Thrombophilia (sometimes called hypercoagulability or a prothrombotic state) is an abnormality of blood coagulation that increases the risk of thrombosis (blood clots in blood vessels). Such abnormalities can be identified in 50% of people who have an episode of thrombosis (such as deep vein thrombosis in the leg) that was not provoked by other causes. A significant proportion of the population has a detectable thrombophilic abnormality, but most of these develop thrombosis only in the presence of ...

thrombophilia

How-anticoagulants-work

How anticoagulants work

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Blood thinners are drugs that help blood flow smoothly through the veins and arteries. They also protect against blood clots or, if any, from increasing them. Anticoagulants are prescribed to treat certain types of heart disease and heart defects and other conditions that may increase the risk of dangerous blood clots. [&nbsp;<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537062/" target="_blank" data-ref="Page not available - NCBI BookshelfTwitterFacebookLinkedInGitHubNCBI Insights BlogTwitterFacebookYoutube" rel="noopener">[ref. 1]</a>&nbsp;]

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Blood thinners can act in two ways. Antithrombocytes are drugs that stop cells in the blood (platelets) from clumping together and forming a clot. The formation of a blood clot, in turn, can lead to a heart attack or stroke. Aspirin is the most common antiplatelet. [&nbsp;<a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40138-013-0014-6?error=cookies_not_supported&amp;code=ec56544b-9ff6-41c5-9092-02591efcba03" target="_blank" data-ref="Anticoagulants: A Review of the Pharmacology, Dosing, and Complications - Current Emergency and Hospital Medicine Reports" rel="noopener">[ref. 2]</a>&nbsp;]&nbsp;

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Some examples of anticoagulants include:

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Warfarin</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Heparin</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Dabigitran</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Apixaban</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Rivoraxaban</li></ul>Some of these drugs are synthetic substances that are derived from chemicals found in natural blood thinners. Chilli, cinnamon and ginger, for example, contain powerful compounds that are used to create anticoagulants.&nbsp;

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It is important to consult a doctor before trying natural foods, herbs or blood thinning supplements, as they may not be as effective as medicines, or may interfere with the action of certain medications.

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Some foods and other substances that can act as natural blood thinners and help reduce the risk of clots, we prepared in the upcoming selection.

Ten-natural-anticoagulants

Ten natural anticoagulants

Turmeric

Turmeric_1_0

Turmeric (Curcuma) acts as a natural anticoagulant and has antiplatelet effects. A study published in BMB Reports shows that curcumin - the beneficial polyphenol in turmeric, inhibits the action of thrombin. [&nbsp;<a href="http://koreascience.or.kr/article/JAKO201213549741020.page" target="_blank" data-ref="												Anticoagulant activities of curcumin and its derivative				-BMB Reports						 | Korea Science" rel="noopener">[ref. 3]</a>&nbsp;] It is a protease that plays a role in blood coagulation.&nbsp;

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Another 2019 study published in the EPMA Journal states that turmeric can help block blood clotting and recommends taking care when combining turmeric with blood thinning drugs. [&nbsp;<a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13167-018-0158-2?error=cookies_not_supported&amp;code=7e3687c9-f322-4894-b11d-40130869f960" target="_blank" data-ref="Review of herbal medications with the potential to cause bleeding: dental implications, and risk prediction and prevention avenues - EPMA Journal" rel="noopener">[ref. 4]</a>&nbsp;

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Cayenne-pepper

Cayenne pepper

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Cayenne pepper (Capsicum annuum) contains salicylate - a natural blood-thinning agent that has been tested for its antithrombotic effects. In addition, it also contains capsaicin, which has been shown to have antihypertensive and antidiabetic properties. [&nbsp;<a href="https://www.herbal-organic.com/bg/pubmed/in_vitro_anti_inflammatory_anti_oxidant_and_cytotoxic_activities_of_four_i_curcuma_i_species_and_the_isolation_of_compounds_from_i_curcuma_aromatica_i_rhizome_32455782" target="_blank" data-ref="In Vitro Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-Oxidant, and Cytotoxic Activities of Four &lt;i&gt;Curcuma&lt;/i&gt; Species and the Isolation of Compounds from &lt;i&gt;Curcuma aromatica&lt;/i&gt; Rhizome | Билкови и природни лекарства" rel="noopener">[ref. 5]</a>&nbsp;] For these reasons, chilli can be taken as capsules (a dietary supplement) to promote cardiovascular health and circulation.&nbsp;

Cinnamon

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Cinnamon (Cinnamomum Verum), especially Cassia (Cinnamomum Cassia), is rich in coumarin. [&nbsp;<a href="https://www.herbal-organic.com/bg/herb/14482" target="_blank" data-ref="Cinnamon" rel="noopener">[ref. 6]</a>&nbsp;] This is a powerful anticoagulant that is actually used to make warfarin. However, research has shown that using cinnamon supplements for an extended period of time can be problematic and lead to liver problems. Therefore, it is always recommended to consume cinnamon as a spice to dishes or in drinks.&nbsp;

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Ginger

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Like chilli, ginger contains salicylate - a chemical that has been studied for its ability to prevent thrombosis. Studies have shown that salicylate has moderate anticoagulant properties and can prevent venous thrombosis without causing complications.

Ginger_1_1

The use of ginger because of its blood thinning properties is increasingly popular, but should not be combined with taking medications, according to experts.

Natural blood thinners help prevent blood clots that can lead to serious health problems such as a heart attack or stroke. Often conventional anticoagulants are prescribed to prevent dangerous blood clotting, but many of these drugs have adverse side effects.&nbsp; In the continuation of the theme we will introduce you to the potential anticoagulant action of garlic, vitamin E, Ginkgo biloba, grapes and Dong Kwai.

What are the 10 natural anticoagulants [blood thinners]

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Бетина Цветкова

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Most common causes of recurrent pregnancy loss

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Many women's dream is to start a family, to watch how one, two, three or even more little people grow up before their eyes and become big girls and boys, full of dreams and a desire for adventure. Unfortunately, however, not everyone is favoured with this opportunity. About 2-2.5% of women undergo two or more miscarriages, which is defined as recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) and may be associated with reproductive problems (1).

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In this article, we will discuss the most common causes, as well as other main factors that are believed to contribute to repeated miscarriages. Finally, we will talk about what type of tests can be done to establish the cause and what treatments and methods are applied to overcome this problem.

Most-common-causes-of-recurrent-abortions

Most common causes of recurrent abortions

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There are many reasons that are considered leading in repeated pregnancy loss. As science and medicine progress, the influence of more and more factors is proven, which sometimes creates differences in conclusions between different state reproductive organizations. As leading factors, genetic, anatomical, endocrinological and immunological problems are noted.

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Anatomical-factors

Anatomical factors

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Anatomical defects in the uterus occur in 10%-15% of cases of repeated abortions (6). It is believed that the way they contribute to a miscarriage is by cutting blood circulation to the lining of the uterus (endometrium), which in turn leads to a number of reproductive problems. The most common anatomical defects found in women undergoing RPL are congenital genetic defects, intrauterine adhesions and uterine fibroids or polyps (6).

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Intrauterus adhesions, often associated with Asherman's syndrome, are common in RPL. They can be developed after a coarse curettage or other surgical interventions of the uterus, birth by caesarean section, radiotherapy, endometriosis or various infections such as genital tuberculosis. Adhesions of the uterus are caused by the formation of a cicatricial connective tissue resembling scars of the endometrium and leads to a change in its size and shape. Depending on the size of conglutination, this condition may not constitute a problem or even lead to infertility (7).

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Uterine fibroids and polyps are also associated with recurrent pregnancy loss. Fibroids, also called myomas or leiomyomas, are harmless growths from the muscle tissue of the uterus, while polyps are growths from the endometrium. Many women have such excrescences but most do not pose a problem. These formations can lead to miscarriage by preventing the egg from being properly implanted into the uterus. According to the American Society for Reproductive Medicine, 5%-10% of sterile women have myomas (8).

Anatomical-factors_0_4

Genetic-factors

Genetic factors

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Genetic factors include mainly chromosomal abnormalities, which can usually occur with the development of the embryo or be inherited from the parents. It is believed that about 2%-8% of couples who suffer from repeated pregnancy loss have an abnormal karyotype (karyotype is the totality of all chromosomes) (2), but embryonic chromosomal abnormalities are rare in RPL (4). About 50%-60% of all early miscarriages are due to defects in the karyotype (2). The most common hereditary chromosomal abnormalities in recurrent pregnancy loss are translocations, with the most commonly observed in RPL being reciprocal (about 60% of the translocations) and Robertson translocations (about 40% of the translocations).

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Reciprocal translocation is called the exchange of genetic material between two different chromosomes, and Robertson translocation is the joining of the long arms of one chromosome with the long arms of another chromosome and of the short ones with the short ones, forming two wrong-sized chromosomes (4). Although we have no influence on these genetic events, most parents who carry such genetic defects give life to a perfectly healthy child. If you have already suffered a miscarriage caused by chromosomal abnormalities, the probability of a subsequent abortion for the same reason is very low.

Endocrinological-factors

Endocrinological factors

Endocrinological-factors_0_0

17%-20% of recurrent pregnancy loss is associated with endocrinological problems in women. The main ones are polycystic ovary syndrome, diabetes mellitus, thyroid disease. Scientists are discussing the possibility that a defect in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle may have an impact on RPL, but this is still up for debate. Polycystic ovary syndrome is found in at least 40% of women who go through repeated pregnancy loss (9).

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Endocrinological-factors_0_2

These women are known to have insulin resistance and hyperinsolemia, hyperandrogemia and increased levels of a plasminogen activator-1 inhibitor – factors that have been proven to interfere with the course of normal pregnancy (6,10). In women suffering from diabetes mellitus, there is no increased risk of miscarriage, as long as insulin and glycosylated haemoglobin levels are kept to normal (11). &nbsp;Similarly, women with hypothyroidism may have a normal pregnancy and a healthy child if maintaining normal levels of thyroid hormone. If levels are not regulated during pregnancy, the risk of abortion, as well as of congenital genetic problems of the child after birth increase (12).

Immunological-factors

Immunological factors

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With the development of science there is deeper understanding of the influence of immunological factors on RPL. During implantation of the egg in the uterus, in the formation of the placenta and in the development of the embryo, a large number of different immune processes are involved, immune teams of guards, the role of which is to accompany and preserve the normal course of all these reproductive processes.

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Immunological-factors_0_2

Unfortunately, however, in some cases, the immune cells – guards make mistakes and cause problems in pregnancy. A main such problem is antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, which occurs in 15% of patients who undergo recurrent abortions (13). This is a rare autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks parts of the cell membrane called phospholipids. The cells that make up the lining of blood vessels are damaged, which causes increased formation of clots in the blood. This is a major problem in pregnant women, because communication between the mother and the embryo happens by blood. This disease can lead to blockage of blood vessels in the placenta, which would interfere with the development of the embryo and therefore lead to miscarriage. Another immunological factor for RPL is considered the possibility of the mother organism not recognizing the fetus as its own and disposing of it. Since the embryo carries genetic information from both the mother and the father, the paternal antigens which the fetus presents may be identified as alien by the mother's immune system and the placenta may be discarded (14).

Other-factors-associated-with-THE-PA

Other factors associated with THE PA

Thrombophilia

Thrombophilia_1_0

Thrombophilia_1_1

The main thrombophilia most often associated with repeated pregnancy loss are:

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(a) Hyperhomocysteinemia, which occurs from a mutation in a specific gene called methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR). Opinions in science are still conflicting about whether this gene has any connection to vascular diseases at all, but many of the women who undergo repeated abortions have this mutation.

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b) Resistance to activated protein C – occurs from a mutation in Factor V Leiden. This mutation is a major genetic change in thrombophilia, since with its presence it is considered that the body goes into a state of hypercoagulation.

Thrombophilia_1_4

c) Deficiency of activated protein C and protein S – these can be both congenital and acquired as a result of liver diseases, some infections, vitamin K deficiency and others. Congenital protein C deficiency arises from a mutation in the PROC gene, and in protein S - from a mutation in the PROS1 gene.

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(d) Mutations in prothrombin and antithrombin.

Fragmentation-of-sperm-DNA

Fragmentation of sperm DNA

Fragmentation-of-sperm-DNA_1_0

In a large number of cases of repeated abortions the cause is not in the woman but in the other partner, whose genetic material is also transmitted to the fetus. Most men have a subpopulation of sperm in their ejaculate, the DNA of which is damaged before or during ejaculation. In some subfertile men, the number of such spermatozoa is increased and this may be associated with the advent of repeated miscarriages (18).

Impact-of-environmental-factors-on-the-occurrence-of-recurrent-miscarriages

Impact of environmental factors on the occurrence of recurrent miscarriages

Impact-of-environmental-factors-on-the-occurrence-of-recurrent-miscarriages_1_0

There are various factors which some people face every day, which may contribute to the risk of recurrent miscarriages. Daily alcohol, cigarettes and coffee intake are most commonly discussed. Drinking alcohol 3 times a week for the first 3 months or 5 times a week during pregnancy has been shown to increase the risk of miscarriages. Smoking cigarettes is associated with constriction of blood vessels due to the presence of nicotine in them, which reduces blood circulation to the placenta and can be the cause of miscarriage (6). Coffee intake can also be a factor in miscarriage, as has been demonstrated in some studies (16,17). Although there are clearly risks of taking these substances, no link has yet been found between their intake and RPL.

What-tests-can-you-do-to-find-the-cause?

What tests can you do to find the cause?

What-tests-can-you-do-to-find-the-cause?_2_0

A visit to the gynecologist is inevitable after a miscarriage. While you are in the office, hysteroscopy can be done – a study in which the doctor examines the condition of the uterus from the inside using a small camera. Another study that is done in a specific place for the procedure is a hysterosalpingogram. In this study, fluoroscopy is performed – a contrast agent is injected into the cervix, which diffuses along the uterus and fallopian tubes. The process is observed on an X-ray and it visualizes whether there is a blockage of the fallopian tubes.

What-tests-can-you-do-to-find-the-cause?_2_1

Conducting cytogenetic analysis is a commonly prescribed study in patients who have suffered repeated miscarriages. Cytogenetic analysis allows to see all the chromosomes of the patient after only one blood collection. Chromosomes are isolated from the blood cells and then stained by a special method, allowing them to be seen under a microscope and to find out if any chromosomal defects are present.

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What-tests-can-you-do-to-find-the-cause?_2_3

Examination of hormones such as thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), checking the ovarian reserve by examining follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and estradiol may be useful in RPL. If you experience irregular menstruation, it can be seen whether antithyroid antibodies are present, which are detected in 17%-33% of women who have suffered 3 or more miscarriages (19). Checking if insulin resistance is present may also be helpful after undergoing RPL.

What-tests-can-you-do-to-find-the-cause?_2_4

Since antiphospholipid syndrome is indisputably associated with repeated abortions, it is significant to test for the presence of anticardiolipin antibodies and lupus anticoagulant, which will indicate whether the patient has an increased risk of forming blood clots.

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What-tests-can-you-do-to-find-the-cause?_2_6

Despite numerous associations of thrombophilia with miscarriages in women, they have not yet been accepted as a major factor in repeated abortions, but rather as an accompanying factor to other factors that make a greater contribution to the occurrence of such events. Nevertheless, it is advisable that women who have a history of thrombosis take a blood test for the presence of thrombophilia.

What-tests-can-you-do-to-find-the-cause?_2_7

Last but not least, it is important to establish whether the cause of RPL comes from the male partner by examining the seminal fluid for DNA fragmentation. There are several different methods that can be conducted for this analysis, but all of them evaluate whether there is damage in sperm DNA.

What-tests-can-you-do-to-find-the-cause?_2_8

Therapies-that-may-improve-the-chances-of-conception-in-RPL

Therapies that may improve the chances of conception in RPL

Therapies-that-may-improve-the-chances-of-conception-in-RPL_3_0

If an anatomical problem is detected, it can be removed surgically which often gives good results. If there are genetic abnormalities, including fragmentation of DNA in spermatozoa, the best option is to approach various in vitro procedures. Therapy with insulin-sensitive agents such as metformin improves performance in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (20). If there is an increased risk of thrombus formation, therapy with low molecular weight anticoagulants, such as heparin, is recommended. For some women, it is even advisable to continue taking them during pregnancy. Other easy changes that can be done in everyday life that can have big impact on the improvement in the chances of conception is the management of a healthy lifestyle by both partners – healthy eating, more movement, no drinking of alcohol, coffee and no smoking cigarettes, taking vitamins and antioxidants.

Therapies-that-may-improve-the-chances-of-conception-in-RPL_3_1

Conclusion

Conclusion_4_0

Nowadays, about 25%-30% of women go through hardships to discover the cause of repeated abortions, many of which even remain unclear. It is believed that in about 40%-50% of cases the exact cause cannot be found (6). However, most women who undergo repeated miscarriages (about 70%-75% of them) subsequently manage to give life to a healthy child (3).

Conclusion_4_1

Most common causes of recurrent pregnancy loss

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 Most common causes of recurrent pregnancy loss

Ивелина Янкова

Author: Rositsa Tashkova, Master of Molecular Biology and Microbiology

There are more than 30 species of savory (Satureja sp.), the most famous being the summer savory (Satureja hortensis) and the mountain savory (Satureja montana), also known as winter&nbsp;savory.

A little-known fact is that&nbsp;savory is a good helper for those suffering from metabolic syndrome (insulin resistance) due to its numerous effects on various organs and systems affected by the condition. In this article we will consider what beneficial effects the savory has on your body and metabolism.

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 What is the relationship between PCOS, insulin resistance and infertility

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The information was taken from A Review of the Benefits of Satureja Species on Metabolic Syndrome and Their Possible Mechanisms of Action, 2015, Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary &amp; Alternative Medicine. [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/A_review_of_the_benefits_of_Satureja_species_on_metabolic_syndrome_and_their_possible_mechanisms_of_action_25563729" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.1</a>]

What-is-Metabolic-Syndrome

What is Metabolic Syndrome

What-is-Metabolic-Syndrome_0_0

Metabolic syndrome is also known as insulin resistance. The condition has a direct impact on cardiovascular disease and affects too many people. It is a set of metabolic disorders.

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In order for someone to be diagnosed with the disease, it is necessary to have at least three of the following 5 characteristics:

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<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">abdominal obesity (waist circumference ≥102 cm in men and ≥88 cm in women),</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">triglycerides ≥150 mg/dL,</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) &lt;40 mg/dL in men and &lt;50 mg/dL in women,</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">blood pressure ≥130/85 mm Hg,</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">fasting glucose ≥110 mg/dL.</li>
</ul>

What-is-Metabolic-Syndrome_0_3

What-is-Metabolic-Syndrome_0_4

There are 6 components of metabolic syndrome that are associated with cardiovascular disease: abdominal obesity, atherogenous dyslipidemia (plaque formation in blood vessels), increased blood pressure, insulin resistance with or without glucose intolerance, pro-inflammatory state and prothrombotic state (propensity to blood clots).

What-is-Metabolic-Syndrome_0_5

What-is-Metabolic-Syndrome_0_6

The critical consequences of metabolic syndrome are the development of&nbsp;<a href="/p/vsichko_za_diabiet_tip_2_na_iedno_miasto_9b1be4d6_84a7_42c6_8e37_de3bd6480ba1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">type 2 diabetes mellitus</a>, hypertension, dyslipidemia and atherosclerotic vascular diseases, especially diseases of the coronary arteries.

What-is-Metabolic-Syndrome_0_7

Sedentary lifestyle, unhealthy nutrition and genetic factors contribute significantly to the development of the disease.

What-is-Metabolic-Syndrome_0_8

In women, insulin resistance is often associated with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), which is a common cause of infertility.

What-is-Metabolic-Syndrome_0_9

Herbs to help conception: which herbs and supplements regulate the cycle in PCOS

Herbs-and-Medicinal-Plants-That-May-Improve-Metabolic-Syndrome

Herbs and Medicinal Plants That May Improve Metabolic Syndrome

Herbs-and-Medicinal-Plants-That-May-Improve-Metabolic-Syndrome_1_0

A number of medicinal plants are being studied because of their potential to regulate various aspects of the disease, including:

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<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum), bitter melon (Momordica charantia) and cinnamon bark (Cinnamomum cassia) have been studied to cope with hyperglycemia (increased blood sugar);</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">dill (Anethum graveolens), garlic (Allium sativum), rosella (Hibiscus sabdariffa) and mulberry (Morus alba) have been tested for their hypotensive (lowering blood pressure) and hypolipidemic effects (lowering lipids in the blood).</li>
</ul>

Herbs-and-Medicinal-Plants-That-May-Improve-Metabolic-Syndrome_1_2

Savory-Has-Many-More-Effects

Savory Has Many More Effects

Savory-Has-Many-More-Effects_2_0

All of the above herbs have their limitations and relatively narrow spectrum of action, unlike the savory, which seems to possess an entire arsenal of weapons specifically aimed at manifestations of metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance.

Savory-Has-Many-More-Effects_2_1

It has the following actions:

Savory-Has-Many-More-Effects_2_2

<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">аntioxidant,</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">controls the lipids in the blood,</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">lowers blood glucose,</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">inhibits lipid peroxidation,</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">anti-inflammatory,</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">analgesic,</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">antiproliferative,</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">against diarrhoea,</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">releases blood vessels (vasorelaxant),</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">antifungal and antibacterial,</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">antiviral,</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">antispasmodic,</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">anticoagulant action (against blood clotting).</li>
</ul>

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Here we will consider some of them in more detail.

Antioxidant-Properties-of-Savory

Antioxidant Properties of Savory

Antioxidant-Properties-of-Savory_3_0

According to several studies, savory has remarkable antioxidant activity - it neutralizes free radicals. Probably this is due to the substances it contains: triterpenoid, carvacrol, tannin, steroid and flavonoid components.

Antioxidant-Properties-of-Savory_3_1

What are the benefits of antioxidants for health and which foods are richest to them

Antioxidant-Properties-of-Savory_3_2

Savory-May-Lower-Blood-Sugar

Savory May Lower Blood Sugar

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Some studies have found that the savory can lower the blood sugar level when it is too high (hyperglycemia). The antioxidant activity of the herb is thought to play a role in this. [<a href="https://scialert.net/abstract/?doi=pjbs.2009.140.145" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.2</a>]

Savory-May-Lower-Blood-Lipids

Savory May Lower Blood Lipids

Savory-May-Lower-Blood-Lipids_5_0

Several studies have shown that savory can lower levels of bad cholesterol (LDL) and triglycerides in the blood, while raising the level of good cholesterol (HDL).

Savory-May-Lower-Blood-Lipids_5_1

Three main substances in the plants of the savory family - Lamiaceae, suppress cholesterol synthesis: isopropanoids, carvacrol and tymol.

Anti-inflammatory-Action-of-Savory

Anti-inflammatory Action of Savory

Anti-inflammatory-Action-of-Savory_6_0

The anti-inflammatory action of savory can be due to the presence of flavonoids, steroids and thanin, since they have anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect.

thrombophilia

Most common causes of recurrent pregnancy loss

Savory: a Herb with Numerous Health Benefits

Herbs to avoid when taking aspirin, nurofen and paracetamol