Triple-negative breast cancer (sometimes abbreviated TNBC) refers to any breast cancer that does not express the genes for estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and HER2/neu. This makes it more difficult to treat since most hormone therapies target one of the three receptors, so triple-negative cancers often require combination therapies.  Triple negative is sometimes used as a surrogate term for basal-like; however, more detailed classification may provide better guidance for treatment ...

triple negative breast neoplasms

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Author: Rositsa Tashkova, Master of Molecular Biology and Microbiology

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Bee venom has been used for more than 5,000 years for the treatment of various diseases. Today it belongs to alternative methods of treating rheumatoid arthritis, chronic pain, etc. You will find it in various moisturizers, serums, in the form of extracts or even as an supplement, but its traditional application consists in injecting bee venom or direct bee stings.

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The idea of using bee venom in the field of medicine is born out of the belief that beekeepers almost do not suffer from rheumatism or joint problems.

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Treatment and prevention of diseases with bee products is called apitherapy. It is a branch of <a href="/p/kakvo_priedstavliava_altiernativnata_mieditsina_i_kakvi_sa_polzitie_ot_nieia_e2ecb339_f300_472f_a460_f58ef33f08ee" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer"> alternative medicine</a> that <a href="/p/oshchie_7_ghrupi_zaboliavaniia_koito_miedt_liekuva_6b2f7c31_1862_4ec9_a361_a9e7fb4094e1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer"></a>relies on the use of honey, pollen, propolis, royal jelly and mainly bee venom, also called apitoxin.

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Chemical-composition-of-bee-venom

Chemical composition of bee venom

Chemical-composition-of-bee-venom_0_0

Bee venom contains many active components. These include:

Chemical-composition-of-bee-venom_0_1

<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">peptides such as melittin, apamin,&nbsp; mast cell degranulating (MCD) peptide and adolapin;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">enzymes such as phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and hyaluronidase;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">amino acids and volatile compounds.</li>
</ul>

Chemical-composition-of-bee-venom_0_2

Chemical-composition-of-bee-venom_0_3

According to studies, these substances have therapeutic potential for the treatment of inflammatory diseases, as well as diseases of the central nervous system, such as Parkinson's disease, <a href="/p/altskhaimier_i_diemientsiia_6_bilki_koito_pomaghat_sporied_kitaiskata_traditsionna_mieditsina_c66a2085_1e30_40d8_9347_9fa3d0ac5bd2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer"></a> <a href="/p/altskhaimier_i_diemientsiia_6_bilki_koito_pomaghat_sporied_kitaiskata_traditsionna_mieditsina_c66a2085_1e30_40d8_9347_9fa3d0ac5bd2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Alzheimer's disease</a> and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, as well as many other conditions.

Chemical-composition-of-bee-venom_0_4

Bee venom has the highest amount of melittin - it represents 40-60% of its dry matter. It is also the most studied component of apitoxin and it is believed that most of the effects of bee poison are due to melittin, especially antibacterial, antiviral and anticancer.

Chemical-composition-of-bee-venom_0_5

Apamin and adolapine are also toxins, but according to some studies they also have a painkiller and anti-inflammatory effect. [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/To_bee_or_not_to_bee_The_potential_efficacy_and_safety_of_bee_venom_acupuncture_in_humans_30268393" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.2</a>]

Chemical-composition-of-bee-venom_0_6

The enzyme phospholipase A2 is a strong allergen that causes inflammation and cell damage, and these actions are enhanced by melittin. But according to some studies, the enzyme may also have anti-inflammatory and immunoprotective effects against asthma [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/Bee_venom_phospholipase_A2_suppresses_allergic_airway_inflammation_in_an_ovalbumin_induced_asthma_model_through_the_induction_of_regulatory_T_cells_26734460" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.3</a>], Alzheimer's disease [<a href="https://jneuroinflammation.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12974-016-0476-z" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.4</a>] and Parkinson's disease [<a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnagi.2019.00080/full" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.5</a>].

Does-bee-venom-have-anticancer-properties

Does bee venom have anticancer properties

Does-bee-venom-have-anticancer-properties_1_0

Interestingly, bee venom, like other animal poisons, has also shown anticancer and antiviral potential.

Does-bee-venom-have-anticancer-properties_1_1

Does-bee-venom-have-anticancer-properties_1_2

Both bee venom and melittin separately demonstrated an antitumor effect in various studies in the following cancers [<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41698-020-00129-0" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.6</a>]:

Does-bee-venom-have-anticancer-properties_1_3

<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Melanoma</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Non-small cell lung cancer,</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Glioblastoma,</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Leukemia</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Ovarian cancer,</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Breast cancer,</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Cervical cancer,</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Pancreatic cancer.</li>
</ul>

Does-bee-venom-have-anticancer-properties_1_4

Bee venom and melittin have had a stronger impact on cancer cells than on normal cells in the body.

Does-bee-venom-have-anticancer-properties_1_5

In addition, according to some studies on cancer cells, bee venom can complement the action of some chemotherapists, for example, in combination with cisplatin in malignancies of the larynx and cervix [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/Combined_antitumor_effects_of_bee_venom_and_cisplatin_on_human_cervical_and_laryngeal_carcinoma_cells_and_their_drug_resistant_sublines_25493319" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.7</a>] and with docetaxel in lung cancer cells.

Does-bee-venom-have-anticancer-properties_1_6

A 2020 study [<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41698-020-00129-0" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.6</a>], published in Nature, has found that bee venom and melittin are extremely effective in inducing cell death of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and hormone-receptor negative, HER2 positive breast cancer (HER2-enriched breast carcinoma), while the negative effects on normal cells were negligible.

Does-bee-venom-have-anticancer-properties_1_7

Does-bee-venom-have-anticancer-properties_1_8

These data give hope that in the future bee venom and its active ingredients may find use in the treatment of such a severe disease as cancer, alone or adjuvant to&nbsp;chemotherapy.

Anti-inflammatory-properties-of-bee-venom-and-rheumatoid-arthritis

Anti-inflammatory properties of bee venom and rheumatoid arthritis

Anti-inflammatory-properties-of-bee-venom-and-rheumatoid-arthritis_2_0

Chronic inflammation can lead to the development of certain diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, <a href="/p/5_bilki_poliezni_za_diabietitsi_i_khora_izlozhieni_na_risk_ot_boliestta_a1be3113_4acb_48b7_98d1_885314093e78" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">diabetes</a>, <a href="/p/bilki_za_zdravo_srtsie_chast_1_bdd3a061_589a_402f_846f_042cbc215d6e" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">cardiovascular</a> <a href="/p/zatlstiavanie_i_nadnormieno_tieghlo_ima_li_iefiektivni_bilki_srieshchu_tiakh_16acb63a_1ecd_478f_934e_390046386fc6" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer"></a>diseases, obesity, asthma, skin diseases and <a href="/p/liesni_rietsiepti_ot_ruskata_narodna_mieditsina_za_liechieniie_na_kozhni_zaboliavaniia_chast_2_aknie_diermatit_rozatsieia" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer"></a> neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Anti-inflammatory-properties-of-bee-venom-and-rheumatoid-arthritis_2_1

When melittin is administered in high doses, it causes local pain, itching and inflammation. But low doses show good anti-inflammatory effects.

Anti-inflammatory-properties-of-bee-venom-and-rheumatoid-arthritis_2_2

There is particular interest in its application in rheumatoid arthritis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Its effects are due to suppression of inflammatory substances - cytokines: interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, tumor necrotizing factor-α (TNF-α) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ). This leads to reduced inflammation in the skin, liver, joints and nerve tissue&nbsp;[<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/Antiarthritic_effect_of_bee_venom_inhibition_of_inflammation_mediator_generation_by_suppression_of_NF_kappaB_through_interaction_with_the_p50_subunit_15529353" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.8</a>].<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/Antiarthritic_effect_of_bee_venom_inhibition_of_inflammation_mediator_generation_by_suppression_of_NF_kappaB_through_interaction_with_the_p50_subunit_15529353" target="_blank" rel="noopener"></a>

Anti-inflammatory-properties-of-bee-venom-and-rheumatoid-arthritis_2_3

Anti-inflammatory-properties-of-bee-venom-and-rheumatoid-arthritis_2_4

The anti-inflammatory properties of bee venom are also due to some observations that it suppresses the manifestation of atopic dermatitis - the most common allergic chronic inflammatory skin disease.

Antiviral-and-antibacterial-properties-of-bee-venom

Antiviral and antibacterial properties of bee venom

Antiviral-and-antibacterial-properties-of-bee-venom_3_0

It is well known that melittin and phospholipase A2 have strong antibacterial properties, since they lead to the formation of pores in the cell walls of bacteria and therefore to their death.

Antiviral-and-antibacterial-properties-of-bee-venom_3_1

A study [<a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs12275-016-6376-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.9</a>] has found that in laboratory conditions bee venom, and in particular melittin, have significant antiviral effects against a variety of viruses - those with a shell and without one.

Antiviral-and-antibacterial-properties-of-bee-venom_3_2

<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">vesicular stomatitis virus,</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">influenza A virus,</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">herpes simplex virus,</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">enterovirus-71,</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">coxsackievirus.</li>
</ul>

Antiviral-and-antibacterial-properties-of-bee-venom_3_3

Antiviral-and-antibacterial-properties-of-bee-venom_3_4

The same team of scientists exposed mice to lethal doses of influenza A H1N1 virus and found that melittin also had a protective effect against this virus. It is not yet known what the mechanism of action is, but it has been confirmed that bee venom interacts directly with the viral surface.

Concerns-about-bee-venom-treatment

Concerns about bee venom treatment

Concerns-about-bee-venom-treatment_4_0

The most dangerous side effect of applying bee venom is the violent allergic reaction manifested as anaphylactic shock. This condition is life-threatening and needs to be approached with great care by both the patient and the treating specialist.

Concerns-about-bee-venom-treatment_4_1

Other serious adverse effects associated with this therapy are: hyperventilation, fatigue, loss of appetite, severe pain, increased risk of bleeding and vomiting.

Concerns-about-bee-venom-treatment_4_2

Topical, external application of products containing bee venom can lead to side effects such as itching, urticaria and redness in people sensitive to it.

Concerns-about-bee-venom-treatment_4_3

Bee venom is an alternative means of treating some serious conditions, and science is trying to confirm or reject the benefits of apitoxin. Only time will tell if we have really found another ally in the fight against insidious oncological, immunological and neurodegenerative diseases.

Q&amp;A

Q&amp;A_5_0

In what kind of products can you find apitoxin?

Q&amp;A_5_1

Bee venom is available in the form of ampoules with aqueous and oily solutions for subcutaneous injections, creams, ointments, gels, liquids for rubbing into the skin (liniments), tablets.

Q&amp;A_5_2

What's the price of bee venom?

Q&amp;A_5_3

Bee venom prices may vary from $30 US (or much cheaper if quality is not good) up to $300 US per gram.

Q&amp;A_5_4

Can bee venom do you any harm?

Q&amp;A_5_5

The following side effects may occur with subcutaneous injection of bee venom: itching, anxiety, difficulty breathing, chest tightness, palpitations, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, drowsiness, confusion, fainting and low blood pressure. These effects are more common in people with severe allergies to bee stings, in people treated with bee venom, and in women. The most severe possible reaction is anaphylactic shock (a life-threatening condition).

Q&amp;A_5_6

Apitherapy is not recommended for use in pregnant women, as the histamine released in response may cause miscarriage. Bee venom can activate an immune response that worsens the condition of people suffering from autoimmune diseases, so it is advisable for them to avoid treatment with apitoxin.

Bee venom - has it got anticancer and other beneficial properties according to science

https://d20hztklr4qnvi.cloudfront.net/c89a08b8-9444-492b-b641-ab0ed1c7c20d_middle.jpg

 Bee venom - has it got anticancer and other beneficial properties

Rositsa Tashkova-Kacharova

Author: Rositsa Tashkova, Master of Molecular biology and Microbiology

Unfortunately, statistics show that breast cancer ranks second among cancers leading to death in the fair sex. Early diagnosis is the main method of prevention. It is an important factor in the successful treatment of cancer. Fortunately, in recent years it has become clear that scientists are trying to develop vaccines against the insidious disease.

Risk-factors-and-causes-for-breast-cancer

Risk factors and causes for breast cancer

Risk-factors-and-causes-for-breast-cancer_0_0

The risk factors and causes that can lead to the development of breast cancer are many, and their action occurs with the simultaneous presence of several of them. It should be noted that <a href="/p/kak_ghienitie_opriedieliat_prilikata_s_roditielitie_ni_2256bb0a_9ee8_4d00_8f3e_7ca44b90aa45" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">genetic predisposition</a> is a key factor. Preventive examinations are mandatory, especially in families where there has been such a problem.

Risk-factors-and-causes-for-breast-cancer_0_1

<ul>
<li>
<h3>Mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes</h3>
</li>
</ul>

Risk-factors-and-causes-for-breast-cancer_0_2

Scientists pay great attention to the <a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/eng/research/pubmed/Breast_and_ovarian_cancer_risks_due_to_inherited_mutations_in_BRCA1_and_BRCA2_14576434" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes </a> [ref.1] which in a normal state prevent the uncontrollable growth of cells and their modification into cancer cells. The appearance of <a href="/p/mutatsii_srieshchu_iestiestvien_podbor_e4a316a0_b5fd_4a51_8dc0_12a14405f8f2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">mutations</a> in these genes may interfere with the performance of their protective functions. Fortunately, some women with such mutations never develop breast cancer. Therefore, testing for such genetic changes is not part of routine screening. It is performed only at the decision of the doctor for a specific reason.<a href="/p/mutatsii_srieshchu_iestiestvien_podbor_e4a316a0_b5fd_4a51_8dc0_12a14405f8f2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer"></a>

Risk-factors-and-causes-for-breast-cancer_0_3

<ul>
<li>
<h3>The link of breast cancer to ovarian cancer</h3>
</li>
</ul>

Risk-factors-and-causes-for-breast-cancer_0_4

Numerous studies have <a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/eng/research/pubmed/Integrated_genomic_analyses_of_ovarian_carcinoma_21720365" target="_blank" rel="noopener"></a> proven that mutations in these genes are associated with the development of cancer not only of the breast, but also of the ovaries [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/eng/research/pubmed/Integrated_genomic_analyses_of_ovarian_carcinoma_21720365" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.2</a>]. Because the mutated genes are hereditary, rather than spontaneously occurring, women who have suffered from an ovarian tumor caused by a mutation in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes are at increased risk of developing breast cancer as well.

Risk-factors-and-causes-for-breast-cancer_0_5

<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">
<h3>Breast cancer likelihood is reduced by having more children and longer breastfeeding</h3>
</li>
</ul>

Risk-factors-and-causes-for-breast-cancer_0_6

In developing countries, more children are born, and breastfeeding periods for a woman on average are longer. According to The Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer, if women from developed societies follow this example, morbidity will drop from 6.3 to 2.7 women per 100&nbsp;[<a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/278356172_Breast_cancer_and_breastfeeding_Collaborative_reanalysis_of_individual_data_from_47_epidemiological_studies_in_30_countries_including_50_302_women_with_breast_cancer_and_96_973_women_without_the_disea" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 3</a>]. Of course, childbirth cannot be a method for cancer prevention, but the benefits of breastfeeding are great for both the baby and the mother.

Risk-factors-and-causes-for-breast-cancer_0_7

<ul>
<li>
<h3>Oestrogen</h3>
</li>
</ul>

Risk-factors-and-causes-for-breast-cancer_0_8

There is growing evidence that the female sex hormone estrogen is related to breast cancer [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/eng/research/pubmed/Estrogen_metabolism_and_breast_cancer_24784887" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.4</a>]. The disease has three main subtypes: triple negative, HER2-positive and hormone-receptor positive (estrogen- and progesterone-receptor-positive). Two-thirds of all breast tumors are estrogen-receptor positive (ER+), which means that there are estrogen receptors on the surface of tumor cells and they respond to the hormone circulating in the blood.

Other-probable-causes-and-factors:

Other probable causes and factors:

Other-probable-causes-and-factors:_0_0

<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Too early onset of menstruation (11-12 years);</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Late menopause (after 55 years);</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Late first pregnancy (after 35 years);</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Short periods or complete lack of breastfeeding;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">A smaller number of pregnancies;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Abortions;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Obesity;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Alcohol (more than 1-2 cups per day);</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Lack of physical activity;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><a href="https://acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.3322/caac.21225" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Hormone replacement therapy</a> [ref. 5];</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Age: two-thirds of those who fall ill are over the age of 55.</li>
</ul>

Breast-cancer-prevention

Breast cancer prevention

Breast-cancer-prevention_1_0

The main way to prevent breast cancer is to conduct regular preventive examinations [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/eng/research/pubmed/Risk_determination_and_prevention_of_breast_cancer_25467785" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.6</a>]. This includes annual visits to a specialist mammologist, who uses an ultrasound in younger women who have no complaints or a family history, and a mammogram after the age of 35. For women who have close relatives with breast cancer, it is recommended to start mammography examinations after the age of 30.

Breast-cancer-prevention_1_1

Breast-cancer-prevention_1_2

The mammogram uses weak X-ray radiation and is used both for the prevention and diagnosis of breast cancer. It detects dangerous formations at a very early stage, when they are not large enough to get a hand - the so-called palpation. It takes two years for the formation to grow before it can be palpated.

Breast-cancer-prevention_1_3

In addition to prophylactic examinations, each woman should pay attention to whether there are changes in her breasts herself. It is good to watch for symptoms such as lumps, including under the arms, leakage of secretions from one breast, changes in the appearance of the nipple or skin. The disease is insidious and lumps are usually not painful and can go unnoticed on their own inspection. Therefore, examination by a doctor is the best prophylaxis.

Breast-cancer-prevention_1_4

Lifestyle is also relevant for the prevention of breast cancer - a factor that is most often overlooked. Alcohol and obesity increase the risk of developing the disease. The best treatment is prevention. It is therefore worth making an effort before it is too late - limiting harmful habits, sport and good physical shape can make a significant contribution to reducing the risk of developing breast cancer. According to a 2010 study [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/eng/research/pubmed/16_The_fraction_of_cancer_attributable_to_lifestyle_and_environmental_factors_in_the_UK_in_2010_22158327" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.7</a>], 26.8% of all cases of the disease in the UK are related to lifestyle and environmental factors.

Breast-cancer-prevention_1_5

Breast-cancer-prevention_1_6

In women who <a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/eng/research/pubmed/Prophylactic_mastectomy_for_the_prevention_of_breast_cancer_21069671" target="_blank" rel="noopener"></a> are at very high risk of developing the disease, extreme measures such as mastectomy [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/eng/research/pubmed/Prophylactic_mastectomy_for_the_prevention_of_breast_cancer_21069671" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.8</a>] can also be taken - preventive removal of breasts. Angelina Jolie is one of the examples of a woman at high risk of the disease who has taken this bold step. But understandably, this procedure can have a very negative psychological and emotional impact and should not be applied to women for whom there is no definite concerns.

Breast-cancer-prevention_1_7

Also in women at high risk of breast cancer, chemoprevention [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/eng/research/pubmed/Breast_cancer_chemoprevention_old_and_new_approaches_22851887" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.9</a>] can also be administered. Chemoprevention should not be confused with chemotherapy. This is the use of drugs that block estrogen receptors or lower the amount of estrogen in certain tissues. Such therapy can be prescribed only by a doctor, taking into account the risk of breast cancer in a particular woman, as well as the side effects of drugs.

Herbs-that-may-help-in-the-treatment-of-breast-cancer

Herbs that may help in the treatment of breast cancer

Herbs-that-may-help-in-the-treatment-of-breast-cancer_2_0

There are herbs and medicinal plants that seem to have some potential to support the treatment of breast cancer. They do not treat it on their own, but under medical supervision can have a beneficial effect on the patient's condition.

Herbs-that-may-help-in-the-treatment-of-breast-cancer_2_1

Such plants and herbs are [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4881189/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 15</a>]:

Herbs-that-may-help-in-the-treatment-of-breast-cancer_2_2

<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">
Eastern purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea) - flavonoids act as an immunostimulant and are present in the echinacea. They promote the activity of lymphocytes, increase phagocytosys in macrophages and the action of NK-cells, and also <a href="../p/liechiebni_rastieniia_koito_obliekchavat_mchitielnitie_stranichni_iefiekti_ot_khimio_i_lchietierapiiata_0e97f0c5_6473_4c0a_bfd5_233383967f22" target="_blank" rel="noopener">reduce the harmful effects of radiation therapy</a> and chemotherapy. Flavonoids can help prolong the life of patients with progressive stage of cancer. 
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">
Garlic (Allium sativum) - the anticancer activity of garlic is probably due to the large amount of organic sulphides and polysulfides, the strengthening of immune defenses (the number of suppressor T cells increases and turns lymphocytes into a form that kills cancer cells), etc. It is believed that garlic can relieve chemotherapy and radiation therapy sife effects.
</li>
</ul>

Herbs-that-may-help-in-the-treatment-of-breast-cancer_2_3

Herbs-that-may-help-in-the-treatment-of-breast-cancer_2_4

<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">
Turmeric (Curcuma longa) - curcumin, the active ingredient of turmeric, is present in its rhizome and base. Curcumin is known to have anti-cancer action due to its phenolic substances. Мultiplication of cancer cells in the lungs, breast, skin and stomach is also limited by curcumin. It also increases the body's natural <a href="../p/kakvi_sa_polzitie_ot_antioksidantitie_za_zdravieto_i_koi_khrani_sa_nai_boghati_na_tiakh_0376155d_ea0c_4218_8ed2_114aed9f37c5" target="_blank" rel="noopener">antioxidant</a> activity.
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">
Burdock (Arctium lappa) - it stimulates the action of macrophages, restricts the multiplication of cancer cells and has immunomodulating properties.
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">
Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng) - the active substances of ginseng reduce or block the tumor necrotizing factor in the skin of mice, block the multiplication and metastases of cancer cells, stimulate the differentiation of cells and affect the level of interferon. Ginseng is most active in the form of extract and dried powder to prevent the onset of cancer.
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Flaxseed, vitamin D, green tea and plants rich in carotenoids.</li>
</ul>

Is-there-a-vaccine-against-breast-cancer

Is there a vaccine against breast cancer

Is-there-a-vaccine-against-breast-cancer_3_0

At the beginning of October 2019, immunologist Dr. Keith Кnutson [<a href="https://www.mayo.edu/research/faculty/knutson-keith-l-ph-d/bio-00026672" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 10</a>] from Mayo Clinic announced that a breast cancer vaccine is expected to be available within 8 years. It will be a product of the hard work of his team. The vaccine will be used both in prevention and as a concomitant treatment of cancer.

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Dr. Кnutson says that immunologists at the clinic are ready with two vaccines - against triple negative breast cancer and against HER2-positive cancer, and one against ductal carcinoma in situ is currently being developed.

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In his words [<a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/robinseatonjefferson/2019/10/11/mayo-breast-cancer-vaccine-could-be-available-in-less-than-a-decade/#3792acca27c7" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.11</a>], these vaccines are effective and have no side effects, but before they are placed on the market, large-scale clinical studies need to be conducted to prove this to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.

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Clinical-trials

Clinical trials

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It should be considered that when it is claimed that a drug is ready, it does not always mean that it has been put into use. Before it reaches the patients that need it, each medicine is subjected to a clinical trial. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_trial#Phases" target="_blank" rel="noopener"></a> It involves several phases [<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_trial#Phases" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 12</a>] and takes years. Usually the first phase involves a small number of people (20-80) and aims to establish the safety of the substance, dosage and side effects.

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In the second phase of the trial, 100-300 volunteers take part, establishing the efficacy of the drug. Phase 3 includes several thousand people - efficacy, effectiveness, safety are confirmed and compared to pre-existing therapies.

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Of course, clinical trials are extremely expensive - typically Phase 2 costs between $12 million and $20 million, and Phase 3, in which the largest number of people participate, can cost double that.

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The NeuVax vaccine

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In addition to the projects of Dr. Кnutson and his colleagues, there are more scientific groups working on the topic, and one of the vaccines being developed has already gone through the final phase 3 of clinical trials - this is <a href="https://clincancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/25/14/4248.abstract" target="_blank" rel="noopener">NeuVax</a> [ref. 13]. It targets breast cancer associated with HER2 - a <a href="/p/kakva_ie_razlikata_miezhdu_bieltk_i_protiein_b1b6b96e_e340_46d2_9768_ac9fa8cd6adc" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">protein</a> that promotes cell growth and when things are out of control - leads to tumor formation.<a href="/p/kakva_ie_razlikata_miezhdu_bieltk_i_protiein_b1b6b96e_e340_46d2_9768_ac9fa8cd6adc" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer"></a>

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Mechanism of action of the breast cancer vaccine

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Similar to traditional vaccines that train the immune system to attack specific disease-causing microorganisms, the breast cancer vaccine aims to activate our own immune system to fight against the causative agent of the disease - in this case, cancer cells.

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This is possible because the cells of different types of cancer are associated with the production of specific molecules - antigens, different for each type. If immune cells learn to recognize these particular molecules as hostile, they will attack the cells that produce them as soon as they appear in the body.

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Potentially dangerous cells constantly arise in our body, but there are mechanisms by which they are removed from the body without even knowing that this has happened. <a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/eng/research/pubmed/Protein_biomarkers_for_the_early_detection_of_breast_cancer_22084684" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Diagnostic methods</a> [ref. 14] have now reached precision that allows doctors to detect tumors at a very early stage, but unfortunately we do not know which of these microscopic formations the body would deal with on its own and which will continue to develop.

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The appropriate vaccine would prevent the onset of cancer  

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The existence of a suitable cancer vaccine would significantly help the body's own forces to cope with emerging cancer cells. But unfortunately, each type and even subspecies of cancer is different from the others, and it is not possible to create one vaccine against everyone.

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However, women who have already fallen ill will receive powerful support in their treatment if vaccinated. For those at high risk of developing the disease, especially hereditary, the appropriate vaccine would prevent the onset of cancer in the very beginning. Therefore, we really hope that only a few more years will separate us from the successful treatment and prevention of breast cancer.

triple negative breast neoplasms

Breast cancer - prevention, causes, vaccine, herbal and conventional treatment