Syringa (lilac) is a genus of 12 currently recognized species of flowering woody plants in the olive family (Oleaceae), native to woodland and scrub from southeastern Europe to eastern Asia, and widely and commonly cultivated in temperate areas elsewhere.The genus is most closely related to Ligustrum (privet), classified with it in Oleaceae tribus Oleeae subtribus Ligustrinae.Lilacs are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including copper underwing, scalloped oak and Svensson's ...

syringa

Why-are-hepatitis-viruses-dangerous?

Why are hepatitis viruses dangerous? 

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Hepatitis viruses are a serious problem around the world. Hepatitis A, a major cause of acute hepatitis in many parts of the world, is in serious decline in the developed world as a result of the existence of an effective vaccine. The disease remains prevalent in the developing world. Hepatitis B is also significantly inhibited by vaccination in the developed world, but remains a major cause of chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis and liver cancer in parts of Africa and Asia.

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It is important to suggest that viral hepatitis can be fatal. Viral hepatitis types A, B, C, D and E can cause infection and subsequent inflammation of the liver, which can lead to serious diseases, including liver cancer or even death. People infected with hepatitis A and E almost always recover and do not need treatment. In the case of viruses B, C and D, infection can become chronic and some patients may develop a more serious diagnosis, such as liver cancer or cirrhosis. However, if the infection is detected in time, it can be treated.

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In turn, people with the hepatitis C virus can make a full recovery, and there are vaccines that protect against viral hepatitis A, B, D and E.

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Herbal-treatment-for-different-subtypes-of-viral-hepatitis

Herbal treatment for different subtypes of viral hepatitis 

Herbal-treatment-for-different-subtypes-of-viral-hepatitis_1_0

We distinguish several main types of acute viral infections of the liver – these are hepatitis A, E, B and C. They correspond to the subtype of virus that is causative. As you will see from the article, there is a wide range of herbal remedies that can be applied to any type of hepatitis. It is advisable to do this after consulting a medical practitioner in case other drugs are taken or there are specifics in the person's condition.

Herbs-in-acute-hepatitis

Herbs in acute hepatitis  

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Andrographis-paniculata

Andrographis paniculata 

Andrographis-paniculata_2_0

A hepatoprotective (providing a protective effect to the liver) and antiviral herb seems an ideal recommendation in case of acute infection with the hepatitis A virus. Andrographis paniculata (Andrographis stalk), a Southeast Asian herb of the Acanthaceae family, meets these criteria. The leaves are highly bitter and, according to traditional medicine, are used for liver-related problems. The leaves have been extensively studied and have been shown to be beneficial for people with acute upper respiratory tract viral infections, although most of the studies involved a major producer of extracts from the plant, and negative results may not be Published.&nbsp;

Silybum-marianum

Silybum marianum 

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The seeds of Silybum marianum (milk thistle), specifically the flavonolignan complex known as silymarin extracted from the seeds, have been studied in patients with acute viral hepatitis. The most recent and high-quality study involved patients with acute hepatitis A, B, C or E; cytomegalovirus; or associated with Epstein-Barr hepatitis virus in Egypt.&nbsp;

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Patients were treated with either 140 mg. Three times a day silymarin or multivitamins for 28 days. Jaundice decreases faster in silymarin than in the group of people taking the multivitamin, and tends to reduce other symptoms, such as fatigue and anorexia, more quickly in favor of silymarine. &nbsp;<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19303273/" target="_blank" data-ref="A randomized controlled trial to assess the safety and efficacy of silymarin on symptoms, signs and biomarkers of acute hepatitis - PubMed" rel="noopener">[ref. 1]</a>&nbsp;

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In a much smaller study, silymarin at a dose of 140 mg, three times a day, lowered serum transaminase and bilirubin levels more effectively than placebo in patients with acute hepatitis A or B. Although there is not enough evidence yet, at least we know that silymarin is extremely safe to use. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/353464/" target="_blank" data-ref="[Results of a double blind study on the effect of silymarin in the treatment of acute viral hepatitis, carried out at two medical centres (author's transl)] - PubMed" rel="noopener">[ref.</a>&nbsp;2]&nbsp;

Herbal-formula-Liv.52-(Liv.52)

Herbal formula Liv.52 (Liv.52) 

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An herbal formula known as Liv.52 has also been studied in people with viral hepatitis caused by hepatitis A, hepatitis B and hepatitis E virus. It is unclear whether this is a traditional formula or a modern recipe; the ingredients are as follows:

Herbal-formula-Liv.52-(Liv.52)_2_2

<ul><li aria-level="1">Capparis spinosa&nbsp;</li></ul><ul><li aria-level="1">Cichorium intybus&nbsp;</li></ul><ul><li aria-level="1">Terminalia arjuna</li></ul><ul><li aria-level="1">Solanum nigrum</li></ul><ul><li aria-level="1">Achillea millefolium&nbsp;</li></ul><ul><li aria-level="1">Cassia occidentalis</li></ul><ul><li aria-level="1">Tamarix gallica</li></ul><ul><li aria-level="1">Ferric oxide calx&nbsp;</li></ul>Several double-blind studies conducted in India have suggested that Liv.52 is effective in patients with acute hepatitis. Most of the formulas were not originally published in English or were in non-mainstream publications. Given these data, it still appears that Liv.52 may clear symptoms and reduce serum bilirubin faster than placebo. The typical Liv.52 dose is 275-550 mg. three times a day in capsules or 5-10 ml. syrup three times a day. &nbsp;<a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0944711305000528" target="_blank" data-ref="Redirecting" rel="noopener">[ref. 3]</a>&nbsp;

Other-herbs-of-alternative-medicine

Other herbs of alternative medicine 

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Various other Western and Eastern herbs are widely used as antiviral drugs during other acute infections and should be considered clinically and for research projects to help people recover from acute viral hepatitis faster. These herbs include Ligusticum porteri root (Osha), Ligusticum grayi root, Lomatium dissectum root (Lomatium), herb Forsythia suspensa (Forsitia, Forsycia), herb Hypericum perforatum (St. John's wort) and Coptis chinensis (Golden thread).

Herbs-in-chronic-hepatitis

Herbs in chronic hepatitis 

Glycyrrhiza-glabra-(licorice)-and-G.-uralensis-(Ural-liquorice)

Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice) and G. uralensis (Ural liquorice) 

Glycyrrhiza-glabra-(licorice)-and-G.-uralensis-(Ural-liquorice)_3_0

Chronic hepatitis C is an extremely common problem around the world. Hepatitis C is usually a very slow-growing disease and can have a wide range of manifestations. A large proportion of people with hepatitis C remain asymptomatic or oligosymptomatic. The main areas of therapeutic interest are to prevent progression of the disease to cirrhosis of the liver or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and to reduce symptoms, if present.&nbsp;

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Interferons and ribavirin are currently used for most patients to suppress viral load, but the drugs are expensive, cause many adverse effects and are not always effective enough. A very large HALT-C study recently found that treatment with IFN-a-2a for many years was not effective in preventing the progression of chronic hepatitis C. Therefore, other means, including herbal ones, should be sought.&nbsp;

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Many long-term studies have looked at the triterpenoid saponin known as glycyrrhizin, found in the roots of Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice) and G. uralensis (Ural liquorice) for patients with chronic hepatitis C. Glycyrrhizin can also be given by intravenous injection together with glycine and cysteine as the drug Stronger Neo-Minophagen C. However, the effects of its administration have not been sufficiently studied in the laboratory.

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More impressively, at least three studies in Japan have shown that SNMC may reduce the risk of developing cirrhosis or chronic hepatitis C. One of these studies was a retrospective analysis of 456 patients with chronic hepatitis C seen in hospitals, most of whom had not responded to interferon treatment. The risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma in patients whose serum ALT fell below 1.5, the upper limit of normal, was 60% lower compared to patients who did not receive this reduction. The average duration of therapy was 4.1 years. <a href="https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/48283" target="_blank" data-ref="" rel="noopener">[ref.</a>&nbsp;4]&nbsp;

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It is not known whether oral licorice products (Glycyrrhiza glabra) would be useful for people with chronic hepatitis C, although the herb is definitely a traditional remedy for liver problems. Assumptions about its potential value come from the use of the shosaiko-to formula in patients with chronic hepatitis B. This formula includes the following herbs:

Glycyrrhiza-glabra-(licorice)-and-G.-uralensis-(Ural-liquorice)_3_5

<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Bupleurum falcatum - root, 16%&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Paeonia lactiflora - root, 16%&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Pinellia ternata - rhizome, 14%&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Cinnamomum cassia- bark, 11%&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Zingiber officinale - rhizome, 11%</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Zizyphus jujuba &mdash;fruit, 11%</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Panax ginseng &mdash;root, 8%</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Scutellaria baicalensis &mdash;root, 8%</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Glycyrrhiza uralensis &mdash;rhizome, 5%</li></ul>People taking licorice or glycyrrhizin in any form should be warned to regularly monitor their blood pressure and potassium levels in serum or urine. Doses should be reduced or treatment stopped if these parameters become imbalanced. Potassium-depleting diuretics enhance glycyrrhizin toxicity and should not be combined with it except under very close medical supervision.

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Taraxacum-officinale-(Dandelion)-and-root-of-Arctium-lappa-(burdock)

Taraxacum officinale (Dandelion) and root of Arctium lappa (burdock) 

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Other traditional hepatoprotective herbs are Taraxacum officinale root (Dandelion) and Arctium lappa root (burdock). These herbs are commonly used by herbalists and naturopathic doctors in chronic hepatitis C and should be considered in research.

Taraxacum-officinale-(Dandelion)-and-root-of-Arctium-lappa-(burdock)_3_1

Another herb that counteracts inflammation is Curcuma longa (turmeric), which also has a strong history of use as a hepatoprotective agent and has been shown to reduce inflammation in hepatocytes and protect these cells against iron overload.&nbsp;

Chronic-hepatitis-B

Chronic hepatitis B  

Chronic-hepatitis-B_4_0

The hepatitis B virus (HBV) is an epidemic in Asia and Africa, although the availability of a vaccine is beginning to reduce the incidence of this disease. Unlike chronic hepatitis C, chronic hepatitis B is much more likely to progress to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Therefore, there is an acute need for an effective, safe alternative to drug therapies (to which the virus often develops resistance if taken long-term) for this complex and difficult disease.

Shosaiko-to-formula

Shosaiko-to formula 

Shosaiko-to-formula_4_0

The traditional formula, known in Chinese as Xiao Chai Hu Tang and in Japanese as shosaiko-to, which translates into English as Minor Bupleurum Decoction, was first recorded in the book Shang Han Lun. This treatise was written at least 2,000 years ago, and its postulates have been applied for at least as much.&nbsp;

Shosaiko-to-formula_4_1

The ingredients of the Xiao Chai Hu Tang formula are:

Shosaiko-to-formula_4_2

<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Bupleurum falcatum - root, 16%&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Paeonia lactiflora- root, 16%&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Pinellia ternatа - rhizome, 14%&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Cinnamomum cassia&nbsp; - bark, 11%&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Zingiber officinale- rhizome, 11%</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Zizyphus jujuba &mdash;fruit, 11%</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Panax ginseng &mdash;root, 8%</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Scutellaria baicalensis &mdash;root, 8%</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Glycyrrhiza uralensis &mdash;rhizome, 5%</li></ul>Two randomized trials have evaluated the long-term potential of this formula for the prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic hepatitis B in Japan. In the first study, 260 patients with cirrhosis caused by chronic hepatitis B were treated with conventional therapies, and some subjects were also randomized to take 7.5 g daily shosaiko-to for 34 months. The incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma at the end of the follow-up period was significantly lower in the shosaiko-to group compared to patients in the control group. In what appears to be an extension of the original study to 60 months, HCC levels are still lower and survival is better in the shosaiko-to group than in the conventional therapy group. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8625175/" target="_blank" data-ref="Prospective study of chemoprevention of hepatocellular carcinoma with Sho-saiko-to (TJ-9) - PubMed" rel="noopener">[ref.</a>&nbsp;5]&nbsp;

Fuzheng-Huayu-formula

Fuzheng Huayu formula 

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Another formula based on herbs traditionally used for liver problems and experimentally proven to have antifibrotic action and benefits in patients with cirrhosis has been studied in patients with chronic hepatitis B. The ingredients of the formula are:

Fuzheng-Huayu-formula_4_1

<ol><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Salvia miltiorrhiza (Chinese sage) - root 33.3%&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Gynostemma pentaphyllum - root 25%&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Fermentation mycelium powder - 16.7%&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Schisandra chinensis (Schisandra) - fruit 8.3%&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Prunus persica (Peach)—seed 8.3%&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Pinus spp. (Pine) - pollen 8,3%</li></ol>

There are many herbal remedies that can be used in the subtypes of viral hepatitis. Their role is to exert a hepatoprotective effect, that is, to protect the liver from or prevent damage. Herbal treatment for viral hepatitis can be carried out using a large number of herbs and herbal formulas, some of which come from Chinese or Indian traditional medicine, but also from other alternative healing&nbsp; systems.

Herbal treatment for viral hepatitis - which herbs support the liver

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Бетина Цветкова

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Author: Rositsa Tashkova, Master of Molecular Biology and Microbiology

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As we told <a href="/p/mozhie_li_kitaiskata_traditsionna_mieditsina_da_podpomoghnie_liechieniieto_na_covid_19_66b2086f_3972_41b2_9eec_8869683711c1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer"></a>you earlier, 85% of those infected with thenew SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus and infected with COVID-19 in China have received not only conventional treatment, but also therapy with herbs from Chinese traditional medicine. In this article we will look separately at each of the herbs that have been used and what science has to tell us about them.

Mongolian-milkvetch-(Astragalus-membranaceus,-synonym-Astragalus-propinquus)

Mongolian milkvetch (Astragalus membranaceus, synonym  Astragalus propinquus)

Mongolian-milkvetch-(Astragalus-membranaceus,-synonym-Astragalus-propinquus)_0_0

<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/eng/research/search?q=Astragalus%20membranaceus&amp;p=1&amp;st=1&amp;tp=9&amp;as=ARTICLE%3APUBMED%3A25087616" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Astragalus membranaceus</a> [ref. 1] is one of the most commonly used medicinal plants in Chinese traditional medicine. The root of the plant is known as Huang Qi. It is used as an immunostimulant, tonic, antioxidant, hepatoprotectant, diuretic, antidiabetic, anticancer and expectorant [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/eng/research/pubmed/Review_of_the_botanical_characteristics_phytochemistry_and_pharmacology_of_Astragalus_membranaceus_Huangqi_25087616" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 2</a>]. Many of the plants belonging to the same genus contain toxicglycosides or can accumulate dangerous amounts of selenium in themselves, but this is not the case with Astragalus membranaceus.

Mongolian-milkvetch-(Astragalus-membranaceus,-synonym-Astragalus-propinquus)_0_1

Mongolian-milkvetch-(Astragalus-membranaceus,-synonym-Astragalus-propinquus)_0_2

Photo by I, Doronenko, Wikipedia

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It is assumed that the plant has many health benefits, <a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/eng/research/pubmed/A_study_on_the_immune_receptors_for_polysaccharides_from_the_roots_of_Astragalus_membranaceus_a_Chinese_medicinal_herb_15249203" target="_blank" rel="noopener"></a> including stimulation of the immune system [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/eng/research/pubmed/A_study_on_the_immune_receptors_for_polysaccharides_from_the_roots_of_Astragalus_membranaceus_a_Chinese_medicinal_herb_15249203" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 3</a>] <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12800417" target="_blank" rel="noopener"></a> and anti-inflammatory effects. It is used to treat a wide variety of conditions, including fatigue, allergies and the common cold. It is also used in heart disease [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12800417" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 4</a>], diabetes and others.

Chinese-liquorice-(Glycyrrhiza-uralensis)

Chinese liquorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis)

Chinese-liquorice-(Glycyrrhiza-uralensis)_1_0

<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/eng/research/search?q=Glycyrrhizae%20uralensis&amp;p=1&amp;st=1&amp;tp=9&amp;as=ARTICLE%3APUBMED%3A18177995" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Glycyrrhiza uralensis</a> [ref. 5] is also among the 50 most commonly used herbs in Chinese traditional medicine. The root of the plant is used, which has a very sweet taste. Licorice - Glycyrrhiza glabra - belongs to the same genus.

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Chinese-liquorice-(Glycyrrhiza-uralensis)_1_2

Photo by Michael Wolf, Wikipedia

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In pharmacopoeia and traditional medicine, the plant <a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/eng/research/pubmed/Anti_Helicobacter_pylori_flavonoids_from_licorice_extract_12127165" target="_blank" rel="noopener"></a> is also used to soothe sore throats and as an expectorant in the treatment of cough and bronchitis. Also in the prevention and treatment of gastric and duodenal <a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/eng/research/pubmed/Liquiritin_from_Glycyrrhiza_uralensis_Attenuating_Rheumatoid_Arthritis_via_Reducing_Inflammation_Suppressing_Angiogenesis_and_Inhibiting_MAPK_Signaling_Pathway_30785275" target="_blank" rel="noopener"></a> ulcers [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/eng/research/pubmed/Anti_Helicobacter_pylori_flavonoids_from_licorice_extract_12127165" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 6</a>] (duodenal) and dyspepsia. It is also used as an anti-inflammatory agent in the treatment of allergic reactions, rheumatism and arthritis [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/eng/research/pubmed/Liquiritin_from_Glycyrrhiza_uralensis_Attenuating_Rheumatoid_Arthritis_via_Reducing_Inflammation_Suppressing_Angiogenesis_and_Inhibiting_MAPK_Signaling_Pathway_30785275" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 7</a>], to prevent liver toxicity and to treat tuberculosis and adrenocorticosis.

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Moreover, a 2003 <a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/eng/research/pubmed/Glycyrrhizin_an_active_component_of_liquorice_roots_and_replication_of_SARS_associated_coronavirus_12814717" target="_blank" rel="noopener">study</a> by the University of Frankfurt found that the substance glycyrrhizin, which is found in the herb, actively inhibits the reproduction of the SARS virus (which caused the epidemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome, SARS) and recommended that this substance be used in the treatment of the dangerous disease.

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But the intake of the herb is contraindicated in patients with hypertension, cholestatic disorders or cirrhosis of the liver, hypokalemia (low potassium levels) or chronic renal failure, as well as during pregnancy [<a href="https://books.google.bg/books?id=zLniRalmWuoC&amp;pg=PA79&amp;lpg=PA79&amp;dq=glycyrrhiza+uralensis+pregnant+hipokalemia&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=GzTNMKYis8&amp;sig=ACfU3U1eO6QidZ-O7zZyLYwNioc-jJlCHQ&amp;hl=bg&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwiNgvj0hLbpAhXTnFwKHbZgDCEQ6AEwAXoECAgQAQ#v=onepage&amp;q=glycyrrhiza%20uralensis%20pregnant%20hipokalemia&amp;f=false" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 8</a>].

Saposhnikovia-divaricata-(Ledebouriella-divaricata,-Fang-Feng)

Saposhnikovia divaricata  (Ledebouriella divaricata, Fang Feng)

Saposhnikovia-divaricata-(Ledebouriella-divaricata,-Fang-Feng)_2_0

<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/eng/research/search?q=Saposhnikovia%20divaricata&amp;p=1&amp;st=1&amp;tp=9" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Saposhnikovia divaricata</a> [ref. 9] belongs to the Family of Senicoflower, as well as parsley and carrot, but is a single species in its genus.

Saposhnikovia-divaricata-(Ledebouriella-divaricata,-Fang-Feng)_2_1

Saposhnikovia-divaricata-(Ledebouriella-divaricata,-Fang-Feng)_2_2

In Chinese traditional medicine, the root of the plant is used. It is used in combination with various other herbs. Extracts from the plant have shown antioxidant and anti-proliferative action in several cancer cell lines, i.e. suppress the division of cancer cells in the cases studied - in combination with chemotherapeutic drugs such as campothecin or paclitaxel, the extract has shown aditative anti-proliferative effects on cells K562, HL60 and MCF7 and antagonistic effects on MDA-MB-468 cells [<a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6288016_Anti-proliferative_and_antioxidant_activities_of_Saposhnikovia_divaricata" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 10</a>].

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The herb is used in traditional Chinese medicine to relieve inflammation, rheumatic conditions, cramps and other diseases.

Rhizoma-Atractylodis-Macrocephalae-(Atractylodes-Macrocephala-Koidz-root,-Bai-Zhu)

Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (Atractylodes Macrocephala  Koidz root, Bai Zhu)  

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<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/eng/research/search?q=Rhizoma%20Atractylodis%20Macrocephalae&amp;p=1&amp;st=1&amp;tp=9&amp;s=x&amp;as=ARTICLE%3APUBMED%3A23573125" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae</a> [ref. 11] or in other words, the root of Atractylodis Macrocephalae is commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine to strengthen the spleen, boost vital energy, promote hydrohesis (perspiration). [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/eng/research/pubmed/Fast_determination_of_two_atractylenolides_in_Rhizoma_Atractylodis_Macrocephalae_by_Fourier_transform_near_infrared_spectroscopy_with_partial_least_squares_24211810" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 12</a>] It is also used for digestive problems, but more research is needed to scientifically confirm these properties of the plant.

Lonicerae-Japonicae-Flos-(dried-leaves-and-flowers-of-Lonicera-japonica)

Lonicerae Japonicae Flos  (dried leaves and flowers of  Lonicera japonica)

Lonicerae-Japonicae-Flos-(dried-leaves-and-flowers-of-Lonicera-japonica)_4_0

<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/eng/research/search?q=Lonicerae%20Japonicae%20Flos&amp;p=1&amp;st=1&amp;tp=9&amp;as=ARTICLE%3APUBMED%3A18830958" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Lonicera japonica</a> [ref. 13] is a type of Honeysuckle (Lonicera), which is often used as a decorative plant and although it originates in East Asia, today it is an invasive (imported) species in many places around the world.

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Photo by 清水五月, Wikipedia

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Dried leaves and flowers (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae) are used in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of fever, headache associated with cold, cough, thirst, some inflammations, including sore throat, skin infections, and according to some studies may also have an antiviral effect, due to the fact that the plant is rich in chlorogenic <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5385491/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">acid</a> [ref. 14].

Fructus-Forsythiae-(Fruit-of-Forsythia)

Fructus Forsythiae  (Fruit of Forsythia)

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Pharmacology has proven <a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/eng/research/search?q=Fructus%20forsythia%D0%B5&amp;p=2&amp;st=1&amp;tp=9" target="_blank" rel="noopener">that Fructus forsythia</a> [ref. 15] or the fruits of the forsythia plant have various therapeutic effects, both in vitro (in laboratory conditions) and in vivo (in the living organism), such as anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antiviral, antioxidant, antitumor action, as well as hepatoprotective (liver protection), neuroprotective and cardiovascular protective effects [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6151565/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 16</a>].

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The fruits of forsythia have been used in Chinese traditional medicine for the treatment of infectious diseases, such as acute nephritis, erysipelas (Red Wind) and ulcers, for more than 2,000 years.

Radix-Platycodonis-(Root-of-Platycodon-grandiflorum,-Jiegeng)

Radix Platycodonis  (Root of  Platycodon grandiflorum, Jiegeng)

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<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/eng/research/search?q=Radix%20platycodonis&amp;p=1&amp;st=1&amp;tp=9" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Radix platycodonis</a> [ref. 17] or also called Jiegeng in Chinese traditional medicine is essentially the root of the plant Platycodon grandiflorum.

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Photo by Atilin, Wikipedia

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The root of the plant is used to treat upper respiratory tract infections, acute and chronic bronchitis, atopic dermatitis and other skin diseases [<a href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-319-06047-7_23" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 18</a>]. In various studies, substances from the plant have shown anticancer action. the substance platicodine D, triterpenoid saponin, was found to have anticancer effects in several cancer cell lines - in hepatocellular carcinoma cells it caused apoptosis (cancer cell suicide) and suppressed cell adhesion (attachment), migration and invasion, showing promising characteristics such as a significant compound for the development of anticancer drugs [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/eng/research/pubmed/Platycodin_D_induces_apoptosis_and_inhibits_adhesion_migration_and_invasion_in_HepG2_hepatocellular_carcinoma_cells_24641402" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 19</a>].

Agastache-rugosa-(Korean-mint)

Agastache rugosa  (Korean mint)

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<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/eng/research/search?q=Agastache%20rugosa&amp;p=1&amp;st=1&amp;tp=9" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Agastache rugosa</a> [ref. 20] has an anise flavor and leaves can be used as a spice to salads or to make tea. The plant is one of the 50 main herbs in traditional Chinese medicine.

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Photo by cultivar413, Flickr

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The leaves and stems have antibacterial, antifungal <a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/eng/research/pubmed/Antifungal_activity_of_the_essential_oil_of_Agastache_rugosa_Kuntze_and_its_synergism_with_ketoconazole_12535132" target="_blank" rel="noopener"></a> [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/eng/research/pubmed/Antifungal_activity_of_the_essential_oil_of_Agastache_rugosa_Kuntze_and_its_synergism_with_ketoconazole_12535132" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 21</a>], aromatic, carminative, diaphoretic (sweating), low-temperature-lowering properties, and also used for stomach problems. They are used internally to improve appetite and strengthen the digestive system, relieve symptoms such as bloating, indigestion, nausea and vomiting. Tea from the leaves is also used to relieve angina pain. [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/eng/research/pubmed/Microscopic_identification_and_in_vitro_activity_of_Agastache_rugosa_Fisch_et_Mey_from_Xinjiang_China_28173792" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 22</a>]

Cyrtomium-fortunei-J.-Sm.-(a-type-of-fern)

Cyrtomium fortunei J. Sm. (a type of fern)

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It is believed that the root of <a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/eng/research/search?q=Cyrtomium%20fortunei&amp;p=1&amp;st=1&amp;tp=9" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Cyrtomium fortunei J. Sm</a>. [ref. 23] has analgesic, antihelmintic (anti-parasitic worms), antibacterial, anti-clotting, antiviral, cleansing, lowering high temperature and hemostatic action. Decoction is used in the treatment of ankylostoma, tania, ascariasis, filariasis, acute infectious hepatitis.

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Credit: Krzysztof Golik, Wikipedia

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In one study, aqueous extract of Cyrtomium fortunei J. Sm. has shown antiviral activity against eneroviruses Coxaki virus B3 and B5, Polio virus I, Echo virus 9 and 29, chroate by suppressing their inactivation, absorption and replication during infection [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/eng/research/pubmed/In_vitro_screening_of_traditionally_used_medicinal_plants_in_China_against_enteroviruses_16810764" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 24</a>].

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Another study shows that most of the substances in the roots of the plant can inhibit the growth of cancer cells. In addition, the substance pipinelin inhibits the growth of tumor cells by inducing programmed cell death - apoptosis, of tumor cells. [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/eng/research/pubmed/Discovery_and_antitumor_activities_of_constituents_from_Cyrtomium_fortumei_J_Smith_rhizomes_23379693" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 25</a>]

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It is important to keep in mind that a number of ferns contain carcinogens, as well as the enzyme thiaminase, which deprives the body of B vitamins.

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More about the treatment of coronavirus infection in China, read here:

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<a href="/p/mozhie_li_kitaiskata_traditsionna_mieditsina_da_podpomoghnie_liechieniieto_na_covid_19_66b2086f_3972_41b2_9eec_8869683711c1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Chinese experience in the treatment of COVID-19</a>

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