Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a blockage of an artery in the lungs by a substance that has moved from elsewhere in the body through the bloodstream (embolism). Symptoms of a PE may include shortness of breath, chest pain particularly upon breathing in, and coughing up blood. Symptoms of a blood clot in the leg may also be present, such as a red, warm, swollen, and painful leg. Signs of a PE include low blood oxygen levels, rapid breathing, rapid heart rate, and sometimes a mild fever. Severe cases can ...

pulmonary embolism

Heartburn-and-Its-Symptoms

Heartburn and Its Symptoms

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Heartburn is a common condition that affects many people. It is caused by stomach acid flowing back up into the esophagus, which can cause a burning sensation in the chest. Other symptoms of heartburn include:

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Regurgitation of food or stomach acid</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Bitter or sour taste in the mouth</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Difficulty swallowing</li></ul>While heartburn can be uncomfortable, it is usually not a cause for concern. However, if you experience chest pain or discomfort that lasts for more than a few minutes or is accompanied by other symptoms, you should seek medical attention.

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Other-Potential-Causes-of-Chest-Pain/Discomfort

Other Potential Causes of Chest Pain/Discomfort


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Heart Attack: A heart attack occurs when the blood supply to the heart is blocked, which can cause chest pain or discomfort. Other symptoms of a heart attack include:

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Shortness of breath</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Nausea or vomiting</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Dizziness or lightheadedness</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Pain or discomfort in other parts of the body, such as the arms, back, neck, jaw, or stomach</li></ul>If you suspect you may be having a heart attack, call 911 or go to the emergency room immediately.

Angina

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Angina is a type of chest pain that occurs when the heart is not getting enough blood flow. It is often described as a pressure or tightness in the chest, and it may also cause:

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Shortness of breath</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Nausea or vomiting</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Dizziness or lightheadedness</li></ul>

Pulmonary-embolism

Pulmonary embolism

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A pulmonary embolism occurs when a blood clot forms in the lungs. Symptoms of a pulmonary embolism include:

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Chest pain or discomfort</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Shortness of breath</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Rapid heartbeat</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Coughing up blood</li></ul>

Aortic-dissection

Aortic dissection

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An aortic dissection occurs when the inner layer of the aorta tears, which can cause chest pain or discomfort. Other symptoms of an aortic dissection include:

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<ul><li>Severe back or abdominal pain</li><li>Difficulty speaking or loss of consciousness</li></ul>&nbsp;

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Gastroesophageal-reflux-disease-(GERD)

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

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GERD is a chronic digestive condition that occurs when stomach acid flows back into the esophagus. Symptoms of GERD include:

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Heartburn</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Regurgitation of food or stomach acid</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Bitter or sour taste in the mouth</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Difficulty swallowing</li></ul>

Hiatal-hernia

Hiatal hernia

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A hiatal hernia occurs when part of the stomach pushes up through the diaphragm and into the chest. Symptoms of a hiatal hernia may include:

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<ul><li>Heartburn</li><li>Chest pain or discomfort</li><li>Difficulty swallowing</li></ul>&nbsp;

Costochondrite

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Costochondritis is an inflammation of the cartilage that connects the ribs to the breastbone. It can cause chest pain or discomfort that may be mistaken for a heart attack. Other symptoms of costochondritis include:

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Tenderness or swelling around the affected area</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Pain when taking deep breaths or coughing</li></ul>

How-to-Recognize-the-Symptoms

How to Recognize the Symptoms

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It's important to seek medical attention if you experience chest pain or discomfort, especially if the symptoms are severe or accompanied by other symptoms. If you're not sure whether your symptoms are related to heartburn or another condition, here are some questions to ask yourself:

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">How long have you been experiencing chest pain or discomfort?</li></ul><ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Is the pain or discomfort constant or does it come and go?</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Does the pain or discomfort radiate to other parts of your body?</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Are you experiencing any other symptoms, such as shortness of breath, nausea, or dizziness?</li></ul>If you are experiencing chest pain or discomfort and are unsure of the cause, it's better to err on the side of caution and seek medical attention.

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Herbal-and-Natural-Remedies

Herbal and Natural Remedies

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While natural remedies can be helpful in managing heartburn and other digestive issues, it's important to note that they are not a substitute for medical treatment. If you are experiencing chest pain or discomfort, you should seek medical attention before trying any natural remedies. Here are some natural remedies that can be helpful in managing heartburn and other digestive issues:

Ginger

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Ginger has natural anti-inflammatory properties and can help to reduce inflammation in the digestive tract. You can consume ginger as a tea or add it to your meals.

Aloe-vera-juice

Aloe vera juice

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Aloe vera juice can help to soothe inflammation in the digestive tract and may help to reduce heartburn symptoms

Apple-cider-vinegar

Apple cider vinegar

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Apple cider vinegar can help to balance the pH of the stomach and may help to reduce heartburn symptoms. You can dilute apple cider vinegar in water and consume it before meals.

Slippery-elm

Slippery elm

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Slippery elm can help to coat and soothe the digestive tract, which can help to reduce heartburn symptoms. You can consume slippery elm as a tea or take it in capsule form.

Medications-that-can-cause-chest-pain

Medications that can cause chest pain

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Nitroglycerin (active compound: glyceryl trinitrate): Used to treat chest pain (angina), but can sometimes cause a rebound effect and worsen symptoms.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Beta-blockers (active compounds: atenolol, metoprolol, propranolol): Used to treat high blood pressure and heart conditions, but can sometimes cause chest pain, particularly if the dosage is too high or if the medication is suddenly stopped.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Calcium channel blockers (active compounds: verapamil, diltiazem): Used to treat high blood pressure and heart conditions, but can sometimes cause chest pain.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Statins (active compounds: atorvastatin, simvastatin, rosuvastatin): Used to lower cholesterol levels, but can sometimes cause chest pain or discomfort.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Fibrates (active compounds: fenofibrate, gemfibrozil): Used to lower triglyceride levels, but can sometimes cause chest pain or discomfort.</li></ul>

Allergies-that-can-cause-chest-pain

Allergies that can cause chest pain

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Food allergies: Certain foods, such as nuts, shellfish, and dairy products, can trigger an allergic reaction that may lead to chest pain or discomfort.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Drug allergies: Some people may have an allergic reaction to medications, which can cause chest pain as a symptom.</li></ul>

Photo by Jonathan Niederhoffer on Unsplash

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Foods-that-can-cause-chest-pain

Foods that can cause chest pain

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Spicy foods: Spices such as chili peppers and black pepper can irritate the esophagus and cause chest pain or discomfort.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Acidic foods: Citrus fruits, tomatoes, and vinegar can also irritate the esophagus and cause chest pain or discomfort.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Carbonated beverages: The bubbles in carbonated drinks can cause gas to build up in the stomach, which can lead to chest pain or discomfort.</li></ul>It is important to note that chest pain can be a symptom of a serious medical condition, such as a heart attack or pulmonary embolism. If you experience chest pain or discomfort, seek medical attention immediately.

Chest pain or discomfort can be a scary symptom, but it's important to remember that many conditions and diseases that cause chest pain are treatable if caught early. If you are experiencing chest pain or discomfort, seek medical attention immediately. Natural remedies can be helpful in managing heartburn and other digestive issues, but they are not a substitute for medical treatment.

Chest Pain or Discomfort: When It's More Than Just Heartburn

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Symptoms-of-shortness-of-breath

Symptoms of shortness of breath

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Shortness of breath can be described as feeling like you can't catch your breath or are out of breath. You may feel like you're suffocating or drowning. Other symptoms that can accompany shortness of breath include wheezing, coughing, and chest tightness.

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Causes-of-shortness-of-breath

Causes of shortness of breath

I.-Causes-of-Shortness-of-Breath

I. Causes of Shortness of Breath 

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Respiratory Conditions

Asthma

1. Asthma

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Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition that causes inflammation and narrowing of the airways, leading to shortness of breath, wheezing, and coughing. It can be triggered by allergens, exercise, stress, or other factors.

Chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-(COPD)

2. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

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&nbsp;COPD is a progressive lung disease that includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema. It is caused by long-term exposure to irritants such as cigarette smoke, air pollution, or dust. Symptoms include coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath, which can worsen over time.

3. Pulmonary embolism

A pulmonary embolism occurs when a blood clot travels to the lungs and blocks a blood vessel. This can cause sudden shortness of breath, chest pain, and coughing up blood. It is a medical emergency that requires immediate treatment.

Pneumonia

4. Pneumonia

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&nbsp;Pneumonia is a lung infection that can cause inflammation and fluid buildup in the lungs, leading to shortness of breath, coughing, fever, and chest pain. It can be caused by viruses, bacteria, or fungi.

B.-Cardiovascular-conditions

B. Cardiovascular conditions

Heart-failureHeart-failure

1. Heart failureHeart failure

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&nbsp;Heart failure is a condition in which the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. This can cause fluid buildup in the lungs and other parts of the body, leading to shortness of breath, fatigue, and swelling.

Coronary-artery-disease

2. Coronary artery disease

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Coronary artery disease occurs when the arteries that supply blood to the heart become narrowed or blocked, reducing blood flow and oxygen to the heart muscle. This can cause chest pain, shortness of breath, and other symptoms.

Arrhythmia

3. Arrhythmia

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&nbsp;An arrhythmia is an abnormal heart rhythm that can cause the heart to beat too fast, too slow, or irregularly. This can lead to shortness of breath, chest pain, and other symptoms.

C.-Other-reasons

C. Other reasons

Anxiety-or-panic-attacks

1. Anxiety or panic attacks

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Anxiety or panic attacks can cause shortness of breath, chest tightness, and other physical symptoms. These attacks can be triggered by stress, fear, or other factors.

Anemia

2. Anemia

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Anemia is a condition in which the body does not have enough red blood cells or hemoglobin, leading to reduced oxygen delivery to the body's tissues. This can cause fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath.

Obesity

3. Obesity

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Obesity can put extra strain on the heart and lungs, leading to shortness of breath and other symptoms. Losing weight and increasing physical activity can help improve breathing and overall health.

When-to-seek-medical-attention

When to seek medical attention

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If you experience sudden onset of shortness of breath, chest pain, or fainting, seek emergency medical attention immediately. If you have mild to moderate shortness of breath, seek medical attention within a few days. Your doctor can determine the underlying cause of your shortness of breath and recommend appropriate treatment.

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Diagnosing-and-treating-shortness-of-breath

Diagnosing and treating shortness of breath

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To diagnose shortness of breath, your doctor may perform a physical exam and order various tests, such as a chest X-ray or pulmonary function test. Treatment for shortness of breath depends on the underlying cause. Your doctor may prescribe medications, such as bronchodilators or inhalers, or recommend lifestyle changes, such as quitting smoking or losing weight.

Herbal-and-natural-treatments-for-shortness-of-breath

Herbal and natural treatments for shortness of breath

1. Ginger

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Ginger is known to have anti-inflammatory properties, which can help ease the symptoms of respiratory illnesses that cause shortness of breath. You can consume ginger in various ways, such as adding it to your tea, smoothies, or soups.

2.Eucalyptus-oil

2.Eucalyptus oil

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Eucalyptus oil is commonly used to relieve respiratory symptoms, including shortness of breath. You can add a few drops of eucalyptus oil to a diffuser or inhale the steam from a hot shower or bowl of hot water with a few drops of eucalyptus oil added.

Peppermint

3. Peppermint

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&nbsp;Peppermint is another herb that has anti-inflammatory properties and can help ease respiratory symptoms. You can add peppermint leaves to your tea or inhale the steam from boiling water with a few drops of peppermint oil added.

Licorice-root

4. Licorice root

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Licorice root has been traditionally used to treat respiratory illnesses, and its anti-inflammatory properties can help reduce inflammation in the airways. You can consume licorice root tea or take licorice root supplements.

Omega-3-Fatty-Acids

5. Omega-3 Fatty Acids

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&nbsp;Omega-3 fatty acids have anti-inflammatory properties and can help reduce inflammation in the airways. You can consume omega-3 fatty acids through foods such as fatty fish, nuts, and seeds, or take omega-3 supplements.

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Medications

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Beta-blockers (e.g., propranolol, metoprolol): Used for hypertension, heart disease, and migraines</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">ACE inhibitors (e.g., lisinopril, captopril): Used for hypertension and heart failure</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">NSAIDs (e.g., ibuprofen, naproxen): Anti-inflammatory drugs used for pain relief</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Aspirin: Anti-inflammatory and blood-thinning drug</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Opioids (e.g., morphine, oxycodone): Pain relief medications</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Benzodiazepines (e.g., diazepam, alprazolam): Anti-anxiety medications and muscle relaxants</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Antihistamines (e.g., diphenhydramine, cetirizine): Allergy medications</li></ul>

Allergies

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Pollen: Tree, grass, and weed pollen can cause seasonal allergic reactions</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Dust mites: Microscopic creatures that can trigger allergic reactions</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Mold spores: Fungi that can cause respiratory allergies</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Pet dander: Allergens from animals with fur or feathers</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Insect stings: Bee or wasp venom can cause an allergic reaction</li></ul>

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Foods

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Sulfites: Preservatives found in wine, dried fruits, and processed foods</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">MSG (monosodium glutamate): A flavor enhancer used in some processed foods and restaurants</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Dairy products: Lactose intolerance or milk protein allergy</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Gluten-containing grains: Wheat, barley, and rye can cause issues for people with celiac disease or gluten intolerance</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Nuts and seeds: Allergies to peanuts, tree nuts, and sesame seeds</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Shellfish: Allergies to shrimp, crab, lobster, and other shellfish</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Eggs: Allergy to egg proteins</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Soy: Allergy to soy proteins</li></ul>It is important to note that shortness of breath can be a symptom of many conditions, and identifying the specific cause requires careful assessment by a healthcare professional.

Shortness of breath is a warning sign that should not be ignored. If you experience shortness of breath, it's important to seek medical attention to determine the underlying cause and appropriate treatment. Incorporating natural remedies and lifestyle changes can also help manage shortness of breath and improve lung function. By being aware of the potential causes and symptoms of shortness of breath, you can protect your health and prevent any potential complications.

 Shortness of Breath: "Breathless? Don't Ignore This Warning Sign"

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Михаела Василева

Purpose-of-anticoagulants

Purpose of anticoagulants 

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Anticoagulants are type of a drug used if you are at risk of blood clots. They can potentially block a blood vessel and disrupt blood flow in the body. Also known as blood thinners, anticoagulants are chemicals that prevent or reduce blood coagulation by prolonging clotting time.

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Anticoagulants are available in many different forms, including injections, intravenous (IV) drugs and medicines you take orally (orally). They often treat and prevent life-threatening conditions that can occur due to blood clots, such as strokes, heart attacks and pulmonary embolism. [&nbsp;<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560651/" target="_blank" data-ref="Page not available - NCBI BookshelfTwitterFacebookLinkedInGitHubNCBI Insights BlogTwitterFacebookYoutube" rel="noopener">[ref. 1]</a>&nbsp;]

What-are-the-advantages-and-side-effects-of-anticoagulants?

What are the advantages and side effects of anticoagulants?

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Anticoagulants are extremely effective in preventing these life-threatening conditions such as stroke, pulmonary embolism and heart attack. There are also several different ways in which these drugs work. This means that people who cannot take one medicine are likely to take another medicine with a similar effect.

There are various natural substances that can reduce blood clotting to some extent. Among them are ginkgo biloba, garlic, cinnamon, ginger and others. However, not all of them can be as effective as blood thinning drugs. People at risk of blood clots should not use them instead of prescription medicines.&nbsp;

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