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Author: Yana Nencheva, Biochemist, PhD candidate in Biophysics

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Knowing how important proteins are for us, we must be aware that they are not only good, it turns out that there are also "bad" ones. Here I am talking about mutated prions [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/eng/research/pubmed/Prions_9811807" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 1</a>]. These are infectious particles that consist only of protein [<a href="/p/kakva_ie_razlikata_miezhdu_bieltk_i_protiein_b1b6b96e_e340_46d2_9768_ac9fa8cd6adc" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">ref. 2</a>]. Stanley Prusiner, a professor of neurology and biochemistry, won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1997 when he discovered them.

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Collectively, prion disorders affect about 1 in 1,000,000 people a year. It is estimated that genetic prion diseases make up only about 15% of all individuals with prion diseases. Because rare diseases often remain undiagnosed or misdiagnosed, it is difficult to determine their true incidence in the general population.

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For example, a disease known as fatal familial insomnia (FFI) affects both men and women equally often. The average age at which the first symptoms appear is 45-50 years, although the described disorder occurs in individuals in their teens and up to their 70s. Fatal familial insomnia has been described in populations worldwide.

Prion---protein-went-the-bad-way

Prion - protein went the bad way

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Prions are made up of about 250 amino acids and the protein from which they are made has a name <a href="/p/kak_ghienitie_opriedieliat_prilikata_s_roditielitie_ni_2256bb0a_9ee8_4d00_8f3e_7ca44b90aa45" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer"></a> - PrP, which is easier to remember on behalf of Ilon Musk'schild.

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<a href="/p/kakva_ie_razlikata_miezhdu_bieltk_i_protiein_b1b6b96e_e340_46d2_9768_ac9fa8cd6adc" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer"></a> When examining the infectious causative agent of certain diseases, scientists found that it is a prion with a falsely pleated protein (folding is also called conformation).

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If it doesn't sound scary to you, then keep in mind that the mutated prion has one goal -to turn the nemutated prions around it into mutantones.

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So far, <a href="http://bfsa.bg/userfiles/files/ZJ/rvl/TSE_21022019.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"></a> it is not entirely clear why good pion goes down a bad path.

Prion---protein-went-the-bad-way_0_5

<ul>
<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Mad cow (Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy, SEG) or Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Kuru or The Laughing Death</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Fatal family insomnia</li>
</ul>
</ul>

What-is-mad-cow-and-Creutzfeldt-Jakob-disease

What is mad cow and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

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The disease was first diagnosed in 1985in the UK and has been called<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/Identification_of_a_second_bovine_amyloidotic_spongiform_encephalopathy_molecular_similarities_with_sporadic_Creutzfeldt_Jakob_disease_14970340" target="_blank" rel="noopener">bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy</a>(BSE) or "mad cow" [ref. 5].

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There are several ways of infecting a mad cow:

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<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">When consuming meat from a sick animal - the prions fall into the digestive tract, then into the blood and somehow overcome the blood-brain barrier. </li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">When blood transfusions from a ailing individual;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">With improperly cleaned tools during surgery, if the previous patient suffered from the disease.</li>
</ul>

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Mad cow is a form of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. These diseases are incurable and deadly.

What-is-Kuru-or-"laughing-death"

What is Kuru or "laughing death"

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One of the purely practical reasons not to resort to cannibalism is Kurudisease.

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Besides the common for transmissible spongiform encephalopathies symptomatology, the final phase of the disease is interesting for Kuru - uncoilable bouts of laughter.

What-is-fatal-familial-insomnia

What is fatal familial insomnia

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Fatal family insomnia was diagnosed in 1986 and is due to a mutation in the PRNPgene, as a result of which one amino acid is replaced byanother. Thus, the infectious prion affects brain function, and in particular that of the thalamusresponsible for:

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<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Most of the processing of sensory information we perceive is</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Regulates the main movements we perform,</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Affects the emotional response,</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">It controls the excitability of the cerebral cortex.</li>
</ul>

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This brain structure has an essential role in sleep regulation, therefore, when infectious prions are more than normal, sleep problems begin. In the beginning, there are strange physiological disorders such as intense sweating, and then the body begins to lose weight . At some point, the initial forms of insomniacharacterized by the more difficult fall asleep aremanifested. When the condition has developed to such an extent that the patient can no longer really fall asleepat all , thiscan lead to other serious complications:

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<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Chronic fatigue,</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Sexual dysfunction,</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Problems with blood pressure,</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Panic disorders,</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Disorientation, etc.</li>
</ul>

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Within a year comes the flyout.

Can-I-get-mad-cow,-Kuru-and-fatal-familial-insomnia

Can I get mad cow, Kuru and fatal familial insomnia

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Naturally, before we start thinking about whether we have mutated prion and whether we suffer from an initial degree of fatal insomnia, for example, we need to know that all three diseases in this article are in the column of extremely rare ones. <a href="/p/kak_da_sie_spravim_s_biezsniieto_4a5e9367_3f8a_4aa7_bcf3_ecedac42f10c" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer"></a>

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Infectious prions affect the human population anywhere in the world. There are no less or more severely affected areas. Both sexes are equally prone. Cases are described in both teenage and 70-year-olds, but the average patient tie is 45-50 years.

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To our comfort, this is a group of diseases that are extremely rare. <a href="https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/fatal-familial-insomnia/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"></a>

Can-I-get-mad-cow,-Kuru-and-fatal-familial-insomnia_4_4

Can-I-get-mad-cow,-Kuru-and-fatal-familial-insomnia_4_5

<a href="/p/avtoimunniiat_ientsiefalit_ludost_ili_liechimo_sstoianiie_524ecb9d_0015_4491_b0d0_980c6a74a981" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Autoimmune encephalitis - a crazy or treatable condition</a>

Can-I-get-mad-cow,-Kuru-and-fatal-familial-insomnia_4_6

<a href="/p/sindrom_na_kapghra_koghato_si_mislim_chie_niakoi_drugh_sie_priedstavia_za_nash_blizk_fec408da_7ee1_43ee_920b_dda97b198cc7" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Capgra syndrome: when we think someone else is pretending to be our loved one</a>

<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/eng/research/pubmed/Prions_9811807" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Prions</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1998

<a href="kakva_ie_razlikata_miezhdu_bieltk_i_protiein_b1b6b96e_e340_46d2_9768_ac9fa8cd6adc" target="_blank" rel="noopener">What is the difference between protein and protein</a>

<a href="kak_ghienitie_opriedieliat_prilikata_s_roditielitie_ni_2256bb0a_9ee8_4d00_8f3e_7ca44b90aa45" target="_blank" rel="noopener">How genes determine resemblance to our parents</a>

Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Forestry, Bulgarian Food Safety Agency

<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/Identification_of_a_second_bovine_amyloidotic_spongiform_encephalopathy_molecular_similarities_with_sporadic_Creutzfeldt_Jakob_disease_14970340" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Identification of a second bovine amyloidotic spongiform encephalopathy: molecular similarities with sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease</a>

<a href="kak_da_sie_spravim_s_biezsniieto_4a5e9367_3f8a_4aa7_bcf3_ecedac42f10c" target="_blank" rel="noopener">How to deal with insomnia</a>

Fatal Familial Insomnia. Nord

What are Mad Cow, Laughing Death and Fatal Familial Insomnia

https://d20hztklr4qnvi.cloudfront.net/a92dc202-7562-41da-bd66-46dae8d2ea56_middle.png

 What are Mad Cow, Laughing Death and Fatal Familial Insomnia

Yana Nencheva

At the end of World War II, French women who collaborated with the Germans were shaved in public as punishment - whether for shelter, food, prostitution or love. For years, we have associated hair loss with disease and lack of femininity. Today, shaved heads are first associated with cancer. Celebrities demonstrate civic positions and cause sensations with it.

Hair is a barometer of mood, confidence and self-esteem. Therefore, it can be said that among the positive aspects of last year's isolation are the fixatives, dyes and complicated hairstyles saved on our hair, which break it. At home we rarely do a self-haircut and we have almost become part of the new movement "No-Poo"*, which professes hair care without any shampoo and cosmetics, and relies only on natural or basic cleaning products - water, vinegar, lemons, etc.

Fortunately, this year the record-breaking ozone hole has disappeared [ref. 1], which makes UV rays more difficult to damage our skin and hair. Despite these factors, summer has come and we should not neglect to take care of ourselves. The best thing we can do is healthy prevention and care with a few simple tricks and tips to follow in the summer.

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*"No-Poo" movement - comes from the words "shampoo" and "poo".

Three-classic-tested-methods-for-hair-strengthening

Three classic tested methods for hair strengthening

Onion-juice-for-healthy-hair

1. Onion juice for healthy hair

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Yes, you read correctly - "onionjuice". If youdo not have problems with the smell of onions (Allium cepa), then you can benefit from its benefits because they are worth it. Onion juice successfully fights the stains of alopecia areata by helping to dew the scalp. Onions contain a small amount of calcium and magnesium , which are a major part of the composition of vitamins from the pharmacy for healthy skin, hair andnails.

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Tip: Squeeze a few onions and apply to the roots of the hair and scalp. Leave for 15 minutes and then wash normally with shampoo.

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Trick: If the amount seems small, add a little olive oil to the onion.

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Coconut-oil-against-dryness

2. Coconut oil against dryness

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The Indians have great hair - thick, long, <a href="/p/kak_ghienitie_opriedieliat_prilikata_s_roditielitie_ni_2256bb0a_9ee8_4d00_8f3e_7ca44b90aa45" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer"></a>with thick hair. It' s not just a gene.

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Coconut oil (Cocoes oleum) is a proven source of fatty acids that penetrate the structure of the hair and reduce the loss of proteins from hair. It can be used both before and after washing, according to the type of hair. It would be nice to do more research on coconut oil asa stimulator of hair growth, but women have known for centuries that it improves health and shine.

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Tip: If your hair tends to get oily, you can grease well with coconut oil a few hours before washing your hair. If your hair is dry, you can also use it in very small doses after washing and drying.

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Trick: Be sure to massage your scalp after applying it.

Scalp-massage-for-increased-bood-flow

3. Scalp massage for increased bood flow

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Massaging the scalp can help restore hair growth and can be used together with oils and hair masks. Scalp stimulation can increase hair thickness, and daily scalp massage can help reduce stress and tension.

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Tip: Massage your scalp just before the bath before washing off the mask or oils.

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Trick: If you are not engaged in massage, by pressing on your own fingers, you can get a hand-held anti-stress head massager, which also stimulates blood circulation.

Three-foods-for-healthy-and-strong-hair-in-summer

Three foods for healthy and strong hair in summer

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Protein-intake-for-healthy-hair

1. Protein intake for healthy hair

Protein-intake-for-healthy-hair_1_0

Beautycomes from within isacliché, but nutritious food is an important factor for beautiful and healthy hair and scalp. Our hair is made of <a href="/p/kakva_ie_razlikata_miezhdu_bieltk_i_protiein_b1b6b96e_e340_46d2_9768_ac9fa8cd6adc" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">protein</a>- so be sure to eat at least 45grams of protein a day . Summer consumption of fatty meats is more difficult, but you can include tender chicken in your salad; when you go to sea eatfresh fish or get protein from other sources such as beans, dairy products and eggs.

Protein-intake-for-healthy-hair_1_1

If you have decided to follow a strict diet for weight loss with a low amount of protein, this can lead to weak, brittle hair, and even to its tail. It is better to consult a nutritionist, so as not to fall into unhealthy extremes.

Omega-fatty-acids-for-healthy-hair-follicles

2. Omega fatty acids for healthy hair follicles

Omega-fatty-acids-for-healthy-hair-follicles_1_0

Healthy hair follicles - healthy hair! That's the rule. Balanced intake of omega-3 fatty acids has a beneficial effect on the structure of hair follicles and sebaceous glands. Taking such foods can improve scalp health and strengthen hair in the summer. Omega-3 fatty acids can be found in marine representatives such as salmon, sardines and herring. Other sources are: flaxseed, yogurt and cottage cheese.

Omega-fatty-acids-for-healthy-hair-follicles_1_1

Read more in the article <a href="../p/zashcho_omiegha_3_mastnitie_kisielini_sa_zdravoslovni_i_za_kakvo_sie_izpolzvat" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Why omega-3 fatty acids are healthy and what they are used for</a>.

Zinc-for-strong-hair

3. Zinc for strong hair

Zinc-for-strong-hair_1_0

Zinc deficiency is also one of the factors for choppy and damaged hair. Multivitamin or dietary supplements with zinc may be one of the solutions when necessary, but do not drink zinc on tablets unless it is prescription, but include sources of it in your menu:

Zinc-for-strong-hair_1_1

<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Brazil nuts,</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">classic Bulgarian walnuts,</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Cashews</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">almonds [ref. 2]</li>
</ul>

Three-mandatory-essential-oils-for-dry-hair-in-summer

Three mandatory essential oils for dry hair in summer

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Attention, attention! Do not use essential oils directly on the skin. Always mix them in carrier (base) oil or in shampoo.

Rosemary-oil-for-thick-hair

1. Rosemary oil for thick hair

Rosemary-oil-for-thick-hair_2_0

Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) is one of the first essential oils that people associate with hair growth and hair lossreduction. Rosemary oil contains potassium, calcium and magnesiumand thus thanks to them has a beneficial effect on the growth ofnew hair, with which hairthickens and for this it can be used to treat androgenetic alopecia.

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Tip: Mix a few drops of rosemary oil into base (carrier) oil and massage it into the hair and scalp before bathing. Do this 2-3 times a week.

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Trick: Add a few drops of rosemary oil to the shampoo and conditioner you use.

Geranium-oil-for-dry-hair

2. Geranium oil for dry hair

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Thisis becausegeraniumessential oil has a high content of geramicin andp-cimol. It can help in addition to strengthening and restoring damaged hair, for hydrating . This makes it a very good helper for healthy hair summer.

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Tip: Mix a few drops of geranium oil into a carrier oil and use it as a hair mask before bathing.

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Trick: You can also add a few drops to your shampoo and conditioner.

Lemon-juice-for-a-healthy-scalp

3. Lemon juice for a healthy scalp

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Lemons are rich in vitamin C, fiber and other beneficial compounds. Lemon intake has many health benefits, including weight loss and a reduction in the risk of: cardiovascular disease, anaemia, kidney stones and digestive problems. But if we drink fresh lemon juice, will this make our hair healthier? Most likely not. There are no scientific studies to prove this relationship [ref. 3]. But nevertheless if you apply fresh lemon juice or lemon oil as a hair mask has aneffect.

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Tip: Apply fresh lemon juice to your hair and scalp 15 minutes before shampooing.

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Trick: You can use lemon essential oil diluted in carrier oil as a hair mask.

What-should-you-do-for-beautiful-skin-in-the-summer

What should you do for beautiful skin in the summer

What-should-you-do-for-beautiful-skin-in-the-summer_3_0

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Sunscreen factor from 30 up. This is the main thing we should not miss and should do in the summermonths, but still with the skin the situation is more complicated. If we dry it too much, as a reaction, it can be smeared, and if we use too fatty products, we risk acne. It turns out that besides not having a panacea, it may also harm it [ref. 4]. If you have a skinproblem, you should contact a dermatologist . This is the beginning of the solution to the problem. It is inevitable and there is no point indelaying it.

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BUT nevertheless, there are a few harmless loops for more beautiful and healthy facial skin in the summer, which we can do at home.

Honey-for-tender-lips

1. Honey for tender lips

Honey-for-tender-lips_3_0

Summer, wind, sea, the sun shines on your face, lips dry, lick them several times, they burst, crack and trouble. You need a light peel.

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Tip: Smear your lips with a little <a href="/p/oshchie_7_ghrupi_zaboliavaniia_koito_miedt_liekuva_6b2f7c31_1862_4ec9_a361_a9e7fb4094e1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">honey</a> and stand with it as much as you can (5-10 minutes), then just lick them. You'll immediately feel how softer and gentler they've become.

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Trick: When eating a slice of honey, use the spoon with which you smear it. After the procedure - put some Vaseline instead of balm, it will absorb much better.

Yogurt-for-hydrated-skin

2. Yogurt for hydrated skin

Yogurt-for-hydrated-skin_3_0

One of the problems this summer is exactly hydration, and when it comes to hydration, our first association is yogurt. It is used both in burnt, if we have overdone the beach skin, and for daily use. There are numerous face masks on the Internet, in which the main ingredient is yogurt.

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Tip: Mix yogurt with a little flour to thicken and smear your face.

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Trick: Use higher-fat yoghurt because it's thicker and won't flow anywhere. If you don't want to mix it with flour, you can strain it using dry bread. You take a slice of dry bread and smear it with the yogurt as if it's chutney, wait 30 minutes. During this time, the bread has soaked in water and the yogurt has thickened.

Avocado-mask-against-dry-skin

3. Avocado mask against dry skin

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Avocados are full of vitamins and unsaturated fat fruit. It is useful for people with acne, sensitive and dry skin, because it hydrates. And we need hydration during the hot months.

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Tip: Smear a half or a quarter (if larger) avocado well and apply it as a mask, wait until it dries and wash well with your daily face cleansing gel.

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Trick: If your skin is drier, add a little olive oil, and if it's a greasy little coffee grounds. Note that if you're using avocado + coffee grounds, you should use a moisturizing cream afterwards.

Avocado-mask-against-dry-skin_3_3

Avocado-mask-against-dry-skin_3_4

<a href="/p/10_liubopitni_fakta_za_starieienieto_i_kak_da_gho_zabavim_359c758c_61cf_45c5_9da2_e588e3e54d79" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">10 curious facts about aging and how to slow it down</a>

Avocado-mask-against-dry-skin_3_5

<a href="/p/13_nachina_da_priedotvratitie_sstariavanieto_na_kozhata_f73bcd9c_5647_4b13_8a51_0b90f2ef84e2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">13 ways to prevent skin from aging</a>

CBS news The largest Arctic ozone hole ever recorded is now closed

<a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/tricks-healthier-fuller-hair" target="_blank" rel="noopener">9 Tricks for Healthier, Fuller-Looking Hair</a>

<a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/lemon-for-hair" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Is Lemon Good for Hair? Benefits and Risks</a>

Organs and systems