Rheum is a genus of about 60 herbaceous perennial plants in the family Polygonaceae. Species are native to eastern Europe, southern and eastern temperate Asia, with a few reaching into northern tropical Asia. Rheum is cultivated in Europe and North America.  The genus includes the vegetable rhubarb. The species have large somewhat triangular shaped leaves with long, fleshy petioles. The flowers are small, greenish-white to rose-red, and grouped in large compound leafy inflorescences.  A number of ...

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1.Widespread-Pain

1.Widespread Pain

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Widespread pain affecting both sides of the body, above and below the waist, is a hallmark of fibromyalgia. This deep, burning ache can hinder daily activities and is often accompanied by tender points at specific locations.<a href="https://chat.openai.com/?model=text-davinci-002-render-sha#user-content-fn-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&nbsp;</a>

2.Fatigue

2.Fatigue_1_0

Chronic Fatigue is a common symptom of fibromyalgia, leading to persistent tiredness even after rest. This fatigue can impact cognitive function, memory, and overall productivity, affecting the individual's quality of life.<a href="https://chat.openai.com/?model=text-davinci-002-render-sha#user-content-fn-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&nbsp;</a>

3.Sleep-Disturbances

3.Sleep Disturbances

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&nbsp;Fibromyalgia patients frequently experience sleep disturbances, such as difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep, leading to unrefreshing sleep patterns. Addressing sleep issues is crucial in managing fibromyalgia symptoms.<a href="https://chat.openai.com/?model=text-davinci-002-render-sha#user-content-fn-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&nbsp;</a>

4.Cognitive-Impairment-(Fibro-Fog)

4.Cognitive Impairment (Fibro Fog)

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&nbsp;"Fibro fog" is characterized by cognitive impairments, including memory lapses, difficulty concentrating, and mental confusion. Managing stress and employing memory aids can help individuals cope with fibro fog.<a href="https://chat.openai.com/?model=text-davinci-002-render-sha#user-content-fn-4" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&nbsp;</a>

4.Cognitive-Impairment-(Fibro-Fog)_3_1

5.Tender-Points

5.Tender Points

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&nbsp;Tender points are localized areas on the body that are exceptionally sensitive to touch. These tender points are typically found around the neck, shoulders, chest, hips, and knees.<a href="https://chat.openai.com/?model=text-davinci-002-render-sha#user-content-fn-5" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&nbsp;</a>

6.Headaches

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&nbsp;Chronic headaches, including migraines, are prevalent among fibromyalgia patients and can exacerbate overall discomfort. Proper headache management strategies are essential for improving the quality of life.<a href="https://chat.openai.com/?model=text-davinci-002-render-sha#user-content-fn-6" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&nbsp;</a>

7.Irritable-Bowel-Syndrome-(IBS)

7.Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)

7.Irritable-Bowel-Syndrome-(IBS)_6_0

&nbsp;Fibromyalgia and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) often coexist. Patients may experience abdominal pain, bloating, constipation, or diarrhea. A balanced diet and stress reduction techniques may help manage IBS symptoms.<a href="https://chat.openai.com/?model=text-davinci-002-render-sha#user-content-fn-7" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&nbsp;</a>

7.Irritable-Bowel-Syndrome-(IBS)_6_1

8.Sensitivity-to-Temperature,-Light,-and-Noise

8.Sensitivity to Temperature, Light, and Noise

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&nbsp;Individuals with fibromyalgia may have heightened sensitivity to temperature, bright lights, and loud noises. Reducing exposure to triggers and practicing relaxation techniques may alleviate symptoms.<a href="https://chat.openai.com/?model=text-davinci-002-render-sha#user-content-fn-8" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&nbsp;</a>

9.Anxiety-and-Depression

9.Anxiety and Depression

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&nbsp;Living with chronic pain and fatigue can lead to anxiety and depression in fibromyalgia patients. Mental health support and therapies can be valuable in managing these conditions alongside fibromyalgia treatment.<a href="https://chat.openai.com/?model=text-davinci-002-render-sha#user-content-fn-9" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&nbsp;</a>

Herbs-and-Natural-Remedies-for-Fibromyalgia

Herbs and Natural Remedies for Fibromyalgia

Herbs-and-Natural-Remedies-for-Fibromyalgia_9_0

While there is no cure for fibromyalgia, some herbs and natural remedies may complement conventional treatments and alleviate symptoms. However, it's essential to consult a healthcare provider before trying any new treatment. Here are a few beneficial options:

Turmeric-(Curcuma-longa)

Turmeric (Curcuma longa)

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Curcumin, the active compound in turmeric, possesses anti-inflammatory properties that may help reduce pain and inflammation associated with fibromyalgia. Incorporate turmeric into your diet or try curcumin supplements under medical supervision.

Turmeric-(Curcuma-longa)_9_1

Devil's-Claw-(Harpagophytum-procumbens)

Devil's Claw (Harpagophytum procumbens)

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&nbsp;Devil's Claw is known for its anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties, potentially helping relieve muscle pain and stiffness. Prepare a soothing herbal tea using Devil's Claw root.

Lavender-(Lavandula-angustifolia)

Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia)

Lavender-(Lavandula-angustifolia)_9_0

Lavender essential oil has calming properties that may aid in reducing anxiety and improving sleep quality. Diffuse lavender oil in your bedroom or add a few drops to a warm bath before bedtime.

Questions-and-Answers

Questions and Answers

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Q: Can fibromyalgia symptoms vary between individuals?

Questions-and-Answers_10_1

A: Yes, fibromyalgia symptoms can differ from person to person. While widespread pain is a common symptom, the intensity and specific areas affected can vary widely.

Questions-and-Answers_10_2

Questions-and-Answers_10_3

Q: Are there any lifestyle changes that can help manage fibromyalgia symptoms?

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A: Yes, lifestyle changes such as regular exercise, stress management techniques, and a balanced diet can contribute to managing fibromyalgia symptoms.

Questions-and-Answers_10_5

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Q: Can fibromyalgia symptoms come and go?

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A: Yes, fibromyalgia symptoms can be episodic, with periods of flare-ups and remission.

Questions-and-Answers_10_8

Questions-and-Answers_10_9

Q: Are there any specific trigger factors for fibromyalgia?

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A: While the exact cause of fibromyalgia is unknown, some trigger factors like physical or emotional trauma, infections, or genetic predisposition may contribute to its development.

Questions-and-Answers_10_11

Questions-and-Answers_10_12

Q: Is fibromyalgia more common in certain age groups?

Questions-and-Answers_10_13

A: Fibromyalgia can affect people of all ages, but it is more commonly diagnosed in middle-aged individuals, especially women. However, it can also occur in children and older adults.

References

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">National Fibromyalgia Association. "What Is Fibromyalgia?"<a href="https://fmaware.org/about-fibromyalgia/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> </a></li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Arnold LM, et al. "A Double-Blind, Multicenter Trial Comparing Duloxetine With Placebo in the Treatment of Fibromyalgia Patients With or Without Major Depressive Disorder." Arthritis Rheum. 2004; 50(9): 2974&ndash;2984. DOI: 10.1002/art.20485.<a href="https://chat.openai.com/?model=text-davinci-002-render-sha#user-content-fnref-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> </a></li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Haack M, et al. "Sleep research in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome: past, present and future." Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2011; 25(2): 271-284. DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2011.01.008.<a href="https://chat.openai.com/?model=text-davinci-002-render-sha#user-content-fnref-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> </a></li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Glass JM. "Fibromyalgia and cognition." J Clin Psychiatry. 2008; 69 Suppl 2: 20-4. PMID: 18494547.<a href="https://chat.openai.com/?model=text-davinci-002-render-sha#user-content-fnref-4" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> </a></li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Wolfe F, et al. "The American College of Rheumatology 1990 Criteria for the Classification of Fibromyalgia." Arthritis Rheum. 1990; 33(2): 160-172. DOI: 10.1002/art.1780330203.<a href="https://chat.openai.com/?model=text-davinci-002-render-sha#user-content-fnref-5" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> </a></li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Fern&aacute;ndez-de-las-Pe&ntilde;as C, Cuadrado ML, Gerwin RD, Pareja JA. "Myofascial trigger points and their relationship to headache clinical parameters in chronic tension-type headache." Headache. 2006; 46(8):1264-1272. DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2006.00566.x.<a href="https://chat.openai.com/?model=text-davinci-002-render-sha#user-content-fnref-6" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> </a></li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Reme SE, Darnley S, Kennedy T, Chalder T. "Predictors of treatment outcome in individuals with chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis: a systematic review of the literature." Psychol Med. 2014; 44(14): 2867-2880. DOI: 10.1017/S0033291714000130.<a href="https://chat.openai.com/?model=text-davinci-002-render-sha#user-content-fnref-7" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> </a></li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Sener G, et al. "Melatonin reduces oxidative stress and apoptotic markers in the ileum and distal colon of rats with colitis." Dig Dis Sci. 2009; 54(4): 704-712. DOI: 10.1007/s10620-008-0405-2.<a href="https://chat.openai.com/?model=text-davinci-002-render-sha#user-content-fnref-8" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> </a></li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Okifuji A, Hare BD. "The association between chronic pain and obesity." J Pain Res. 2015; 8: 399-408. DOI: 10.2147/JPR.S55598.<a href="https://chat.openai.com/?model=text-davinci-002-render-sha#user-content-fnref-9" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&nbsp;</a></li></ul>

Recognizing the symptoms of fibromyalgia is crucial for early detection and proper management of this chronic condition. Widespread pain, chronic fatigue, sleep disturbances, cognitive impairments, and tenderness in specific points are common indicators. Additionally, heightened sensitivity, headaches, IBS, anxiety, and depression are prevalent among fibromyalgia patients. While natural remedies like turmeric, devil's claw, and lavender may offer complementary support, it is essential to seek professional medical advice for a personalized treatment plan. Taking a proactive approach to understanding fibromyalgia can lead to a better quality of life

9 Symptoms You Need to Know to Identify Fibromyalgia

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Why-are-the-kidneys-so-important?

Why are the kidneys so important? 

Why-are-the-kidneys-so-important?_0_0

Why-are-the-kidneys-so-important?_0_1

Most people know that the main function of the kidneys is to remove waste products and excess fluid from the body. These waste products and excess fluid are removed through the urine. Urine production involves extremely complex stages of excretion and re-absorption. This process is necessary to maintain a stable balance of chemicals in the body. &nbsp;<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538339/" target="_blank" data-ref="Page not available - NCBI BookshelfTwitterFacebookLinkedInGitHubNCBI Insights BlogTwitterFacebookYoutube" rel="noopener">[ref. 1]</a>&nbsp;

Why-are-the-kidneys-so-important?_0_2

Crucial regulation of the content of salt, potassium and acid in the body is carried out by the kidneys. The kidneys also produce hormones that affect the function of other organs. For example, a hormone produced by the kidneys stimulates the production of red blood cells. Other hormones produced by the kidneys help regulate blood pressure and control calcium metabolism. &nbsp;<a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2752067" target="_blank" data-ref="Chronic Kidney Disease Diagnosis and Management" rel="noopener">[ref. 2]</a>&nbsp;

Why-are-the-kidneys-so-important?_0_3

Why-are-the-kidneys-so-important?_0_4

The kidneys are small but powerful chemical factories that perform the following important functions:

Why-are-the-kidneys-so-important?_0_5

<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Removal of waste products from the body</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Removal of drugs from the body&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Balancing fluids in the body, including maintaining electrolyte balance</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Release of hormones that regulate blood pressure</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Producing an active form of vitamin D that promotes healthy and healthy bones &nbsp;<a href="https://journals.lww.com/cjasn/pages/default.aspx" target="_blank" data-ref="Just a moment..." rel="noopener">[ref. 3]</a>&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Controlling the production of red blood cells</li></ul>

What-is-chronic-kidney-disease?

What is chronic kidney disease? 

What-is-chronic-kidney-disease?_1_0

What-is-chronic-kidney-disease?_1_1

Chronic kidney disease includes conditions that damage your kidneys and reduce their ability to keep you healthy by filtering waste from your blood. If kidney disease worsens, waste can reach high levels in the blood and cause unpleasant symptoms and complications such as:

What-is-chronic-kidney-disease?_1_2

<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">High blood pressure</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Anemia&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Weak bones</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Poor nutrient absorption</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Nerve damage</li></ul>Kidney disease also increases the risk of heart and blood vessel disease. These problems can appear slowly and progress for a long time.&nbsp;

What-is-chronic-kidney-disease?_1_3

Early detection and treatment can often prevent chronic kidney disease from deteriorating as well as sparing health. As kidney disease progresses, it can eventually lead to kidney failure, requiring dialysis or kidney transplantation to sustain life.

What-are-some-of-the-causes-of-chronic-kidney-disease?

What are some of the causes of chronic kidney disease? 

What-are-some-of-the-causes-of-chronic-kidney-disease?_2_0

What-are-some-of-the-causes-of-chronic-kidney-disease?_2_1

Chronic kidney disease from a clinical point of view is defined as the presence of some type of renal abnormality or "marker", such as protein in the urine and decreased kidney function for three months or more.

What-are-some-of-the-causes-of-chronic-kidney-disease?_2_2

There are many causes of chronic kidney disease. The kidneys can be affected by diseases such as diabetes and high blood pressure. Some kidney diseases are hereditary, that is, there is a family history.

What-are-some-of-the-causes-of-chronic-kidney-disease?_2_3

Others are innate; This means that people can be born with an abnormality that can affect their kidneys. Below are some of the most common types and causes of kidney damage.

What-are-some-of-the-causes-of-chronic-kidney-disease?_2_4

<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1"> Diabetes is a disease in which your body does not produce enough insulin or cannot use normal amounts of insulin properly. This leads to a high blood sugar level, which can cause problems in many parts of your body. Diabetes is the leading cause of kidney disease. IV</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">High blood pressure (also known as hypertension) is another common cause of kidney disease and other complications, such as heart attacks and strokes. High blood pressure occurs when the strength of the blood against the walls of the arteries increases. When high blood pressure is controlled, the risk of complications such as chronic kidney disease is lower. </li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Glomerulonephritis is a disease that causes inflammation of the small filtering units of the kidneys called glomeruli. Glomerulonephritis can occur suddenly, for example, after strep throat, and a person can get well again. However, the disease can develop slowly over several years and can cause progressive loss of kidney function. </li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Polycystic kidney disease is the most common hereditary kidney disease. It is characterized by the formation of kidney cysts, which enlarge over time and can cause serious kidney damage and even kidney failure. Other hereditary diseases that affect the kidneys include Alport's syndrome, primary hyperoxaluria and cystinuria.</li></ul>

What-are-the-early-symptoms-of-chronic-kidney-failure?

What are the early symptoms of chronic kidney failure? 

What-are-the-early-symptoms-of-chronic-kidney-failure?_3_0

Most people may not have serious symptoms until their kidney disease is advanced. However, you may notice:

What-are-the-early-symptoms-of-chronic-kidney-failure?_3_1

<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Fatigue and less energy</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Problems with concentration</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Impaired appetite</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Sleep problems</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Muscle cramps at night</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Swollen legs and ankles</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Puffiness around the eyes, especially in the morning</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Dry, itchy skin</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Need to urinate more often, especially at night</li></ul>Common signs of chronic renal failure include markers used to diagnose reduced GFR, decreased albumin, urinary protein, elevated creatinine or cystatin and markers of underlying conditions dyslipidemia, high blood pressure, glycemic dysregulation, and elevated uric acid levels. Some of these will be further discussed in a separate paragraph.

What-are-the-warning-signs-of-kidney-disease?

What are the warning signs of kidney disease? 

What-are-the-warning-signs-of-kidney-disease?_4_0

Kidney disease usually affects both kidneys. If the kidneys' ability to filter blood is seriously damaged by disease, waste and excess fluid can accumulate in the body. Although many forms of kidney disease do not cause symptoms until the end of the course of the disease, there are six warning signs of kidney disease:

What-are-the-warning-signs-of-kidney-disease?_4_1

<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">High blood pressure.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Blood and/or protein in the urine.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Blood test for creatinine and blood urea (BUN) outside the normal range. BUN and creatinine are wastes that build up in your blood when your kidney function is reduced.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) less than 60. GFR is a measure of kidney function.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">More frequent urination, especially at night; difficult or painful urination.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Puffiness around the eyes, swelling of the hands and feet.</li></ul>

How-is-chronic-kidney-disease-detected?

How is chronic kidney disease detected? 

How-is-chronic-kidney-disease-detected?_5_0

Early detection and treatment of chronic kidney disease are the key to protecting kidney disease from progression to kidney failure. Some tests can be made available for early detection of kidney disease. These include:

How-is-chronic-kidney-disease-detected?_5_1

<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Urine protein test. The albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) estimates the amount of albumin in the urine. Excess protein in your urine may mean that the filtering units of your kidney have been damaged by disease. One positive result may be due to fever or heavy exercise, so your doctor will want to confirm the result with retesting in a few weeks.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Test for creatinine in the blood. Your doctor should use your results, along with data such as age, race, gender, and other factors, to calculate glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Your GFR is an indicator of kidney function.&nbsp;</li></ul>

How-is-chronic-kidney-disease-detected?_5_2

Have-herbs-and-supplements-been-studied-for-use-in-chronic-kidney-disease?

Have herbs and supplements been studied for use in chronic kidney disease? 

Have-herbs-and-supplements-been-studied-for-use-in-chronic-kidney-disease?_6_0

The most common additives tested for use in chronic kidney disease are amino acid supplements used in conjunction with very low protein diets.&nbsp;

Have-herbs-and-supplements-been-studied-for-use-in-chronic-kidney-disease?_6_1

Others include alkalizing therapy with potassium citrate salts, vitamin D supplements, and omega-3 fatty acid supplements. Many other supplements have been studied, including vitamin E, antioxidant therapy, CoQ10, N-acetylcysteine, human recombinant superoxide dismutase, potassium, calcium enrichment, turmeric (Curcuma longa) and boswellia (Boswellia serrata), vitamin K, B vitamins, astragalus (Astragalus), cordyceps and Chinese rhubarb (Rheum officinale). &nbsp;<a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/13/2/469" target="_blank" data-ref="Systematic Review of Nutrition Supplements in Chronic Kidney Diseases: A GRADE Approach" rel="noopener">[ref. 4]</a>&nbsp;

Many kidney diseases can be successfully treated, but it depends on various factors. Careful control of diseases such as diabetes and high blood pressure can help prevent kidney disease or prevent progression. Sometimes chronic kidney disease can progress to kidney failure, requiring dialysis or kidney transplantation. Before it comes to this, however, there are many symptoms that signal a kidney problem and should not be ignored.&nbsp; In addition, a lot of research is being done to find a more effective treatment for all conditions that can cause chronic kidney disease. Some of them are urinary tract infections, glomerulonephritis, diabetes and others.

What are the early symptoms of chronic kidney disease?

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Бетина Цветкова

Traditional-Chinese-Medicine-for-Respiratory-Viruses

Traditional Chinese Medicine for Respiratory Viruses

Traditional-Chinese-Medicine-for-Respiratory-Viruses_0_0

Traditional-Chinese-Medicine-for-Respiratory-Viruses_0_1

The outbreak and spread of coronavirus infection (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused huge losses of lives and property around the world. Globally, as of 24 January 2023, there were 664,097,132 confirmed cases of COVID-19, including 6,716,108 deaths reported to the World Health Organization (WHO). &nbsp;<a href="https://covid19.who.int/" target="_blank" data-ref="WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard" rel="noopener">[ref. 1]</a>&nbsp;

Traditional-Chinese-Medicine-for-Respiratory-Viruses_0_2

SARS-CoV-2 is a wrapped, single-stranded, positive, β-coronavirus RNA virus that belongs to the subfamily Coronavirinae, family Coronavirdiae, order Nidovirales. SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted from person to person through respiratory droplets, a high concentration of aerosols, and sometimes through feces or urine. Currently, no approved specific antiviral drug is recommended to deal with COVID-19. Infection with it in more severe cases can lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), and even death.&nbsp;

Traditional-Chinese-Medicine-for-Respiratory-Viruses_0_3

It is well documented that traditional Chinese medicine has accumulated abundant clinical experience and effective prescriptions for the control and treatment of infectious diseases in about 500 epidemics that have occurred in China for more than 3,000 years in the past. &nbsp;<a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11655-020-3192-6?error=cookies_not_supported&amp;code=fe04f653-1cd7-469c-a455-8ebe8038b5f9" target="_blank" data-ref="Can Chinese Medicine Be Used for Prevention of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)? A Review of Historical Classics, Research Evidence and Current Prevention Programs - Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine" rel="noopener">[ref. 2]</a>&nbsp;

Traditional-Chinese-Medicine-for-Respiratory-Viruses_0_4

The combination therapy of traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine significantly reduces mortality, shortens the duration of fever, reduces abnormalities of chest X-rays, and relieves secondary fungal infections among patients receiving glucocorticoids in the fight against severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). &nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="https://www.liebertpub.com/action/cookieAbsent" target="_blank" data-ref="" rel="noopener">[ref. 3</a>] There is also evidence on the positive role of traditional Chinese medicine&nbsp; in the treatment of previous coronavirus pneumonias such as SARS, MERS and other epidemic diseases. <a href="https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/10.1142/S0192415X05002965" target="_blank" data-ref="Using Herbal Medicine as a Means of Prevention Experience During the SARS Crisis | The American Journal of Chinese Medicine" rel="noopener">[ref.</a>&nbsp;4]&nbsp;&nbsp;

Traditional-Chinese-medicine-in-the-treatment-of-COVID-19

Traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of COVID-19 

Traditional-Chinese-medicine-in-the-treatment-of-COVID-19_1_0

Traditional-Chinese-medicine-in-the-treatment-of-COVID-19_1_1

From the perspective of this medical system, the different stages of COVID-19 disease can be divided into mild, moderate, severe and critical. The main models in the mild stage include balancing the lungs and removing pathogenic factors. The main models in the moderate stage include elimination of heat and moisture, detoxification and invigoration of the spleen. The main heavy-stage models focus on toning qi and yin, ventilating qi on the lungs, co-healing the lungs and intestines. Finally, critical stage models require toning qi and preventing exhaustion, cooling blood and nourishing yin and restoring consciousness. Distinguishing each stage is one of the most important principles of TCM for the treatment of COVID-19.&nbsp;

Traditional-Chinese-medicine-in-the-treatment-of-COVID-19_1_2

Traditional Chinese medicine's recommended remedies for each stage of COVID-19 treatment include more than 18 natural remedies. Among them, highly recommended Chinese herbs are Scutellaria baicalensis (Huangqing), Rheum palmatum (Da Huang), Bupleurum&nbsp; chinense&nbsp; (Chai Hu), Gingko Biloba (Ping Yin), Artemisia annua (Huanghua Hao), Glycyrrhiza glabra&nbsp; (Gan Cao)&nbsp; and Zingiber officinale&nbsp; (Shen Jian).

Potential-mechanisms-of-the-most-commonly-used-Chinese-herbs-with-proven-antiviral-effect

Potential mechanisms of the most commonly used Chinese herbs with proven antiviral effect

Scutellaria-baicalensis-(Huangqing)

Scutellaria baicalensis (Huangqing)  

Scutellaria-baicalensis-(Huangqing)_2_0

Scutellaria baicalensis, commonly known as Shlenmnik Baikal or Chinese helmet, is a type of flowering plant in the family Lamiaceae. &nbsp; The main bioactive compounds extracted from the root of S. baicalensis are:

Scutellaria-baicalensis-(Huangqing)_2_1

<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Baikalin</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Vogonozide</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Baikalein Vogonin&nbsp;<a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S209592731630024X" target="_blank" data-ref="Redirecting" rel="noopener">[ref. 5]</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;</li></ul>Each of these active components is known to have physiological effects as well as cytotoxic or side effects when used in high concentrations. These flavones have been reported to have different pharmacological functions, including anticancer, hepatoprotective, antibacterial and antiviral, antioxidant, anticonvulsant and neuroprotective effects.&nbsp;

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Lung Fufang, a type of traditional recipe using Huangqing, has been found to be able to prolong the survival rate of patients with primary bronchial lung squamous cell carcinoma and has a similar effect in patients with NSCLC (non-small cell lung cancer). &nbsp;<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?journal=J+Tradit+Chin+Med+Pharm&amp;title=Reports+for+80+patients+with+bronchial+lung+squamous+carcinoma+(Mid+or+Late+Stage)+treated+Lung+FuFang+and+chemotherapy&amp;author=MQ+Pan&amp;author=YH+Li&amp;author=JA+Liu&amp;author=YX+Tan&amp;volume=5&amp;publication_year=1990&amp;pages=19-21&amp;" target="_blank" data-ref="Sorry..." rel="noopener">[ref. 6]</a>&nbsp;

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The plant exerts an antiviral effect and inhibits the activity of 3CLpro. It has a beneficial effect on the proper activity of the nervous system, favors the normal processes of sleep, nervous system, immune system and cardiovascular system.&nbsp;

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It is not recommended for people suffering from liver diseases, as well as those using anti-weight loss drugs and some painkillers.

Rheum-palmatum-(Da-Huang)

Rheum palmatum (Da Huang) 

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Rheum palmatum (Dahuang) - Rheum palmatum is a species of flowering plant in the family Polygonaceae. It is commonly called Chinese rhubarb and contains the active ingredient emodin, which is thought to be able to block the pinning of the spiked protein to&nbsp; ACE2 in the case of COVID-19 infection.&nbsp;

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Emodin is a naturally occurring derivative of anthraquinone, found in the roots and leaves of various plants, fungi and lichens. It has long been used in traditional Chinese medicine as an active ingredient in herbs. Emodin has a wide range of biological actions, including diuretic, antibacterial, anti-ulcer, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer. <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/17/9522" target="_blank" data-ref="The Health Benefits of Emodin, a Natural Anthraquinone Derived from Rhubarb&mdash;A Summary Update" rel="noopener">[ref.</a>&nbsp;7]&nbsp;

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The use of Rheum palmatum&nbsp; (Da Huang) is also recommended for bacterial infections, overactive immune system, cough, tumors and high blood pressure.&nbsp;

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In rare cases, Rheum palmatum can irritate the digestive tract.

Bupleurum-chinense-(Chai-Hu)

Bupleurum chinense (Chai Hu)  

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Radix Bupleuri (Chaihu) is derived from Bupleurum chinense and has been used as a traditional Chinese medicine for more than 2,000 years in China, Japan, Korea and other Asian countries. Phytochemical studies have shown that this plant contains essential oils, triterpenoid saponins, polyacetylenes, flavonoids, lignans, fatty acids and sterols.&nbsp;

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Crude extracts and pure compounds isolated from Radix Bupleuri showed various biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antipyretic, antimicrobial, antiviral, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective and immunomodulatory effects.

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However, Radix Bupleuri can also lead to hepatotoxicity, especially in high doses and with long-term use. Pharmacokinetic studies have shown that the main bioactive compounds in Chai Hu are:

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">saicosaponini a</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Saicosaponi B2</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">saicosaponini c</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">saicosaponini d</li></ul>According to scientific data, Radix Bupleuri extract has a significant antiviral effect in acute respiratory tract infections with H1N1 and inhibits influenza virus-induced RANTES secretion in H1N1-infected A549 cells at concentrations of 100 and 200 μg/ml. This suggests that Radix Bupleuri may be beneficial for the treatment of chronic inflammatory conditions, followed by a viral infection.&nbsp;

The potential mechanisms of herbs of traditional Chinese medicine may be beneficial in multiple viral infections. Many of the active ingredients of these herbs have been scientifically documented and studied for their antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anticancer, and replication-inhibiting effects. The integration of available clinical and fundamental evidence into the treatment approach provides more opportunities to address various respiratory viruses, in which Chinese traditional medicine may also be useful.

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