Punica is a small genus of fruit-bearing deciduous shrubs or small trees. The better known species is the pomegranate (Punica granatum). The other species, the Socotra pomegranate (Punica protopunica), is endemic to the island of Socotra. It differs in having pink (not red) flowers and smaller, less sweet fruit.

Although previously placed in its own family Punicaceae, recent phylogenetic studies have shown that Punica belongs in the family Lythraceae, and it is classified in that family by the Angiosperm ...

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Recipes-for-beautiful-lips

Recipes for beautiful lips

Calendula-and-Honey-Lip-Balm

1. Calendula and Honey Lip Balm

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">1 tbsp dried Calendula petals (Calendula officinalis)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">1 tbsp raw honey</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">2 tbsp organic coconut oil</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">1 tbsp beeswax</li></ul>&nbsp;

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<ol><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Gently melt the coconut oil and beeswax in a double boiler.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">&nbsp;Add the dried calendula petals and let the mixture steep for about 30 minutes.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">&nbsp;Strain the infused oil, discarding the petals.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">&nbsp;Mix in the honey and pour the blend into small containers.&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Allow it to cool and solidify before using.</li></ol>

Lavender-and-Shea-Butter-Lip-Cream

2. Lavender and Shea Butter Lip Cream

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">1 tbsp shea butter</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">2 tsp sweet almond oil</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">1 tsp beeswax</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">3-4 drops lavender essential oil (Lavandula angustifolia)</li></ul>&nbsp;

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<ol><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Melt the shea butter, sweet almond oil, and beeswax in a double boiler.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">&nbsp;Remove from heat and add the lavender essential oil.&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Stir well, pour into small containers, and let it cool completely before use.</li></ol>

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Chamomile-and-Green-Tea-Lip-Balm

3. Chamomile and Green Tea Lip Balm

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">2 tbsp green tea leaves (Camellia sinensis)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">1 tbsp dried chamomile flowers (Matricaria chamomilla)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">3 tbsp coconut oil</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">1 tbsp beeswax</li></ul>&nbsp;

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<ol><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Combine the coconut oil and beeswax in a double boiler and melt.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">&nbsp;Add the green tea leaves and chamomile flowers, and let it steep for 30 minutes.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">&nbsp;Strain the infused oil and pour it back into the double boiler.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">&nbsp;Add the beeswax, and once it's melted, pour the mixture into small containers.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">&nbsp;Allow it to cool and solidify before use.</li></ol>

Aloe-Vera-and-Peppermint-Lip-Gel

4. Aloe Vera and Peppermint Lip Gel

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">2 tbsp aloe vera gel (Aloe barbadensis)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">3-4 drops peppermint essential oil (Mentha piperita)</li></ul>&nbsp;

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<ol><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Combine the aloe vera gel and peppermint essential oil in a small bowl.&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Mix well and store in a small container.&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Apply as needed for a cooling and soothing effect on your lips.</li></ol>

.Cocoa-Butter-and-Rose-Lip-Balm

5. .Cocoa Butter and Rose Lip Balm

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">2 tbsp cocoa butter</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">2 tbsp sweet almond oil</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">1 tbsp beeswax</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">1 tbsp dried rose petals (Rosa spp.)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">3-4 drops rose essential oil (optional)</li></ul>&nbsp;

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<ol><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Melt the cocoa butter, sweet almond oil, and beeswax in a double boiler.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">&nbsp;Add the dried rose petals and let them steep for 30 minutes.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">&nbsp;Strain the infused oil, discard the petals, and add the rose essential oil (if using).&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Pour the mixture into small containers and let it cool before use.</li></ol>

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Pomegranate-and-Raspberry-Lip-Scrub

6. Pomegranate and Raspberry Lip Scrub

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">1 tbsp pomegranate seed oil (Punica granatum)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">1 tbsp raspberry seed oil (Rubus idaeus)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">1 tbsp sugar</li></ul>&nbsp;

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<ol><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Mix the pomegranate seed oil, raspberry seed oil, and sugar in a small bowl until well combined.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">&nbsp;Store the scrub in a small container.&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Gently massage a small amount onto your lips in a circular motion for 30 seconds, then rinse with warm water.&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">This scrub exfoliates and provides natural sunscreen protection, as both pomegranate and raspberry seed oils have been found to offer some UV protection.</li></ol>

Lemon-Balm-and-Beeswax-Lip-Balm

7. Lemon Balm and Beeswax Lip Balm

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">2 tbsp dried lemon balm leaves (Melissa officinalis)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">1/4 cup sweet almond oil</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">1 tbsp beeswax</li></ul>&nbsp;

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<ol><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Combine the sweet almond oil and dried lemon balm leaves in a double boiler.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">&nbsp;Allow the mixture to steep for about 30 minutes.&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Strain the infused oil, discarding the leaves, and return the oil to the double boiler.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">&nbsp;Add the beeswax, and once melted, pour the mixture into small containers.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">&nbsp;Allow it to cool and solidify before use.</li></ol>

Coffee-and-Coconut-Oil-Lip-Plumper

8. Coffee and Coconut Oil Lip Plumper

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">1 tbsp coffee grounds</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">2 tbsp coconut oil</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">1 tbsp sugar</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">1 tbsp honey</li></ul>&nbsp;

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<ol><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Mix the coffee grounds, coconut oil, sugar, and honey in a small bowl until well combined.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">&nbsp;Store the plumper in a small container.&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">To use, gently massage the mixture onto your lips and let it sit for a few minutes before rinsing off.&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">The caffeine in the coffee grounds stimulates blood flow, giving your lips a plumper appearance.</li></ol>

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Anti-Cancer-Properties

Anti-Cancer Properties

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Some of the ingredients used in these recipes, such as green tea (Camellia sinensis) and calendula (Calendula officinalis), have been found to possess anti-cancer properties. Although the primary purpose of these recipes is lip care, incorporating ingredients with potential health benefits is an added bonus.

Questions-and-Answers

Questions and Answers

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Q: How often should I use a lip scrub?

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A: Use a lip scrub once or twice a week, depending on your lip condition and personal preference. Over-exfoliating may cause irritation.

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Q: Can I use these recipes if I have sensitive skin?

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A: Although these recipes use natural ingredients, always perform a patch test on your skin before using them on your lips. If you experience any adverse reactions, discontinue use.

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Q: How long do these homemade lip treatments last?

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A: Since these recipes use natural ingredients without preservatives, it's best to use them within 3-6 months. Store them in a cool, dry place to prolong their shelf life.

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Q: Can I replace beeswax with a vegan alternative?

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A: Yes, you can substitute beeswax with candelilla wax or carnauba wax. However, keep in mind that these waxes have different melting points and may require adjustments to the recipe.

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Q: Can I use other carrier oils in place of sweet almond oil?

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A: Yes, you can replace sweet almond oil with other carrier oils such as jojoba oil, grapeseed oil, or apricot kernel oil, depending on your preference and skin type.

These eight lip-smacking herbal recipes will help you achieve soft, kissable lips while utilizing natural, nourishing ingredients. The added benefits of sunscreen protection and cancer-fighting properties make these DIY treatments even more appealing. Try them out and experience the difference that nature can make in your lip care routine.

 8 Lip-Smacking Herbal Recipes for Soft, Kissable Lips: Easy DIY Treatments

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 8 Lip-Smacking Herbal Recipes for Soft, Kissable Lips: Easy DIY Treat

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Why-do-we-need-herbal-therapeutics-for-respiratory-viruses

Why do we need herbal therapeutics for respiratory viruses 

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Respiratory viruses are the most common causes of disease in humans, with a significant impact on morbidity and mortality worldwide, mainly in children. &nbsp;<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/immunology-and-microbiology/respiratory-virus" target="_blank" data-ref="ScienceDirectScience DirectScienceDirect helpElsevierRELX Group" rel="noopener">[Ref. 1]</a>&nbsp; The respiratory viruses that most often circulate in all continents as endemic or epidemic agents are influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza viruses, metapneumovirus, rhinovirus, coronaviruses, adenoviruses and bocaviruses. Although the human body has mechanisms for protection and immune response, it is never superfluous to look for solutions in nature.&nbsp; And there are often, but we need to know them and know how to use them properly and with minimal risk of side effects or interactions.

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There is scientific evidence regarding the effectiveness of several complementary therapies for colds and flu. For example, oral zinc intake can reduce the duration and severity of a cold. Regular intake of vitamin C supplements only slightly reduces the duration and severity of colds, but supports the resistance of the body as a whole.

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Probiotics were also found to be better than placebo at reducing the number of episodes of acute upper respiratory tract infections, the frequency of episodes of acute upper respiratory tract infections, and reducing antibiotic use. And against the backdrop of global antibiotic resistance, this is very good news.&nbsp;

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Since there are no fully effective universal drugs or vaccines for all respiratory viruses, the search for alternative therapies is a sensible approach. Next, we'll take a look at ten natural remedies to treat&nbsp; the flu or cold symptoms you can try.

Traditional-herbal-remedies-for-cold-and-flu-viruses

Traditional herbal remedies for cold and flu viruses

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Traditional herbal remedies were used by ancient peoples to prevent or treat colds and flu. A variety of herbs are widely used to deal with viral respiratory infections. The control and treatment of influenza depends mainly on chemical or biochemical agents that are isolated from plants. These agents include various polyphenols, flavonoids, saponins, glucosides and alkaloids contained in the following plants.

Mao 

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Herbal medicine Maoto has traditionally been prescribed to flu patients in Japan. Maoto is one of the main means <a href="../../p/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8-%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D1%8F%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0-%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BE-%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Campo medicine</a> (traditional Japanese herbs), composed of 4 medicinal herbs:&nbsp;

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<ol><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Ephedrae Herba (stem of Ephedra sinica) (Chinese ephedra)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Cinnamomi Cortex (bark of Cinnamomum cassia Blume) (Cassia)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Armeniacae Semen (core from Prunus armeniaca Linné) (Apricot)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Glycyrrhizae Radix (root of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisher) (Chinese liquorice) &nbsp;<a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ptr.1892" target="_blank" data-ref="Just a moment..." rel="noopener">[ref. 2]</a>&nbsp;</li></ol>The administration of oral maoto granules to adults with seasonal influenza is well tolerated and associated with equivalent clinical and virological efficacy of neuraminidase inhibitors. Maoto also exhibited antipyretic activity in influenza virus-infected mice and reduced the virus by increasing virus-related natural antibodies.&nbsp;

Licorice-roots

Licorice roots

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Glycyrrhizin is an active ingredient in licorice studied in mice infected with influenza A2 virus (H2N2). The study revealed that glycyrrhizin may protect mice that have been exposed to a lethal amount of influenza virus by stimulating the production of interferon-gamma by T cells. &nbsp; <a href="https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/AAC.41.3.551" target="_blank" data-ref="Just a moment..." rel="noopener">[ref. 3]</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

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Glycyrrhizin is also known to exert immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects, and is therefore a candidate drug to control H5N1-induced proinflammatory gene expression. &nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00430-010-0155-0?error=cookies_not_supported&amp;code=33f27c1a-b14d-4755-a548-cbf99f95486a" target="_blank" data-ref="Glycyrrhizin inhibits highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza A virus-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine expression in human macrophages - Medical Microbiology and Immunology" rel="noopener">[ref. 4]</a>&nbsp;

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Other potential mechanisms to glycyrrhizin action are:

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<ul><li>Immunomodulation</li><li>Anti-inflammatory action</li><li>Reduction of virus uptake by host cells</li></ul>

Extracts-of-berries

Extracts of berries

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Polyphenols are the main culprits for the positive effects of berries in influenza viruses and the common cold. A team of scientists investigated the ability of cranberry polyphenols to alter the immunity of participants who consumed a cranberry drink. The study revealed that consumption of the beverage altered the ex vivo proliferation of γδ-T cells, where these cells reside in the epithelium and serve as the first line of defense, improving their function, which may be associated with a decrease in the number of symptoms associated with colds and flu. &nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="https://nutritionj.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1475-2891-12-161" target="_blank" data-ref="Consumption of cranberry polyphenols enhances human &gamma;&delta;-T cell proliferation and reduces the number of symptoms associated with colds and influenza: a randomized, placebo-controlled intervention study - Nutrition Journal" rel="noopener">[ref. 5]</a>&nbsp;

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The mechanism of action of polyphenols includes:

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Modification of immunity</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">improving the function of T cells</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Antioxidant action</li></ul>

Echinacea

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Echinacea preparations are widely used for the prevention and treatment of the common cold. You've probably taken echinacea because of its immunomodulatory effect.

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Preliminary results from studies are encouraging and suggest that Polinacea (roots of Echinacea angustifolia) may be used to improve the immune response to influenza vaccine. Echinacea also has antiviral activity against influenza viruses in vitro and has traditionally been used to treat colds and flu. &nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22502621/" target="_blank" data-ref="Use of a standardized extract from Echinacea angustifolia (Polinacea) for the prevention of respiratory tract infections - PubMed" rel="noopener">[ref. 6]</a>&nbsp;

Clinacanthus-siamensis

Clinacanthus siamensis

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Clinacanthus siamensis leaf extract showed activity in in vitro and in vivo tests on influenza virus. After oral administration to mice, the extract produced higher antibodies against the influenza IgG and IgA virus compared to the drug used. These results suggest that Clinacanthus siamensis extract has a protective effect against influenza virus infection. &nbsp;<a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1348-0421.2008.00095.x" target="_blank" data-ref="Just a moment..." rel="noopener">[ref. 7]</a>&nbsp;

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The potential mechanisms of action of Clinacanthus siamensis include improving the production of IgG and IgA antibodies against influenza virus.

Punica-granatum

Punica granatum 

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Punica granatum (Pomegranate) has proven influenza properties. A polyphenolic pomegranate extract was also tested. It revealed suppression of influenza A virus replication in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. Pomegranate polyphenol extract also prevents the agglutination (a process of binding cells, bacteria, small particles of similar size) of red blood cells in chickens from influenza virus, inhibits viral RNA replication and has a virucidal effect.

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The potential mechanisms of action of Punica granatum include suppression of viral replication and virucidal effect, particularly pronounced in influenza virus type A.

Psidium-guajava-Linn.-(guava-tea)

Psidium guajava Linn. (guava tea)

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Psidium guajava Linn. (guava tea), which is prepared by the method of infusion, significantly inhibits the growth of clinical isolates of influenza A (H1N1). Guava tea inhibits viral haemagglutination and sialidase activity. It appears to be effective in controlling epidemic and pandemic influenza viruses, including oseltamivir-resistant strains. &nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0166354212000563" target="_blank" data-ref="Redirecting" rel="noopener">[ref. 8]</a>&nbsp;

Epimedium-koreanum-Nakai

Epimedium koreanum Nakai

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A plant known as Epimedium koreanum Nakai (Korean epimedium) is widely used in traditional Korean and Chinese medicine to treat a variety of ailments. An aqueous extract of the plant was evaluated in vitro and in vivo in a recent study. It is effective against various subtypes of influenza A by significantly reducing viral replication. &nbsp;<a href="https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/7/1/352" target="_blank" data-ref="Epimedium koreanum Nakai Displays Broad Spectrum of Antiviral Activity in Vitro and in Vivo by Inducing Cellular Antiviral State" rel="noopener">[ref. 9]</a>&nbsp;

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The mechanism of antiviral activity was revealed when an aqueous extract of Epimedium koreanum Nakai induced the secretion of type I interferon and pro-inflammatory cytokines and the subsequent stimulation of antiviral activity in cells. Oral administration of the extract showed a preventive effect on mice against lethal doses of highly pathogenic influenza A subtypes.&nbsp;

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It was concluded that Epimedium koreanum Nakai extract and its constituents play the role of immunomodulators in the immune response and may be promising candidates for prophylactic or therapeutic treatment of influenza A subtypes (H1N1, H5N2, H7N3, H9N2).

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The potential mechanisms of action of Epimedium koreanum Nakai include:&nbsp;

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Reduction of viral replication</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Increased secretion of type I interferon and pro-inflammatory cytokines</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Immunomodulation</li></ul>

Scutellaria-baicalensis-(Baikalin)

Scutellaria baicalensis (Baikalin)

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A Chinese herb known as Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (baicalin) is used to treat the common cold, fever, and influenza virus infections. In cell culture and in mice, baikalin revealed its antiviral activity, which increased with dose. This indicates that baikalin affects the multiplication of the virus.&nbsp;

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The researchers concluded that baikalin acts as a neuraminidase inhibitor with different inhibitory activities that are effective against different strains of influenza A virus in both vitro and in vivo, and that baikalin has potential in the treatment of influenza virus infections.&nbsp;

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Its potential mechanisms of action can be summarized as:&nbsp;

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Neuraminidase inhibitor</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Prevention of virus multiplication</li></ul>

Paeonia-lactiflora-Pall.-(Bai-Shao)

Paeonia lactiflora Pall. (Bai Shao)

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The root of Paeonia lactiflora Pall. (Bai Shao) - a type of Chinese herb, is used in many recipes to treat viral infections and liver diseases. The synthesis of both viral RNA and viral protein was extremely inhibited when the cells were treated with Bai Shao extract. One study showed that the extract inhibited viral haemagglutination and viral binding to and penetration into host cells. The authors conclude that Paeonia lactiflora possesses antiviral activity and has the prospect of development as a flu agent. &nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/6/4/1861" target="_blank" data-ref="Characterization of the Anti-Influenza Activity of the Chinese Herbal Plant Paeonia lactiflora" rel="noopener">[ref. 10]</a>&nbsp;

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The potential mechanisms of action of Paeonia lactiflora Pall. Include:&nbsp;

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Viral RNA inhibition and viral protein synthesis</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Viral haemagglutination</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Viral binding and penetration into host&nbsp;cells</li></ul>

Many herbal therapeutics have scientific evidence of action against respiratory viruses. Herbal remedies, such as mao, licorice roots, North American ginseng, echinacea, pomegranate, guava tea, and Bai Shao, are effective in treating upper respiratory tract infections. There is scientific evidence for the supportive effects of all of these complementary therapeutics in influenza viruses and common cold.&nbsp;

punica

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