Unconsciousness is a state which occurs when the ability to maintain an awareness of self and environment is lost. It involves a complete or near-complete lack of responsiveness to people and other environmental stimuli.Loss of consciousness should not be confused with the notion of the psychoanalytic unconscious or cognitive processes (e.g., implicit cognition) that take place outside awareness, and with altered states of consciousness, such as delirium (when the person is confused and only partially ...

unconsciousness

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What-is-Epilepsy?

What is Epilepsy?

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Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures. It affects approximately 65 million people worldwide, making it one of the most common neurological disorders globally. Seizures occur when there is a sudden surge of electrical activity in the brain, disrupting its normal functioning. Epilepsy can manifest in various forms, with different types of seizures, causes, symptoms, and risk factors.

Causes,-Symptoms,-and-Risk-Factors

Causes, Symptoms, and Risk Factors

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Epilepsy can have many different causes, including genetic factors, brain injury, infections, and developmental disorders. In many cases, the exact cause remains unknown. Symptoms of epilepsy can vary greatly, with some individuals experiencing mild seizures that are barely noticeable, while others have severe seizures that can cause unconsciousness and convulsions. Risk factors for developing epilepsy include a family history of the condition, head injuries, infections, and a history of febrile seizures during childhood.

The-Science-Behind-CBD-and-Epilepsy-Treatment

The Science Behind CBD and Epilepsy Treatment


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Cannabidiol (CBD) is a non-psychoactive compound found in the cannabis plant. Unlike its more famous cousin, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), CBD does not produce a "high." In recent years, there has been a growing body of scientific research suggesting that CBD may hold the key to revolutionizing epilepsy treatment.

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One groundbreaking study that paved the way for CBD's role in epilepsy treatment was published in The New England Journal of Medicine in 2017. This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial involved 120 children and young adults with Dravet syndrome, a severe form of epilepsy. The study found that those who received CBD experienced a 39% reduction in seizure frequency, compared to a 13% reduction in the placebo group.

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Following this study, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved Epidiolex, a CBD-based drug, in 2018 for the treatment of two severe forms of epilepsy: Dravet syndrome and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Since then, numerous studies have continued to explore the potential of CBD in treating various types of epilepsy, and the results have been overwhelmingly positive.

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Easy-to-Make-CBD-Recipes

Easy-to-Make CBD Recipes

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As CBD becomes more widely accepted, it is now available in various forms, such as oils, tinctures, and edibles. For those looking to incorporate CBD into their daily routine, here are some simple recipes:

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<ol><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">CBD-infused smoothie: Add a few drops of CBD oil to your favorite smoothie recipe for a healthy and delicious way to enjoy the benefits of CBD.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">CBD-infused salad dressing: Combine CBD oil with olive oil, vinegar, and your choice of herbs and spices for a tasty, nutrient-rich salad dressing.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">CBD-infused tea: Add a few drops of CBD oil to your favorite herbal tea for a soothing and relaxing beverage.</li></ol>

Allergy-Note-and-Medical-Advice

Allergy Note and Medical Advice

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As with any new supplement, it's essential to be aware of potential allergies. If you suspect an allergic reaction to CBD, consult a healthcare professional immediately. Always talk to your doctor before starting any CBD regimen, especially if you're already taking medication for epilepsy.

Questions-and-Answers

Questions and Answers

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Q: Is CBD safe for children with epilepsy?

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A: The FDA has approved Epidiolex, a CBD-based drug, for the treatment of two severe forms of epilepsy in children aged 2 years and older. However, it is crucial to consult with a healthcare professional before starting any CBD regimen for a child.

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Q: Can CBD completely cure epilepsy?

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A: While CBD has shown significant promise in reducing seizure frequency and severity, it is not a complete cure for epilepsy. However, it can greatly improve the quality of life for those living with the condition.

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Q: Are there any side effects of using CBD for epilepsy?

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A: &nbsp;Some common side effects of CBD include drowsiness, diarrhea, and changes in appetite. However, these side effects are generally mild and manageable. It is essential to discuss any potential side effects with a healthcare professional before starting a CBD regimen.

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Q: Can I use CBD alongside other epilepsy medications?

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A: &nbsp;CBD can interact with certain epilepsy medications, potentially leading to increased side effects or reduced effectiveness. It is crucial to consult with your doctor before combining CBD with other medications.

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Q: Can CBD be used to treat all types of epilepsy?

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A: &nbsp;While CBD has shown promise in treating various forms of epilepsy, more research is needed to determine its effectiveness for all types of the condition. Always consult with a healthcare professional to determine if CBD could be a suitable treatment option for your specific type of epilepsy.

The green miracle of cannabidiol (CBD) is revolutionizing the way epilepsy is treated and managed. With a growing body of scientific research supporting its effectiveness in reducing seizure frequency and severity, CBD offers hope for millions of people living with epilepsy. As an accessible and natural treatment option, CBD has the potential to transform lives and improve the overall quality of life for those affected by this neurological disorder.

The Green Miracle: How Cannabidiol (CBD) is Revolutionizing Epilepsy Treatment and Management

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The Green Miracle: How Cannabidiol (CBD) is Revolutionizing Epilepsy T

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Heartburn-and-Its-Symptoms

Heartburn and Its Symptoms

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Heartburn is a common condition that affects many people. It is caused by stomach acid flowing back up into the esophagus, which can cause a burning sensation in the chest. Other symptoms of heartburn include:

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Regurgitation of food or stomach acid</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Bitter or sour taste in the mouth</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Difficulty swallowing</li></ul>While heartburn can be uncomfortable, it is usually not a cause for concern. However, if you experience chest pain or discomfort that lasts for more than a few minutes or is accompanied by other symptoms, you should seek medical attention.

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Other-Potential-Causes-of-Chest-Pain/Discomfort

Other Potential Causes of Chest Pain/Discomfort


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Heart Attack: A heart attack occurs when the blood supply to the heart is blocked, which can cause chest pain or discomfort. Other symptoms of a heart attack include:

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Shortness of breath</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Nausea or vomiting</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Dizziness or lightheadedness</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Pain or discomfort in other parts of the body, such as the arms, back, neck, jaw, or stomach</li></ul>If you suspect you may be having a heart attack, call 911 or go to the emergency room immediately.

Angina

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Angina is a type of chest pain that occurs when the heart is not getting enough blood flow. It is often described as a pressure or tightness in the chest, and it may also cause:

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Shortness of breath</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Nausea or vomiting</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Dizziness or lightheadedness</li></ul>

Pulmonary-embolism

Pulmonary embolism

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A pulmonary embolism occurs when a blood clot forms in the lungs. Symptoms of a pulmonary embolism include:

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Chest pain or discomfort</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Shortness of breath</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Rapid heartbeat</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Coughing up blood</li></ul>

Aortic-dissection

Aortic dissection

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An aortic dissection occurs when the inner layer of the aorta tears, which can cause chest pain or discomfort. Other symptoms of an aortic dissection include:

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<ul><li>Severe back or abdominal pain</li><li>Difficulty speaking or loss of consciousness</li></ul>&nbsp;

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Gastroesophageal-reflux-disease-(GERD)

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

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GERD is a chronic digestive condition that occurs when stomach acid flows back into the esophagus. Symptoms of GERD include:

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Heartburn</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Regurgitation of food or stomach acid</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Bitter or sour taste in the mouth</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Difficulty swallowing</li></ul>

Hiatal-hernia

Hiatal hernia

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A hiatal hernia occurs when part of the stomach pushes up through the diaphragm and into the chest. Symptoms of a hiatal hernia may include:

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<ul><li>Heartburn</li><li>Chest pain or discomfort</li><li>Difficulty swallowing</li></ul>&nbsp;

Costochondrite

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Costochondritis is an inflammation of the cartilage that connects the ribs to the breastbone. It can cause chest pain or discomfort that may be mistaken for a heart attack. Other symptoms of costochondritis include:

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Tenderness or swelling around the affected area</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Pain when taking deep breaths or coughing</li></ul>

How-to-Recognize-the-Symptoms

How to Recognize the Symptoms

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It's important to seek medical attention if you experience chest pain or discomfort, especially if the symptoms are severe or accompanied by other symptoms. If you're not sure whether your symptoms are related to heartburn or another condition, here are some questions to ask yourself:

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">How long have you been experiencing chest pain or discomfort?</li></ul><ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Is the pain or discomfort constant or does it come and go?</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Does the pain or discomfort radiate to other parts of your body?</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Are you experiencing any other symptoms, such as shortness of breath, nausea, or dizziness?</li></ul>If you are experiencing chest pain or discomfort and are unsure of the cause, it's better to err on the side of caution and seek medical attention.

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Herbal-and-Natural-Remedies

Herbal and Natural Remedies

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While natural remedies can be helpful in managing heartburn and other digestive issues, it's important to note that they are not a substitute for medical treatment. If you are experiencing chest pain or discomfort, you should seek medical attention before trying any natural remedies. Here are some natural remedies that can be helpful in managing heartburn and other digestive issues:

Ginger

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Ginger has natural anti-inflammatory properties and can help to reduce inflammation in the digestive tract. You can consume ginger as a tea or add it to your meals.

Aloe-vera-juice

Aloe vera juice

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Aloe vera juice can help to soothe inflammation in the digestive tract and may help to reduce heartburn symptoms

Apple-cider-vinegar

Apple cider vinegar

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Apple cider vinegar can help to balance the pH of the stomach and may help to reduce heartburn symptoms. You can dilute apple cider vinegar in water and consume it before meals.

Slippery-elm

Slippery elm

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Slippery elm can help to coat and soothe the digestive tract, which can help to reduce heartburn symptoms. You can consume slippery elm as a tea or take it in capsule form.

Medications-that-can-cause-chest-pain

Medications that can cause chest pain

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Nitroglycerin (active compound: glyceryl trinitrate): Used to treat chest pain (angina), but can sometimes cause a rebound effect and worsen symptoms.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Beta-blockers (active compounds: atenolol, metoprolol, propranolol): Used to treat high blood pressure and heart conditions, but can sometimes cause chest pain, particularly if the dosage is too high or if the medication is suddenly stopped.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Calcium channel blockers (active compounds: verapamil, diltiazem): Used to treat high blood pressure and heart conditions, but can sometimes cause chest pain.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Statins (active compounds: atorvastatin, simvastatin, rosuvastatin): Used to lower cholesterol levels, but can sometimes cause chest pain or discomfort.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Fibrates (active compounds: fenofibrate, gemfibrozil): Used to lower triglyceride levels, but can sometimes cause chest pain or discomfort.</li></ul>

Allergies-that-can-cause-chest-pain

Allergies that can cause chest pain

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Food allergies: Certain foods, such as nuts, shellfish, and dairy products, can trigger an allergic reaction that may lead to chest pain or discomfort.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Drug allergies: Some people may have an allergic reaction to medications, which can cause chest pain as a symptom.</li></ul>

Photo by Jonathan Niederhoffer on Unsplash

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Foods-that-can-cause-chest-pain

Foods that can cause chest pain

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Spicy foods: Spices such as chili peppers and black pepper can irritate the esophagus and cause chest pain or discomfort.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Acidic foods: Citrus fruits, tomatoes, and vinegar can also irritate the esophagus and cause chest pain or discomfort.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Carbonated beverages: The bubbles in carbonated drinks can cause gas to build up in the stomach, which can lead to chest pain or discomfort.</li></ul>It is important to note that chest pain can be a symptom of a serious medical condition, such as a heart attack or pulmonary embolism. If you experience chest pain or discomfort, seek medical attention immediately.

Chest pain or discomfort can be a scary symptom, but it's important to remember that many conditions and diseases that cause chest pain are treatable if caught early. If you are experiencing chest pain or discomfort, seek medical attention immediately. Natural remedies can be helpful in managing heartburn and other digestive issues, but they are not a substitute for medical treatment.

Chest Pain or Discomfort: When It's More Than Just Heartburn

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What-is-mad-honey-and-is-it-legal-to-use?

What is mad honey and is it legal to use?

What-is-mad-honey-and-is-it-legal-to-use?_0_0

"Mad honey" is honey, which bees produce in the mountains of Nepal and Turkey. It is named that way because bees in these areas feed mainly on the rhododendron plant, which possesses the toxin grayanatoxin. When pollen from these plants is eaten, the toxin passes into the bees' bodies and they transfer it to the honey they produce. Its taste is bitter, compared to ordinary honey.

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This bee nectar can also be found in some other countries where rhododendron also grows, such as in Spain, Japan, Brazil, Great Britain, America. But the amount of grayanotoxin that can be contained in honey in these countries is too small to have any effect on the body.&nbsp;

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Mad Honey is illegal in South Korea, India, Mexico, Brazil, Canada, Australia, but, as far as it is clear, there are no laws prohibiting its use in other countries.

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Honey can be found in some local shops in Turkey and Nepal, where it is produced by local beekeepers, but be careful if you buy from there, because they do not pass laboratory tests to ensure safe levels of toxin in the honey. In addition to these places,&nbsp; mad honey can be supplied from other specialized stores that ensure that the production has passed laboratory tests and contains safe levels of grayanotoxin. It can also be found on some sites online and on the black market.

Mad-honey-from-antiquity

Mad honey from antiquity

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Mad honey is known for its use as a biological weapon as early as 401 BC. and several times <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/1170/1170-h/1170-h.htm" target="_blank" data-ref=" Anabasis, by Xenophon " rel="noopener">there after [ref. 1]</a>. The soldiers left the honey on the road as bait so that their enemies could be tempted and eat it. The honey made them incapable of fighting, and they were slaughtered by their enemies.&nbsp;

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In addition, crazy honey is known in folk medicine for its use as a medicine for numerous diseases, such as to soothe gastrointestinal problems and pain, skin problems, influenza and a cold, high blood pressure, diabetes, arthritis and as an aphrodisiac <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26437804/" target="_blank" data-ref="Mad Honey Poisoning-Related Hypothermia: A Case Series - PubMed" rel="noopener">[ref. 2]</a>,<a href="https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJM200006153422407" target="_blank" data-ref="Erectile Dysfunction | NEJM" rel="noopener">[ref. 3]</a>. Its properties of aphrodisiac are the reason why cases of poisoning are 5 times more common in men than in <a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/tbtkmedical/issue/12293/146977" target="_blank" data-ref="An indispensable toxin known for 2500 years: victims of mad honey" rel="noopener">women [ref. 4]</a>.

What-effect-does-grayatoxin-have-on-the-body?

What effect does grayatoxin have on the body? 

What-effect-does-grayatoxin-have-on-the-body?_2_0

One of the effects of grayantoxin is on specific proteins (sodium channels) on the surface of the cells, which are responsible for the passage of sodium into the cells. These proteins line up side by side and form pores, channels, through the membrane of the cell and play the role of a door that opens and closes, allowing the passage of sodium into the cell. Grayantoxin attaches to these proteins when they are open and blocks their closure, forcing a constant flow of sodium into almost every cell in the body.&nbsp;

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The toxin mimics the action of the neurotransmitter Acetylcholine, which normally binds to part of the sodium channels and causes them to open. This neurotransmitter carries messages between neurons and from neurons to muscles.&nbsp;

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The constant flow of sodium into the cells acts excitatory on the skeletal muscles (those responsible for voluntary movements) and suppressing the heart muscles. These properties cause the typical symptoms of poisoning with mad honey &ndash; slow heart rate and decrease in blood pressure, muscle weakness, vomiting and diarrhea, unconsciousness and, in rarer cases, convulsions.&nbsp;

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In addition, the action of the toxin causes activation of muscarine receptors, which leads to increased formation of saliva and sweating, bronchospasm and abnormal contraction of the heart.

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Grayanotoxin is metabolized for 24 hours, and because of this, the symptoms of poisoning with crazy honey last 24 hours. When consuming too much mad honey, poisoning with grayanotoxin can be deadly.

Mad honey has been known to us since ancient times. Due to its hallucinogenic properties, it has been used as a weapon against enemies. At the same time, thanks to its effects on the body, mad honey can also be used as a remedy against gastrointestinal problems and pains, skin problems, flu and cold, high blood pressure, diabetes, arthritis and as an aphrodisiac. Nowadays, the supply of mad honey becomes much easier as it can be ordered online to all parts of the world, and can also be found in Nepal and Turkey, where it is prepared by local beekeepers. But be careful when buying mad honey - check that grayanotoxin levels in the honey are safe - high levels can lead to death.

Mad honey – what is the rare hallucinogen of antiquity known for?

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Ивелина Янкова

Author: Rositsa Tashkova, Master of Molecular Biology and Microbiology

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Stroke is a common but critical condition that needs modern medical care without a minute's delay. After stabilization of the condition of the patient, rehabilitation is needed in order to restore to the maximum extent their quality of life.

What-Types-Of-Stroke-Are-There

What Types Of Stroke Are There

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There are three types of stroke: microinsult or transient ischemic attack (TIA); ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke.

What-Types-Of-Stroke-Are-There_0_1

In the transient ischemic attack, no permanent damage to the brain occurs, and the symptoms subside quickly - within minutes or hours.

What-Types-Of-Stroke-Are-There_0_2

More dangerous are ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes.

What-Types-Of-Stroke-Are-There_0_3

In ischemic stroke, a blockage of a blood vessel (artery) in the brain is observed, which leads to malnutrition of the part of the brain where it happened. The cause may be a blood clot that clogs or narrows the vessel. This is the most common form of stroke.

What-Types-Of-Stroke-Are-There_0_4

In hemorrhagic stroke, a rupture of a blood vessel in the brain is observed, in which blood is poured and pressed into brain cells, damaging them.

unconsciousness

Chest Pain or Discomfort: When It's More Than Just Heartburn

Mad honey – what is the rare hallucinogen of antiquity known for?

New Approaches To Stroke Rehabilitation

Autoimmune Encephalitis - Insanity or a Treatable Condition