (Pueraria lobata)

Kudzu-or-Chinese-arrowroot-(Pueraria-lobata)_3_0

It is also called Japanese arrowroot. The root and colors of the herb are used. The active substances in them have the property to accelerate the removal of alcohol from the body, as well as to reduce its toxicity. [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/Pharmacological_studies_on_Puerariae_Flos_IV_Effects_of_Pueraria_thomsonii_dried_flower_extracts_on_blood_ethanol_and_acetaldehyde_levels_in_humans_12395916" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.5</a>]

Kudzu-or-Chinese-arrowroot-(Pueraria-lobata)_3_1

Extract from the root of the plant is used in Traditional Chinese medicine and for the treatment of alcoholism, as well as to improve the condition of the liver in chronic alcohol abuse.

Kudzu-or-Chinese-arrowroot-(Pueraria-lobata)_3_2

Ginger-(Zingiber-officinale)

Ginger (Zingiber officinale)

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With its strong antioxidant properties, ginger neutralizes free radicals and the aqueous extract from its root can be used to eliminate hangovers. In Traditional Chinese medicine, a decoction of ginger, tangerine and brown sugar, called Kami-shoyo-san (KSS), is used for this purpose. [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/Clinical_effectiveness_of_KSS_formula_a_traditional_folk_remedy_for_alcohol_hangover_symptoms_20559749" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.6</a>]

Persimmons-increase-alcohol-metabolism-(Diospyros-kaki)

Persimmons increase alcohol metabolism (Diospyros kaki)

Persimmons-increase-alcohol-metabolism-(Diospyros-kaki)_5_0

Persimmons fruits and leaves contain substances that accelerate the action of alcohol-degrading enzymes and also have antioxidant properties. Therefore, it is assumed that this fruit would alleviate the suffering of the hangover. [<a href="https://www.koreascience.or.kr/article/JAKO200701804453769.page" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.7</a>]

Persimmons-increase-alcohol-metabolism-(Diospyros-kaki)_5_1

Asian-ginseng-protects-sperm-from-alcohol-(Panax-ginseng)

Asian ginseng protects sperm from alcohol (Panax ginseng)

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Asian ginseng also known as Chinese or Korean ginseng, relieves hangovers through both mechanisms - as an antioxidant and by stimulating alcohol processing. The medicinal plant also reduces the toxic effects on various organs and systems in the body and specifically on the reproductive system in men - it is known that alcohol has a negative impact on sperm quality and can be the cause of reduced reproductive abilities. [<a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1091581811405074" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.8</a>]

Sauerkraut-or-fermented-cabbage

Sauerkraut or fermented cabbage

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It is no joke that sauerkraut and fermented cabbage brine are an effective and traditionally very affordable way to deal with hangovers. There are various theories as to why this old traditional practice helps. It is believed that vitamin B and C are at play, as well as lactic acid, which sauerkraut is rich in. So if you don't have any of the herbs or don't want tea after a hard night, a cup of fermented cabbage brine is the perfect solution.

Sauerkraut-or-fermented-cabbage_7_1

<figure><img class="tinyMCEImg" src="https://d20hztklr4qnvi.cloudfront.net/1d9c948b-848c-4b18-ad3f-75f3a616dfc9_middle.jpg" border="0" alt="cabbage soup against hangovers" title="cabbage anti-hangover juice">
<figcaption>Cheers! Photo: Facebook</figcaption>
</figure>

pueraria montana

The liver does not hurt. Which are the herbs that can improve its health in the case of hepatitis, steatosis, and cirrhosis

Which herbs relieve hangovers and how to use them