Pus is an exudate, typically white-yellow, yellow, or yellow-brown, formed at the site of inflammation during bacterial or fungal infection. An accumulation of pus in an enclosed tissue space is known as an abscess, whereas a visible collection of pus within or beneath the epidermis is known as a pustule, pimple or spot.

Pus consists of a thin, protein-rich fluid (historically known as liquor puris) and dead leukocytes from the body's immune response (mostly neutrophils). During infection, macrophages ...

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What-exactly-is-angina-(acute-tonsillitis)?

What exactly is angina (acute tonsillitis)? 

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Tonsillitis or inflammation of the tonsils is a viral or bacterial infection that leads to inflammation of the tonsils (Latin: tonsillae) and throat. Tonsillitis tonsils lose their ability to fight infection and can even become a source of infection on their own.&nbsp;

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There are many potential viral and bacterial causes, but the most common source of tonsillitis is a dangerous bacterium called streptococcus pyogenes. 1

Symptoms-of-angina-(acute-tonsillitis)

Symptoms of angina (acute tonsillitis)  

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The incubation period of tonsillitis from the moment when we are exposed to the infectious causative agent to the onset of the disease - about 2-4 days. In some cases, it may be even faster.

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Symptoms of tonsillitis are:

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Fatigue.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Headache.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Muscle pain.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Sore throat.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Swelling of the tonsils and the associated difficulty swallowing or even inability to swallow solid food</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Hoarse voice.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Cough.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Pain in the ears.&nbsp;</li></ul>Some other symptoms may include nausea and vomiting, stuffy nose, enlarged and painful lymph nodes, and swollen nodes in the front of the neck. The throat and tonsils are usually reddish or white pus spots may even appear on the tonsils &ndash; visible as a white film or white spots. Fever sometimes does not appear at all or appears earlier than sore throat and difficulty swallowing.

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Tonsillitis, especially if left untreated, can lead to complications. Large purulent inflammation of the tonsils can even lead to a risk of suffocation associated with the penetration of purulent inflammation deeper into the tissues of the throat under the tonsils, where the so-called tonsils is formed. abscess (purulent deposit). An abscess is a cavity filled with pus, and this complication is accompanied by severe pain and swelling usually on one side of the throat and area under the jaw. From here it can spread practically anywhere.&nbsp;

Causes-of-angina

Causes of angina 

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Angina is an acute inflammation caused most often by viruses (90-95%, also infectious mononucleosis caused by Epstein-Barr virus) and by bacteria (Streptococcus pyogenes is responsible for most cases of streptococcal pharyngitis and tonsillitis).&nbsp;

Acute-pharyngitis-or-tonsillitis?-How-do-we-recognize-it?

Acute pharyngitis or tonsillitis? How do we recognize it? 

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Streptococcal pharyngitis and tonsillitis are characterized by a sudden onset - severe sore throat, temperature, brightly reddened and enlarged tonsils with purulent deposits, enlarged cervical lymph nodes. Most often sick children aged 5-15 years. On the other hand, with viral inflammation - a cold, there is a sore throat, a slight temperature or normal body temperature, cough, runny nose, reddened throat and tonsils. In mononucleosis, we can also observe generalized lymphadenopathy, abdominal pain and tonsil plaques.

How-is-acute-tonsillitis-treated?

How is acute tonsillitis treated? 

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Whether tonsillitis is caused by a viral or bacterial infection, home care strategies can aid recovery.

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If a virus is the cause of tonsillitis, these strategies are the only treatment. Then antibiotics will not be prescribed. Here's what&nbsp; can be done in the meantime:

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">More time for rest and sleep.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Optimal hydration through sufficient fluids.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Warm liquids - broth, decaffeinated tea or warm water with honey can soothe a sore throat. You can also try gargling with salt water.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Humidify the air through a device to remove dry air, which can further irritate the sore throat.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Lozenges. Children over 4 years of age can suck lozenges to relieve sore throat.</li></ul>If tonsillitis is caused by a bacterial infection, your doctor will prescribe a course of antibiotics. Penicillin, taken orally for 10 days, is the most common antibiotic treatment prescribed for tonsillitis caused by group A streptococci. In case of penicillin allergy, your doctor will prescribe an alternative antibiotic, with other options being Clindamycin and Cephalosporin.

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If a child is ill, then it is important to take the full course of antibiotics as prescribed, even if the symptoms disappear completely. Not taking the whole medication as prescribed may cause the infection to worsen or spread to other parts of the body.&nbsp;

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Failure to complete a full course of antibiotics can, in particular, increase the risk of rheumatic fever and serious kidney inflammation. In this case, you may want to ask your pediatrician about probiotics to support the immune system, as well as other remedies such as vitamins and minerals.

Herbal-remedies-for-angina-(acute-tonsillitis)

Herbal remedies for angina (acute tonsillitis) 

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There are a number of home remedies that can effectively reduce the symptoms of acute tonsillitis.

Gargle-with-salt-water-in-angina

Gargle with salt water in angina 

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Gargling and rinsing with warm salt water can help soothe sore throat and pain caused by tonsillitis. It can also reduce inflammation and may even help treat infections.

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Stir about 1/2 teaspoon of salt in about 150 ml. hot water. Stir until the salt dissolves. Gargle and rinse your mouth for a few seconds and then spit out. You can rinse with plain water.

Warm-tea-with-raw-honey-for-angina

Warm tea with raw honey for angina 

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Hot drinks such as tea can help reduce the discomfort that can occur as a result of tonsillitis. Raw honey, often added to tea, has strong antibacterial properties and can help treat tonsillitis-causing infections. &nbsp;<a href="https://ebm.bmj.com/content/26/2/57" target="_blank" data-ref="Effectiveness of honey for symptomatic relief in upper respiratory tract infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis" rel="noopener">[ref. 1]</a>&nbsp;

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Drink the tea warm instead of hot and mix the honey until dissolved. Some teas may enhance the benefits of this home remedy. Ginger tea, for example, is a strong anti-inflammatory, as is fennel tea, which can help reduce inflammation and discomfort.

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Onions for angina 

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Onions are capable of much more than adding a distinctive taste and aroma to food. Onions are useful in tonsillitis as it serves to improve the body's ability to fight infections.

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Add a few tablespoons of onion juice to one glass of warm water and gargle the mixture several times each day. Onions can cause bad breath, but at least it will relieve painful tonsils.&nbsp;

Apple-cider-vinegar-for-angina

Apple cider vinegar for angina 

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Apple cider vinegar is a natural product with properties that can help in the treatment of infections. A small amount of apple cider vinegar daily supports the immune system. This remedy can even prevent the recurrence of tonsillitis, but to cure yourself, gargling is more effective.

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Add half a tablespoon of apple cider vinegar to a little warm water. Gargle with the resulting mixture and then spit out. Repeat the same procedure several times each day.

Ginger-for-angina

Ginger for angina 

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Ginger has a spicy aroma with a refreshing taste. At the same time, it also has powerful anti-inflammatory properties that have been proven in numerous studies. 3

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Mix a tablespoon of ginger root juice with a tablespoon of honey and a few tablespoons of warm water to make a gargle liquid. Gargle with the mixture several times a day to relieve tonsillitis.

Fenugreek-seeds-for-angina

Fenugreek seeds for angina 

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Fenugreek seeds are useful for relieving tonsillitis, pneumonia and several other infections. These seeds should be mixed in warm water to prepare for gargling.

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Boil about a tablespoon of fenugreek seeds in water, let cool to room temperature, and then use them to gargle. Repeat for a few days and let the antibacterial forces of the seeds take effect.

Tulsi-(Holy-Basil)

Tulsi (Holy Basil)

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You can calm the sore throat with the help of tulsi (Ocimum tenuiflorum). Holy basil is used to treat sore throats, coughs and colds. Boiled water with tulsi leaves gives a calming effect to patients with sore throat. Also, tulsi acts as an adaptogen, a substance that helps counteract the effects of stress in the body. 4

Symptoms of acute tonsillitis include sore throat and pain when swallowing, fever, cough, swollen lymph nodes in the neck and headache. The condition is usually not serious, but it can be painful and unpleasant for sufferers and in severe cases can prevent people from eating or even breathing properly. If left untreated, it can lead to complications. Antibiotics are prescribed only if bacterial infection is the cause of the disease. In case it is a viral causative agent, it is approached with more rest, sleep, hydration and strengthening immunity with the help of herbal remedies.

Angina (acute tonsillitis) - symptoms, causes and herbal remedies for angina

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Angina (acute tonsillitis) - symptoms, causes and herbal remedies

Бетина Цветкова

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Text adaptation: Rositsa Tashkova, Master of Molecular Biology and Microbiology

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The Russian state occupies vast territories with diverse climatic conditions and includes many peoples and their culture. This makes especially interesting the study of Russian folk medicine.

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Medicinal plants have been used in the lands that made up modern Russia since ancient times. A study of numerous written sources shows that herbal treatments were applied by the Scythians living in the northern territories along the Black Sea coast between the Dniester and Don rivers (from the 7th century BC to the 1st century AD).

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The Novgorod Chronicles describe the use of "mold from the bathroom" to treat wounds and how it would have prevented the development of an infection even before penicillin was found in the UK seven centuries later.

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In 1581 Tsar Ivan IV (1530-1584) ordered the establishment of the first pharmacy to supply the king's yard, as well as the founding of the Pharmaceutical House, which was responsible for collecting medicinal plants from the Russian lands.

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The collection and use of medicinal plants became particularly widespread during the reign of Peter I (1672-1725), who personally cultivated medicinal herbs in his private garden. &nbsp;

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This article is dedicated to the most common herbal recipes from Russian folk medicine for the treatment of various dermatological diseases. The used medicinal plants are well known and available around the world. The information is taken from the article "Russian traditional medicine in dermatology", published in 2018 in the journal Clinics in Dermatology. [<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0738081X18300439" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.1</a>]

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The authors Prof. Dr. Olisova, Prof. Dr. Snarskaya, Prof. Dr. Smooth and Prof. Dr. Burova are dermatologists with years of experience in Moscow and London.

Russian-herbal-recipes-for-vitiligo

Russian herbal recipes for vitiligo

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Vitiligo is considered an autoimmune disease associated with other autoimmune conditions, including <a href="https://www.sanat.io/bul/p/vsichko_za_diabiet_tip_1_na_iedno_miasto_751da342_2d55_43af_ae7f_1e1c89cd3800" target="_blank" rel="noopener">type </a><a href="https://www.sanat.io/bul/p/vsichko_za_diabiet_tip_1_na_iedno_miasto_751da342_2d55_43af_ae7f_1e1c89cd3800" target="_blank" rel="noopener">1 diabetes mellitus</a>, alopecia areata, <a href="https://www.sanat.io/bul/p/kakvo_ie_boliest_na_kron_i_kak_sie_diaghnostitsira_f1bbb289_7915_4718_983b_21a0ff00feaa" target="_blank" rel="noopener">inflammatory bowel disease</a>, <a href="https://www.sanat.io/bul/p/aniemiia_kolko_vida_sshchiestvuvat_kakvo_da_iadiem_kak_da_kombiniramie_khranitie" target="_blank" rel="noopener">pernicious anemia</a>, rheumatoid arthritis and thyroid diseases.

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It has been found that in patients with vitiligo there are higher levels of antibodies against the thyroid gland.

St.-John's-wort-(Hypericum-perforatum)

1. St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum)

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One of the herbs most commonly used in Russian traditional medicine for the treatment of vitiligo is St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum). The plant contains flavonoids, niacin, vitamin C and carotene, protein, calcium, zinc, magnesium, sodium and potassium, tannins, anthraquinones, saponins, fats, oils and proteins.

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The most important quality of St. John's wort in the treatment of vitiligo is its photosensitive effect. The herb should be used with caution due to numerous reports of side effects, including activation of cytochrome P450, which can affect the metabolism of many drugs.

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It is also known to affect thyroid function, causing increased levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and should be taken with caution by patients with thyroid disease and those who use medicine to treat it, especially hormones.

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<h4>Recipe #1: Hypericum perforatum in olive oil</h4>

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Preparation: Fill a small glass jar with St. John's wort flowers, leaving 4-5 cm of empty space on top. Add extra virgin olive oil to the jar and place in the sun (not in the shade, but in direct sunlight) for at least 2 weeks, shaking it every day.

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After this period of time, remove the flowers from the mixture and add a new fresh portion of them. Leave the jar in the sun for another 2 weeks.

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This should be repeated 5 to 7 times.

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Since St. John's wort blooms all summer, there should be no problems with the sourcing of raw materials.

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The thus obtained extract of St. John's wort should be red-brown in color, with a creamy consistency.

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Method of application: Compresses are made, as a piece of gauze or other suitable tissue is soaked in the extract and placed on the affected areas. The compress should be applied for about 30 minutes.

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Application is followed by exposure of treated areas to sunlight. Attention, attention! The first time sun exposure should not exceed 2 minutes. Over time, sun exposure may be increased by a few minutes each day until it reaches a maximum of 30 minutes.

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This procedure should be performed twice a day for 30 days. Two&nbsp;to three cycles with 2-week breaks between each cycle are recommended.

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To increase the effectiveness of the treatment of vitiligo when using the oil extract of St. John's wort, it is advisable to take and infusion of&nbsp;St. John's wort at the same time.

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<h4>Recipe #2: St. John's wort infusion</h4>

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Preparation: 1 teaspoon ground dried St. John's wort is poured with about 200 ml of boiling water and allowed to stand for 1 hour.

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Method of administration: Remove the plant parts and take 1 tablespoon of the infusion, 3 times a day after a meal, for 21 days. In order for the treatment to be effective, it is necessary to repeat this course 8 times with one-week breaks in between.

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<h4>Recipe #3:&nbsp;Hypericum perforatum cream</h4>

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Preparation: Preheat 50 ml of olive oil mixed with 5 grams of ground dried St. John's wort in a water bath for half an hour. After cooling, the mixture should be filtered through gauze. The resulting cream should be stored in a dark glass in a cool place.

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Method of application: put the cream on a piece of dense fabric and apply it daily as a compress for 30-40 minutes on the area affected by vitiligo.

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The course of treatment takes 40 days. Application of the cream should be combined with an internal intake of the st. John's wort infusion, prepared according to the recipe described above.

Common-Duckweed-(Lemna-minor)

2. Common Duckweed (Lemna minor)

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Another effective herb used in Russian traditional medicine for the treatment of vitiligo is the common duckweed&nbsp;(Lemna minor, a freshwater plant). The healing properties of the plant are due to the significant amount of iodine, bromine and proteins. It has antipyretic, powerful anti-inflammatory and mild analgesic and cholagogic properties.

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It is recommended to avoid it during pregnancy or lactation.

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<h4>Recipe #4: Duckweed drops for oral intake</h4>

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Preparation: Mix one spoonful of raw plant material with 50 ml of vodka. The required amount of herb must be measured, washed under running water and then placed in a dark opaque glass container. Pour vodka or 40% medical ethanol until the plant mass is covered.

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The liquid is allowed to stand for a week at room temperature in a dark place. Then filter through a medical gauze. This medicine should be stored in a cool and dark place.

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Method of administration: Take 15 - 20 drops per quarter glass of water three times a day.

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<h4>Recipe #5: Duckweed infusion for oral intake</h4>

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Preparation: Boil one teaspoon of ground herb in 250 ml of water for 15 minutes. Filter the infusion after 1 our.

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Method of administration: Take one cup of the infuion 15 minutes before a meal, three times a day, for four months.

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<h4>Recipe #6: Duckweed with honey for oral intake</h4>

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Preparation: One tablespoon of duckweed is grinded using a blender and stirred with an equal amount of honey. The mixture should be placed in a glass jar with a lid and stored in a refrigerator.

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Method of administration: One teaspoon per day is taken at breakfast, lunch and dinner, for 2 years. It is difficult to achieve the desired effect with a shorter intake.

Russian-herbal-remedies-for-the-treatment-of-pyoderma

Russian herbal remedies for the treatment of pyoderma

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Pioderma is a group of skin diseases that include purulent-inflammatory skin lesions, caused by certain types of bacteria - staphylococci, streptococci.

Krantz-aloe-or-candelabra-aloe-(Aloe-arborescens)

1. Krantz aloe or candelabra aloe (Aloe arborescens)

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The strong antimicrobial effect of candelabra aloe (Aloe arborescens) makes it useful in the treatment of whitlows (purulent inflammation of the finger, often around the nail) and furuncles.

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The leaves of the aloe plant contain complex glucosides, vitamins (especially vitamin C), phytoncides, enzymes, calcium and magnesium. The soft pulp (gel in the leaves) of aloe contains 96% water and 4% polysaccharides and other substances.

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It can improve the body's immune responses by stimulating phagocytosis, increasing the number of T-cells in the blood and at the same time suppressing the synthesis of inflammatory interleukin-1a.

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Russian folk medicine for healthy skin. Part 1: herbal remedies for vitiligo, infections, warts

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