In surgery, a surgical incision is a cut made through the skin and soft tissue to facilitate an operation or procedure. Often, multiple incisions are possible for an operation. In general, a surgical incision is made as small and unobtrusive as possible to facilitate safe and timely operating conditions.

Surgical incisions are planned based on the expected extent of exposure needed for the specific operation planned. Within each region of the body, several incisions are common.

surgical wound

What-is-cryotherapy

What is cryotherapy 

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Cryotherapy literally means "cold therapy." It is a technique in which the whole body or parts of it are exposed for a short time to an extremely low temperature.

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Localized cryotherapy is applied in different ways – by placing ice packs, ice massage, cooling sprays, ice baths, etc. on certain areas of the body. Proponents of this type of therapy claim that it works in the same way as when ice is used to relieve swelling. &nbsp;<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31223612/" target="_blank" data-ref="The Effectiveness of the Whole Body Cryotherapy Strategies: A Comparison of Different Duration and Temperature on the Antioxidative Status in the Experimental Rat Model - PubMed" rel="noopener">[ref. 1]</a>&nbsp;

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Whole-body cryotherapy is the immersion of the body in a special chamber with extremely cold air or a bath filled with water and ice for a few minutes. The benefits of cryotherapy are felt even from one session. But the most effective is the regular conduct of therapy. &nbsp;<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10832164/" target="_blank" data-ref="[Whole-body cryotherapy in rehabilitation of patients with rheumatoid diseases--pilot study] - PubMed" rel="noopener">[ref. 2]</a>&nbsp;

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Cryotherapy of the whole body is not a medical treatment and you do not need to have a doctor's prescription for its conduction. Capsules and baths for cryotherapy are available in large spa, wellness and fitness centers, as well as in specialized medical centers.

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In places that offer cryotherapy, there are special tanks or chambers that cool to extremely low temperatures - from -120 to -180 degrees Celsius. Most tanks are shoulder-high, with the head usually remaining outside the tank at room temperature. In full-body therapy, it is good to wear a protective coating on the hands, feet and ears to protect them from frostbite. The duration of therapy is from 2 to 4 minutes.

Benefits-of-Cryotherapy

Benefits of Cryotherapy

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Observations and studies to date show that cryotherapy can have a positive impact on:

Reducing-migraine-symptoms

Reducing migraine symptoms 

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Cryotherapy can help treat migraines by cooling and anesthetizing the nerves in the neck and cooling blood flowing through the intracranial arteries. &nbsp;<a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00005-015-0363-9?error=cookies_not_supported&amp;code=c9119701-8160-487a-a43e-e562bdfb456b" target="_blank" data-ref="Impact of Whole Body Cryotherapy at &minus;110&nbsp;&deg;C on Subjects with Arterial Hypertension - Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis" rel="noopener">[ref. 3]</a>&nbsp;

Reduces-arthritic-pain

Reduces arthritic pain 

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Studies have shown that whole-body cryotherapy significantly reduces pain in people with arthritis. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18548207/" target="_blank" data-ref="[Serial whole-body cryotherapy in the criostream for inflammatory rheumatic diseases. A pilot study] - PubMed" rel="noopener">[ref.</a>&nbsp;4]&nbsp;

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Losing weight and boosting metabolism 

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Cryotherapy alone will not lead to weight loss, but it can aid the process. Cold causes the body to work harder to stay warm and maintain its normal temperature. A few minutes of cold can significantly speed up metabolism and improve the body's response to cold. <a href="https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/50/Suppl_1/A38" target="_blank" data-ref="P-12 The effects of the whole body cryotherapy on the body composition" rel="noopener">[ref.</a>&nbsp;5]&nbsp;

Relieve-inflammation

Relieve inflammation 

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Inflammation is one of the ways the immune system fights infection. Sometimes the immune system becomes overreactive. The result is chronic inflammation, which has been linked to health problems such as cancer, diabetes, depression, dementia and arthritis. Some studies have shown that cryotherapy can reduce inflammation. This type of therapy is often used by athletes to treat and relieve pain from pinched nerves, chronic pain, or even serious trauma.

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Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis and other skin diseases 

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Cryotherapy can improve antioxidant levels and reduce inflammation in Atopic Dermatitis, which is characterized by dry and irritating skin.

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For depression and anxiety 

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The extremely low temperatures used in cryotherapy can trigger physiological and hormonal responses, such as the release of adrenaline, noradrenaline and endorphins. This can have a positive effect on people who experience anxiety and depression. &nbsp;<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2734249/" target="_blank" data-ref="Page not available - PMCTwitterFacebookLinkedInGitHubSM-TwitterSM-FacebookSM-Youtube" rel="noopener">[ref. 6]</a>&nbsp;

Support-in-the-treatment-of-low-risk-tumors

Support in the treatment of low-risk tumors 

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Targeted or localized cryotherapy, which is used as a cancer treatment, is called "cryosurgery". It works by freezing cancer cells and destroying them.&nbsp;

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External tumors are usually treated by applying liquid nitrogen directly through a cotton swab or spray tool. After treatment, the frozen tissue turns into a scab and eventually heals. Patients with early-stage skin cancer, precancerous skin growths, and certain types of eye cancer may undergo this form of cryotherapy after referral by medical professionals.

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Internal tumors are treated with a cryoprobe - a special tool that delivers liquid nitrogen to the tumor site through a small incision. During treatment, doctors monitor which cells are frozen by ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ensuring that healthy tissue in the treated area remains undamaged. Once cryotherapy is complete, the frozen cells are thawed and expelled naturally from the body. This type of destruction of cancer cells can be applied to:&nbsp;

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Bone cancer</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Prostate cancer</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Liver cancer that has not spread</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Localised Kaposi sarcoma associated with AIDS</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Precancerous conditions of the cervix or breast</li></ul>

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Prevention of dementia and Alzheimer's

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Cryotherapy has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects and may help fight the inflammatory and oxidative stress responses that occur in Alzheimer's disease. Research in this area is still small. &nbsp;<a href="https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/35000" target="_blank" data-ref="Cryotherapy: Physiological Considerations and Applications to Physical Therapy" rel="noopener">[ref. 7]</a>&nbsp;

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Improve blood circulation 

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Improving blood circulation as an effect of cryotherapy is closely related to cell growth and optimal organ function. Increased circulation eliminates toxins from the body and, ultimately, detoxifies the blood and organs.&nbsp;

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Improving the functioning of the immune system

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Research has shown that cryotherapy can increase the amount of white blood cells. This allows our bodies to identify and attack foreign objects known to cause disease.

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Risks of whole-body cryotherapy 

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Exposure to extreme cold and low temperatures can cause serious injuries from frostbite or rashes. Even with cryotherapy in a controlled environment, extreme cold can worsen health problems and conditions such as:

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">High blood pressure;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Cardiovascular diseases;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Respiratory diseases;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Impaired blood circulation;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Allergic symptoms;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Neuropathy of the feet;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Diabetes and other conditions that affect the peripheral nervous system;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Intolerance to cold;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Cryoglobulinemia and cryofibrinogenemia;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Raynaud's disease;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Thromboembolic changes and inflammation in the venous system;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Hypothyroidism.</li></ul>The most common side effects of cryotherapy are numbness, redness and skin irritation. These side effects are almost always temporary.

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If you apply cryotherapy at home in the form of an ice bath at home or a local application of ice to a certain area of the body, you should not exceed the time of 15-20 minutes. With topical application, the ice should be wrapped in a towel to prevent skin damage.&nbsp;

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And remember - cryotherapy should not be used longer than recommended.&nbsp;

Cryotherapy is a procedure for the topical or general use of low temperatures in medical therapy. It works by reducing blood flow to a specific area, which can significantly reduce inflammation and swelling that causes pain. Therapy apparently has more areas of application, including anxiety and depression, some forms of cancer, arthritic pain, and skin disease.

Possible Cryotherapy Benefits for Improved Health

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Бетина Цветкова

Traditional-use-of-medicinal-plants-in-wound-healing

Traditional use of medicinal plants in wound healing

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For more than 5,000 years, the Egyptians, indigenous peoples of Africa, Asia, the Romans, and other peoples have used medicinal plants as the first line of therapy for inflammation, burns, ulcers, and surgical wounds. These medicinal plants are known to contain many natural bioactive compounds that help speed up the process of wound healing and tissue regeneration. Some examples of medicinal plants and their wound healing effects are listed next.

The-most-powerful-medicinal-plants-and-their-healing-components

The most powerful medicinal plants and their healing components  

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The wound healing process is a string of interdependent cellular and biochemical stages that try to improve the condition of the wound. If we want this wound healing process to happen faster through innovation, the desired effect is to shorten the time it takes to heal or reduce the risk of developing wounds.&nbsp;

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In traditional medicine, drugs are applied topically or systematically to help wound healing. Antibiotics, antiseptics, flake removers, extracts and others have been used to heal wounds. Some synthetic drugs face restrictions due to their side effects.&nbsp;

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On the other hand, phytotherapy through plants or plant-derived combinations are a field of research, identification and formulation for the treatment and management of wound healing. There is increasing interest in using medicinal plants for wound healing due to lower side effects. Studies have shown that medicinal plants improve wound healing in diabetes, as well as in infected and open wounds. There are various mechanisms by which these medicinal plants improve wound healing and promote tissue healing.

Centella-asiatica

Centella asiatica 

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Centella asiatica (Centella asiatica) is a plant that has been used to accelerate wound healing. [ref. 1] To facilitate the healing of chronic ulcers in terms of their distance, depth and scale, extracts of Centella asiatica have been considered in several studies. <a href="https://www.herbal-organic.com/en/herb/14685" target="_blank" data-ref="Centella asiatica" rel="noopener">[ref.</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361466235_Wound_Healing_Role_of_Traditional_Herbal_Medicine_Treatment" target="_blank" data-ref="Just a moment..." rel="noopener">2]</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;

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Aziaticoside isolated from Centella asiatica has been shown to promote epithelialization and collagen deposition in a wound of several types. Isolated triterpenes from Centella asiatica improve collagen remodeling and glycosaminoglycan synthesis. In addition, oral administration of madecasoside by Centella asiatica has been shown to promote collagen synthesis and wound site angiogenesis.

Turmeric-(Curcuma-longa)

Turmeric (Curcuma longa) 

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Curcumin has been used as a remedy and as a nutritional spice for many years as it is an active agent found in the root of Curcuma longa and a member of the ginger family. <a href="https://www.herbal-organic.com/en/pubmed/Pharmacology_of_Curcuma_longa_2062949" target="_blank" data-ref="Pharmacology of Curcuma longa. | Herbal &amp; Natural Medicine" rel="noopener">[ref.</a>&nbsp;3]&nbsp;&nbsp;

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Curcumin is used by conventional Ayurvedic doctors to treat asthma, respiratory diseases, liver disorders, diabetes and skin injuries. Curcumin is a popular remedy in traditional Chinese medicine and for stomach pain. Curcumin has been commonly used for decades by various ethnic groups and is among the most widely studied dietary supplements.

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Experimental findings from various in vivo and in vitro tests have shown that by altering the pericellular and extracellular matrix, curcumin generates much of its beneficial effects. Therefore, it may not be surprising that curcumin stimulates fibroblast proliferation, granulation tissue development, and collagen deposition in skin wound healing. &nbsp;<a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0142961203006252" target="_blank" data-ref="Redirecting" rel="noopener">[ref. 4]</a>&nbsp;

Aloe-(aloe-vera)

Aloe (aloe vera) 

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Aloe vera consists of many natural bioactive compounds, including basic and complex ones such as glycosides, polysaccharides, saponins, pyrocatechol, anthraquinones, acemannan, phytol, oleic acid, and water-soluble polysaccharides. &nbsp;<a href="https://www.herbal-organic.com/en/herb/14536" target="_blank" data-ref="Aloe vera" rel="noopener">[ref. 5]</a>&nbsp; Acetone extracts from aloe vera leaves showed greater antimicrobial activity than that of alcohol and water extracts. Aloe vera contains saponins, acemannan and anthraquinone-derived compounds with proven antimicrobial activity.

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Topical administration of aloe vera may help reduce wound closure time, as documented in rat studies. &nbsp;<a href="https://hrcak.srce.hr/58465" target="_blank" data-ref="Effect of aqueous extract of Aloe vera on experimental cutaneous wound healing in rat" rel="noopener">[ref. 6]</a>&nbsp;

Ginseng-(Panax-ginseng)

Ginseng (Panax ginseng) 

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In China, Japan, Korea, and Eastern Siberia, it is one of the most popular medicinal plants used. <a href="https://www.herbal-organic.com/en/herb/14363" target="_blank" data-ref="Panax" rel="noopener">[Ref. 7]</a>&nbsp; Panax ginseng is used to treat depression, anxiety, and chronic fatigue disorders.&nbsp; Panax ginseng has been shown to cause vasodilation, control blood lipids, reduce inflammation, and have antioxidant, anti-cancer, antibacterial, antiallergic, anti-aging, and immunomodulatory capacity.&nbsp;

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Panax ginseng contains many bioactive compounds, of which the most powerful active ingredient of Panax ginseng is the saponin family. Panax ginseng root extracts protect the skin from acute UVB radiation and significantly improve healing after sunburn and excision wound injury. &nbsp;<a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/6/2/517" target="_blank" data-ref="Immunomodulatory Activity of Red Ginseng against Influenza A Virus Infection" rel="noopener">[ref. 8]</a>&nbsp;

Tea-tree-(Melaleuca-alternifolia)

Tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) 

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The tea tree, which is native to Australia, produces oil that has long been thought to be beneficial for skin diseases, including mild acne, mycosis, small wounds, dandruff, insect bites and other inflammatory skin conditions.

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It is necessary to further investigate the use in acne and scalp, but for now there is evidence of the antimicrobial properties of tea tree oil on wounds and local infections. Tea tree oil, as with all essential oils, should be diluted in base oil.

How-to-prepare-herbs-for-topical-application

How to prepare herbs for topical application 

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Depending on the plant, the immediate need for healing, and how painful the wound is, there are several ways to prepare plants for topical application:

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Use the fresh plant: dial a few leaves and rub them on your skin;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Paw: soak the plant in hot water for about ten minutes, as you would for tea. Use 1-2 large handfuls of herbs in 1-2 cups of water. If you use fresh leaves, mash them or chop them in mojito style. Let the plant cool and then apply it to the affected area. Apply for 10-20 minutes, several times a day. Suitable for sprains and injuries without damaged skin;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Compress: prepared as a paw. Strain the plant material and soak a cloth in the squeezed juice. Place the towel on the scratch, wound or place of trauma. This prevents the plant from entering directly into an open wound and is generally less likely to cause a reaction;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Butter, ointment or cream: it is more complicated to make yourself, but it is certainly possible if you are interested. Available from herbalists and farmers' markets too; the more common ones with ingredients such as aloe vera, arnica, mint and the like can be found in stores and pharmacies; Essential oil: several plants are best applied as pure essential oils. They are available in small brown jars and are found in herbal product stores and organic markets. Many kilograms of plant material are distilled to separate only volatile oils. However, they will last you for a long time - only one or two drops are needed for topical application. It is important to know, that most essential oils are too strong to be applied directly to the skin. Therefore, they are always diluted with a little base oil (e.g. jojoba) or used in ointment.</li></ul>

DIY-Herbal-Medicine

DIY Herbal Medicine

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The great advantage of herbs is that they go well together. Instead of contradicting each other, they create synergy, making the whole even more beneficial. Feel free to mix and combine the medicinal plants you have available. If you are in doubt about how to do it, ask someone more familiar with phytotherapy.

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Here is a recipe for a useful compress for abrasions, scratches or wounds, which we named Compress "Do it yourself" and contains:

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">1 part flowers of chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) &nbsp;<a href="https://www.herbal-organic.com/en/pubmed/Chamomile_Matricaria_chamomilla_L_An_overview_22096322" target="_blank" data-ref="Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.): An overview. | Herbal &amp; Natural Medicine" rel="noopener">[ref. 9]</a>&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">1 part calendula flowers</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">1 part leaf and yarrow color</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">1 part sheet of oman</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">1 part leaf plantain</li></ul>Soak 1/4 cup herbal mixture in 2 cups of water for 10-15 minutes or until it has a good temperature. Strain through a French press or other vessel. Soak a towel in the liquid and apply it to abrasions, scratches or wounds for 20 minutes. Repeat several times a day. Store the liquid in the refrigerator for up to 1 day or overnight.

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Wound healing since ancient times has remained a challenging clinical problem for effective wound healing. One of the most ancient methods of accelerating healing and their treatment is the application of medicinal plants such as those presented in this material. The power of nature is definitely on our side, and with the right information about the positive and negative effects, if any, it can help with a host of health problems, including effective wound healing.

Medicinal Plants and Their Components for Healing Wounds

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How-Natural-Antibiotics-Work

How Natural Antibiotics Work  

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Antibiotics in the form of drug medications have saved lives since penicillin was first discovered in the 1940s.

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But before that, antibiotic substances existed in natural form.&nbsp;

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Now that resistance to conventional antibiotics is a serious global problem, it makes sense to explore the possibilities and benefits of using natural antimicrobial agents for certain types of bacterial infections. The question is how much we can rely on natural antibiotics and in which cases.

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Some plant extracts, essential oils, and even foods have antibiotic properties. For example, some food and vegetable extracts can prevent the growth of bacteria in food. &nbsp;<a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1319562X17300773" target="_blank" data-ref="Redirecting" rel="noopener">[ref. 1]</a>&nbsp;

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Sometimes these properties extend beyond food and can help in personal health care and hygiene. Cranberry extract, for example, contains both antibacterial and antioxidant compounds, making it an effective natural remedy for urinary infections. &nbsp;<a href="https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/25/15/3523" target="_blank" data-ref="Cranberry Polyphenols and Prevention against Urinary Tract Infections: Relevant Considerations" rel="noopener">[ref. 2]</a>&nbsp;

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Herbs can also be antibiotics and some of nature's most beneficial gifts. In one study of samples from 58 Chinese plants, 23 of them were found to have antibacterial properties and 15 to have antifungal properties. &nbsp;<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1995764513601170" target="_blank" data-ref="ScienceDirectScience DirectScienceDirect helpElsevierRELX Group" rel="noopener">[ref. 3]</a>&nbsp;

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Various plant substances known as phytochemicals can have potential antibiotic action, for example:

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Phenols</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Polyphenols</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Terpenoids</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Essential oils</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Alkaloids</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Lectins</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Polypeptides</li></ul>Let's see in which foods, herbs and other natural products they can be contained and what is the evidence of their positive effects.

Honey

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Honey first became known for its medicinal properties around 400 BC. It was used as a topical cream to heal wounds, treat infections and soothe burns.

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Although we may not use honey this way today, some research has actually shown that using honey in surgical wound dressings can promote better wound healing and reduce scarring.

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In terms of internal use, the properties of honey that provide medicinal benefits include:

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Hydrogen peroxide, which can prevent the growth of bacteria;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Low pH levels, which can prevent bacterial replication, which can cause infection;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Broad-spectrum antibacterial action, ability to prevent the growth of at least 60 different strains, including MRSA - Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.</li></ul>Please note, however, that children under 1 year of age should never be given honey. The product contains toxins that can provoke the development of botulism, a life-threatening disease.

Garlic

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Research has proven properties of garlic (Allium sativum) &nbsp;<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30084799/" target="_blank" data-ref="Antimicrobial Effect of Garlic (Allium sativum) and Thyme (Zataria multiflora Boiss) Extracts on Some Food Borne Pathogens and Their Effect on Virulence Gene Expression - PubMed" rel="noopener">[ref. 4],</a>&nbsp;which can be both antibacterial and help prevent infections.&nbsp;

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It has been shown that garlic concentrate can destroy bacteria in in vitro studies and is even effective against MRSA and C. albicans. These are two pathogens that are becoming more resistant to conventional pharmaceutical treatments.

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Garlic has also been shown to successfully treat bacterial infections caused by Salmonella and E. coli, which can often cause urinary tract infections. &nbsp;<a href="https://www.herbal-organic.com/en/herb/14382" target="_blank" data-ref="Allium sativum" rel="noopener">[ref. 5]</a>&nbsp;

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Numerous modern studies confirm that garlic has certain antibiotic properties and is effective against a wide range of bacteria, fungi and viruses. &nbsp;<a href="https://brieflands.com/articles/jjm-18816.html" target="_blank" data-ref="Fresh Garlic Extract Enhances the Antimicrobial Activities of Antibiotics on Resistant Strains in Vitro" rel="noopener">[ref. 6]</a>&nbsp; &nbsp;In addition, the antimicrobial activity of garlic is related to the presence of some bioactive compounds, among which diallyl sulfide and diallyl disulfides. &nbsp;<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11444776/" target="_blank" data-ref="In-vitro antimicrobial activity of four diallyl sulphides occurring naturally in garlic and Chinese leek oils - PubMed" rel="noopener">[ref. 7]</a>&nbsp;

Myrrh

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Many people are familiar with myrrh (Commiphora myrrha), but its ability to protect against harmful microbes is not as widely known. &nbsp;<a href="https://www.herbal-organic.com/en/herb/15803" target="_blank" data-ref="Commiphora myrrha" rel="noopener">[ref. 8]</a>&nbsp;

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Researchers in several studies have suggested that myrrh extract can kill several everyday pathogens, including:

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">E. coli</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Staphylococcus aureus</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Pseudomonas aeruginosa</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Candida albicans</li></ul>The essential oil was able to kill more than 99.9% of these types of bacteria in laboratory studies.

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Clinical uses of myrrh extract include adding to formulas such as mouthwash, topical creams, and more.

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Myrrh is usually well tolerated, but ingesting it can cause diarrhea. If you apply myrrh to the skin, it is possible to get a small skin rash, so it is recommended to mix it with base oil. If consumed in large doses, myrrh can cause heart problems.

Echinacea

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Echinacea is a plant that grows naturally in North America, cultivated for hundreds of years by indigenous people for its medicinal properties. &nbsp;<a href="https://www.herbal-organic.com/en/herb/14622" target="_blank" data-ref="Echinacea" rel="noopener">[ref. 9]</a>&nbsp; Echinacea can be used both locally and internally.

In addition to well-known medications to prevent and treat bacterial infections called antibiotics, those originating in nature can also be administered. It's important to know that natural antibiotics can still interact with other medications, supplements, or foods, so it's best to take them after consulting a doctor. On the other hand, you should not take antibiotics as medications unless absolutely necessary. Indiscriminate intake of these medications can lead to resistance to antibiotics, so their prescribing and use should occur only with proven bacterial infection.

surgical wound

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