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Author: Rositsa Tashkova, Master of Molecular Biology and Microbiology

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Thalassemia and sickle cell anemia are genetic diseases of the blood that are <a href="/p/kak_ghienitie_opriedieliat_prilikata_s_roditielitie_ni_2256bb0a_9ee8_4d00_8f3e_7ca44b90aa45" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">inherited</a>&nbsp;and therefore cannot be cured, but nevertheless there are ways to maintain the better general health of those suffering from them.

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In both diseases, mutations are in the genes for hemoglobin - the <a href="/p/kakva_ie_razlikata_miezhdu_bieltk_i_protiein_b1b6b96e_e340_46d2_9768_ac9fa8cd6adc" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">protein</a> that <a href="/p/kakva_ie_razlikata_miezhdu_bieltk_i_protiein_b1b6b96e_e340_46d2_9768_ac9fa8cd6adc" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer"></a>binds and carries oxygen using erythrocytes (red blood cells). For very severe cases of these diseases, hope is given by the new CRISPR-Cas9 technology, as well as stem cell therapy.

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CRISPR-Cas9 technology - is it ethical and can it be used as a treatment

Stem cell transplantation as cancer treatment

What-is-Sickle-Cell-Disease

What is Sickle Cell Disease

What-is-Sickle-Cell-Disease_0_0

In sickle cell anemia, the mutation of hemoglobin is such that its structure has changed, and this gives erythrocytes unusual for them, but characteristic of the disease sickle form.&nbsp;The normal shape of erythrocytes is a biconcave disc.

What-is-Sickle-Cell-Disease_0_1

This mutation is very common in Africa and other places around the world for which the widespread spread of malaria is characteristic, since the malaria parasite cannot enter and multiply in sickle shaped erythrocytes, and this provides malaria protection for sickle cell anaemia sufferers. Natural selection in this case leads to more people with the mutation, as they survive under the pressure of malaria.

What-is-Thalassemia

What is Thalassemia

What-is-Thalassemia_1_0

Thalassemia is a less common genetic disease, which leads to an insufficient amount of hemoglobin in red blood cells, as well as shorten their lifespan.

What-is-Thalassemia_1_1

The condition causes anemia, a feeling of weakness and various other symptoms, depending on the type and severity of thalassemia. Thalassemia is two types, depending on which chain of protein hemoglobin is affected - alpha or beta. According to the severity of the disease, it is thalassemia minor, intermedia or major - mild, medium and severe form.

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More about thalassemia read in the article <a href="/p/vidovie_talasiemiia_simptomi_i_liechieniie_afa4d9df_f99e_4122_bba7_329dd33442e4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer"> Types of thalassemia, symptoms and treatment</a>.

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Herbs-to-Help-Sickle-Cell-Disease-Sufferers

Herbs to Help Sickle Cell Disease Sufferers

Herbs-to-Help-Sickle-Cell-Disease-Sufferers_2_0

As malaria is very common in Africa and therefore sickle cell anemia is, some of the herbs that are most studied and can be helpful also come from Africa.

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Such medicinal plants are:

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<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Clove (Eugenia caryophyllata);</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Guinea pepper (Piper guineense);</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Grains of Paradise or Melegueta pepper (Aframomum melegueta);</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Sorghum bicolor also known as great millet, durra, jowari/jowar, or milo;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Pterocarpus osun.</li>
</ul>

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All of them, except for Grains of Paradise, are constituents of a drug used in sickle cell anemia called Niprisan. Phytocannabinoids (β-caryophylene) and vaniloids (eugenol, capsaicin and piperine) in cloves and Guinea pepper may explain some of the beneficial effects of Niprisan in sickle cell crisis - for example, pain relief. [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/Traditional_herbal_management_of_sickle_cell_anemia_lessons_from_Nigeria_23198140" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.1</a>]

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Eugenol has an analgesic painkiller and antiseptic effect.

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Capsaicin and piperine have almost no aroma, but they are very hot. It is interesting that the ability of these compounds to cause pain (i.e. burning sensation) makes them useful precisely for pain relief. Exposure to these substances reduces the sensitivity to pain and is used as a counteracting agent in the treatment of arthritis and other conditions with chronic pain.

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It is known that over time a person becomes accustomed to hot food, and the body reacts to the pain of hot with the release of endorphins, which relieve pain and lead to pleasant feelings. This makes spicy food addictive.

Herbs-to-Help-Sickle-Cell-Disease-Sufferers_2_7

Are chili peppers healthy - find out what science has to say

Herbs-to-Help-Sickle-Cell-Disease-Sufferers_2_8

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Other herbs and fruits, that are used to improve the condition of sickle cell anemia sufferers, are:

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<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Root of the African tree Fagara zanthoxyloides;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Unripe papaya fruits or leaves (Carica papaya);</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Garlic cloves (Allium sativum);</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Leaves of the African tropical tree Hymenocardia acida;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Seeds of Pigeon peas (Cajanus cajan);</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Leaves or bark from the stem of the African tree Khaya senegalensis.</li>
</ul>

Vitamins-and-Minerals-to-Help-Thalassemia-Sufferers

Vitamins and Minerals to Help Thalassemia Sufferers

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Due to hemolytic anemia, increased nutritional needs, iron overload, diabetes and the use of chelators to remove excess iron, food deficiencies are common in thalassemia sufferers.

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It is necessary to check the levels of calcium, <a href="/p/prouchvanie_vitamin_d_okazva_zashchita_srieshchu_ostri_riespiratorni_infiektsii_00b1b2da_7279_4584_98e8_9fa1a4395749" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">vitamin D</a>, vitamins E (alpha- and gamma-tocopherol) and C <a href="/p/10_chudiesni_polzi_ot_priiema_na_shipka_6a913ffe_559e_4fda_a29a_f2d81f654662" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">(plasma ascorbate),</a> albumin, fasting glucose, fasting plasma zinc, serum copper and ceruloplasmin, serum selenium and serum folate once a year. [<a href="https://thalassemia.com/nutrition-and-diet.aspx#gsc.tab=0" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.2</a>]

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When taking multivitamin supplements, it is important that they are iron-free.

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Patients with a mild form of thalassemia who do not receive a blood transfusion are recommended to take folic acid and a diet low in iron - avoid iron-fortified cereals and other products and excessive consumption of red meat. Drinking <a href="/p/zielieniiat_chai_9_nieochakvani_polzi_za_zdravieto_i_kak_da_gho_prighotvim" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">black tea</a> during meals is recommended to reduce iron absorption from food.

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For patients who get blood transfusions and are on chelation therapy, a low-iron diet is unnecessary and can impair quality of life.

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Vitamin D intake is recommended for patients with 25-hydroxy vitamin D below 20 ng/dL.

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In case of insufficient intake of calcium, it can also be obtained with supplements.

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It is good to keep in mind that alcohol and cigarettes are dangerous for sufferers of thalassemia, since alcohol can lead to <a href="/p/chierniiat_drob_nie_boli_koi_bilki_podobriavat_zdravieto_mu_pri_khiepatit_stieatoza_i_tsiroza_ed55df70_c2be_430d_93f0_29a2aece49ff" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">damage to liver tissue</a>, and smoking cigarettes can lead to <a href="/p/koi_bilki_podobriavat_zdravinata_na_kostitie_pri_ostieoporoza" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">osteoporosis</a>.

Vitamins-and-Minerals-to-Help-Thalassemia-Sufferers_3_8

Vitamins-and-Minerals-to-Help-Thalassemia-Sufferers_3_9

Sickle cell anemia and thalassaemia are genetic diseases affecting hemoglobin, but due to the large difference in severity of different forms of these diseases, they can allow normal life without the need for special therapy, but may also present with severe symptoms and complex treatment might be needed. In any case, appropriate dietary supplements or herbs may improve the quality of life of those affected, of course under medical supervision and with monitoring of relevant blood indicators.

Q&amp;A

What-is-silent-thalassaemia?

What is silent thalassaemia?

What-is-silent-thalassaemia?_4_0

In silent thalassaemia there are no pronounced symptoms. One gene is missing or damaged, and the other 3 are normal. Blood tests are usually normal. Red blood cells may be smaller than normal. A parent with silent thalassaemia may pass on the damaged gene to their child. This is confirmed by DNA tests. [<a href="https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/alpha-thalassemia" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.3</a>]

Thalassemia-and-pregnancy---what-should-you-know?

Thalassemia and pregnancy - what should you know?

Thalassemia-and-pregnancy---what-should-you-know?_4_0

During pregnancy, the volume of blood in the mother's body increases, which can lead to anemia and difficulties for the heart. Heart activity, as well as the liver functions of a pregnant woman with thalassaemia should be closely monitored throughout pregnancy. Taking folic acid is mandatory, as for any other pregnant woman in the first three months, as well as in the period before pregnancy.

Thalassemia-and-pregnancy---what-should-you-know?_4_1

A doctor is consulted about the likelihood that the baby has inherited the disease, especially if the partner also turns out to be carrying a defective gene.

Thalassemia-and-pregnancy---what-should-you-know?_4_2

How-is-sickle-cell-anemia-inherited?

How is sickle cell anemia inherited?

How-is-sickle-cell-anemia-inherited?_4_0

In order to develop sickle cell anemia, the child must have inherited one allel of the gene for the disease from both parents. Parents may not suffer from the disease, but be only carriers, that is, have only 1 defective allele of the gene and lack of symptoms. To inherit the disease, it is sufficient for one parent to suffer from sickle cell anemia (to have 2 allele defects) and for the other not to suffer but to carry the defective gene.

How-is-sickle-cell-anemia-inherited?_4_1

If both parents are carriers of the mutation, the risk of disease in their children is as follows [<a href="https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/sickle-cell-disease/causes/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.4</a>]:

How-is-sickle-cell-anemia-inherited?_4_2

<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Probability that 1 in 4 every child they have will not inherit genes of the disease and have no sickle cell anemia or be able to transmit it;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Probability 1 in 2 each child they have will simply inherit a copy of the sickle cell gene from 1 parent and be a carrier;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Probability 1 in 4 each child they have will inherit copies of the disease gene from both parents and be born with sickle cell anemia.</li>
</ul>

<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/Traditional_herbal_management_of_sickle_cell_anemia_lessons_from_Nigeria_23198140" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Traditional Herbal Management of Sickle Cell Anemia: Lessons from Nigeria</a>, 2012, Anemia

Living with Thalassemia. Nutrition and diet, Northern California Comprehensive Thalassemia Center

Alpha Thalassemia, Johns Hopkins Medicine

Sickle cell disease. Causes, NHS

Over 50% of the population is infected with the gastric bacterium Helicobacter pylori. Although in many cases it remains asymptomatic, it often leads to diseases such as gastritis, ulcers and even stomach cancer. Conventional treatment is not always effective due to the growing resistance of the bacterium to existing antibiotics. This requires looking for alternatives and concomitant therapies and here we will look at what science says about 5 natural remedies in the fight against Helicobacter pylori.

Natural Treatments for Helicobacter pylori

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There are various medical methods for the treatment and therapy of cancer, such as chemotherapy, interventional oncology, radiation therapy, surgery, hematological oncology, and others. One of the most promising methods is aimed at destroying tumor cells and preventing their metastasis.

A light at the end of the tunnel - cancerous tumors and their "Achilles heel"

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Most common causes of recurrent pregnancy loss

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Gin hides its origin not as a summer drink, but as a healing agent in the arsenal of traditional medicine.

Healing Properties of Juniper - The Secret of Gin 

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Summer aroma and ice cold taste - probably the mastic on the beach is the most common association of most of us when it comes to anise. But this plant turns out to be something more - a useful herb with many qualities that are used for medicinal purposes.

Anise - The Summer Taste of an Ancient Herb

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In this article you will find recipes from Russian folk medicine for dealing with hyperpigmentation, wrinkles, psoriasis and hyperhidrosis.

Easy Recipes From Russian Folk Medicine For The Treatment Of Skin Diseases. Part 3: Hyperpigmentation, Wrinkles, Psoriasis, Hyperhidrosis

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What are the most famous natural sweeteners, what they are and from which plants are extracted. The answers to these questions can be found in the following article.

Sweetness From Nature Or How To Replace Sugar With Natural Sweeteners

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In this article, you will learn what health benefits spirulina consumption brings according to science, as well as tips for growing it at home.

5 Reasons Why Spirulina Truly Is A Superfood And How To Grow It Home

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Herbs and Supplements to Help Thalassemia and Sickle Cell Disease Sufferers

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 Herbs and Supplements to Help Thalassemia and Sickle Cell Disease

Rositsa Tashkova-Kacharova

We are used to perceive the sun as a source of life and health, and this is true - thanks to it we have heat and light, and in our skin the exceptional <a href="/p/prouchvanie_vitamin_d_okazva_zashchita_srieshchu_ostri_riespiratorni_infiektsii_00b1b2da_7279_4584_98e8_9fa1a4395749" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">vitamin D</a> is synthesized.

But unfortunately, there it also has a dark side. The sun is also a source of ultraviolet rays (UVA and UVB), which cause the release of a large amount of free radicals into the skin, inflammation (known to us as sunburn) and the occurrence of mutations that can lead to one of the most insidious types of cancer - melanoma or skin cancer.

Therefore, it is very important to protect ourselves from harmful rays on warm spring and summer days. It is a little known fact that clouds do not stop ultraviolet rays and therefore you can "sunburn" even on a cloudy summer day.

What-Types-of-Sunscreens-Are-There

What Types of Sunscreens Are There

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There are two types of sunscreen - ones that act on a chemical or physical basis.

What-Types-of-Sunscreens-Are-There_0_1

Physical protection is provided by zinc oxide or titanium dioxide. These substances are harmless and rarely cause skin irritation. Therefore, they are very suitable for sensitive skin, for pregnant women and for children. They repel UV rays and act as a 'shade' over the skin. Their only drawback is that they leave a white film on the skin and on the clothes, especially when with a higher protection factor.

What-Types-of-Sunscreens-Are-There_0_2

Chemical sunscreens absorb ultraviolet rays instead of repelling them. These creams or sprays contain several different chemicals, because each one blocks only a certain small part of the spectrum of the rays, which is insufficient.

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Today, manufacturers use many different natural components to protect the skin from UV rays. These products contain a high level of natural UV absorbers, such as squalan, peptides and nucleotides, which have protected the skin of mammals for millions of years. [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/Potential_of_herbs_in_skin_protection_from_ultraviolet_radiation_22279374" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.1</a>]

Plants-That-Offer-Protection-Against-Harmful-Ultraviolet-Rays

Plants That Offer Protection Against Harmful Ultraviolet Rays

Plants-That-Offer-Protection-Against-Harmful-Ultraviolet-Rays_1_0

Herbal extracts contain many compounds that together can provide sun protection to the skin. A herbal extract can exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, emollient, melanin-inhibiting, antimutagenic properties and more.

Green-Tea-and-Black-Tea-(Camellia-sinensis)

Green Tea and Black Tea (Camellia sinensis)

Green-Tea-and-Black-Tea-(Camellia-sinensis)_1_0

Green and black tea contain tanins and catechines, which provide protection against the harmful effects of ultraviolet rays both with external application of cool tea and when you drink it.

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They have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and sunscreen properties, and can reduce damage to DNA done by UV rays.

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 Green Tea: 9 Unexpected Health Benefits and How to Prepare It

Aloe-vera

Aloe vera

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The benefits of Aloe vera (or Aloe barbadensis) have been scientifically proven in all forms of burning, be it radiation, thermal or solar. It has a prophylactic effect if used before, during and after these skin-damaging events.

Aloe-vera_1_1

The plant is used mainly because of its soothing and cooling effect. But it should be considered that the plant is useless if used in a concentration of less than 50% and it is recommended to use 100% to have a beneficial effect.

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Aloe vera is an extremely effective means of moisturizing and healing the skin.

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Walnut-(Juglans-regia)

Walnut (Juglans regia)

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Green shells of fresh walnuts contain the substance juglone. It reacts with keratin in the skin and forms sclerojuglone compounds, which give the characteristic brown color of the skin and have a sunscreen effect.

Walnut-(Juglans-regia)_1_1

It is mistakenly thought that the coloring comes from iodine in the husks of the walnut, but they are not rich in this substance, and the color is not due to it.

Rhatany-(Krameria-triandra)

Rhatany (Krameria triandra)

Rhatany-(Krameria-triandra)_1_0

It has been established that rhatany root extract, containing 15% neolignans, has a photoprotective and antioxidant effect and protects cells from the harmful effects of UVB rays. [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/Antioxidant_and_photoprotective_activity_of_a_lipophilic_extract_containing_neolignans_from_Krameria_triandra_roots_11914952" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.2</a>] The study conducted has shown that this extract has a better protective effect than EGCG in green tea.

Plant-Oils-With-Sunscreen-and-Regenerating-Properties

Plant Oils With Sunscreen and Regenerating Properties

Plant-Oils-With-Sunscreen-and-Regenerating-Properties_1_0

According to some studies, sesame oil blocks 30% of UV rays, while coconut, peanut, cotton and olive oil block about 20% of harmful rays.

Plant-Oils-With-Sunscreen-and-Regenerating-Properties_1_1

Other oils for which a beneficial effect for the skin after sun exposure has been found are:

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<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Borage (Borago officinalis) - promotes skin regeneration;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Evening primrose (Oenothera biennis) - also promotes the restoration of the skin and prevents its aging;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Avocado (Persea americana) - avocado oil is rich in vitamin E, β-carotene, vitamin D, proteins, lecithin and fatty acids, and these ingredients soothe and protect the skin;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) - is contained in many sunscreens that relieve sunburns by increasing blood flow in the capillaries, which leads more nutrients to damaged skin;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Red algae (Porphyra, Bangiales, Rhodophyta).</li>
</ul>

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Plant-Oils-With-Sunscreen-and-Regenerating-Properties_1_4

All these plants and their extracts and oils can find good application in sunscreen. But to be sure of the quality of the protection offered, it is important to use products with a known sun protection factor (SPF), tailored to the needs of our skin (lighter skin needs a higher protection factor).

Q&amp;A_2_0

What sunscreens to use during pregnancy?

Q&amp;A_2_1

As mentioned, during pregnancy you should avoid sunscreens that offer chemical protection, especially those containing oxybenzone, which can cause rare birth defects in the fetus.

Q&amp;A_2_2

Oxybenzone is an organic substance that turns harmful UV rays into heat that is released from the skin. According to a 2019 study, this substance can cause a rare disease in a baby called Hirschsprung's disease. It affects the large intestine. [<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0890623818305835" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.3</a>]

Q&amp;A_2_3

"Vitamins" for tanning - are they safe and what they contain?

Q&amp;A_2_4

Recently, pills (dietary supplements) have appeared on the market to accelerate and retain tan. They most often contain substances similar to beta carotene - a form of vitamin A, usually cantaxanthin. They may also contain lutein, beta carotene, lycopene and turmeric. These substances give the skin an orange color rather than a healthy bronze tan.

Q&amp;A_2_5

Cantaxanthin can stay in the body for too long - according to some data - between 2 and 7 years [<a href="https://www.fda.gov/cosmetics/cosmetic-products/tanning-pills" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.4</a>], and in this period it may manifest its undesirable side effects. And they can be as follows:

Q&amp;A_2_6

<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Orange skin;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Jaundice - yellow skin, yellow eyes;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Liver damage;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Rash and skin problems;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Gastrointestinal problems;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Damage to eyes and vision, even loss of vision.</li>
</ul>

Q&amp;A_2_7

The use of these pills is inadvisable!

<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/Potential_of_herbs_in_skin_protection_from_ultraviolet_radiation_22279374" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Potential of herbs in skin protection from ultraviolet radiation</a>, 2012, Pharmacognosy Reviews

<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/Antioxidant_and_photoprotective_activity_of_a_lipophilic_extract_containing_neolignans_from_Krameria_triandra_roots_11914952" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Antioxidant and photoprotective activity of a lipophilic extract containing neolignans from Krameria triandra roots</a>, 2002, Planta Medica

Can oxybenzone cause Hirschsprung's disease?, 2019, Reproductive Toxicology

Tanning Pills, FDA

Tea is the second most common drink after water. Tea, which is prepared from the leaves of the Camellia sinensis plant is 3 types: green, oolong and black - depending on the degree of oxidation of the leaves. The most oxidized are the leaves of black tea, not so much of the oolong tea and the leafs of green tea are not oxidized at all.

9 unexpected health benefits of green tea and how to prepare it

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Chillies owe their effect to a compound called capsaicin, which can help control inflammation and other harmful processes in the body associated with the accumulation of fatty plaques in the arteries (atherosclerosis), for example.

Pregnancy, childbirth, children