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Author: Rositsa Tashkova, Master of Molecular Biology and Microbiology

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The Snowdrop is a symbol of the nascent new beginning, the first spring flower that overcomes even the snow and the frozen earth to bloom and bring us new hope and joy.

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The beautiful and gentle flower is not as unencless as it seems. The Snowdrop contains poisonous alkaloids in its bulb - galantamine and lycorine. The same substances are found in the Daffodil bulb. If eaten by mistake, they lead to diarrhea and vomiting.

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Of interest to medicine is galantamine, which can be extracted from both Snowdrop and Daffodil, but can also synthesized in laboratory conditions, which facilitates its sourcing and application, since otherwise there would be no Snowdrops left.

Mechanism-of-Action-of-Galanamine

Mechanism of Action of Galanamine

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In the progression of Alzheimer's disease, a drop in levels of the substance acetylcholine is observed. Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter or, in other words, a molecule that is synthesized from nerve endings and attaches to receptors on muscle cells, for example, and thus transmits its message and triggers action.

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In the brain, acetylcholine is extremely important for memory and learning, and in the body - for&nbsp;muscle contractions.

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After it transmits its signal, acetylcholine is broken down by a special enzyme - acetylcholinesterase which prevents its excessive accumulation. Here comes the role of galantamine, which inhibits this enzyme by binding to it and blocking it and thus helps maintain higher levels of acetylcholine.

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Importance-of-Galantamine-for-Alzheimer's-Disaease-Sufferers

Importance of Galantamine for Alzheimer's Disaease Sufferers

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The mechanism of action described above would not be beneficial for a healthy organism, but since the balance is already disturbed in sufferers of Alzheimer's disease, then galantamine could help them delay the development of the insidious disease.

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In 2002, an overview of the reseaech conducted so far for galantamine effect on patients with mild to moderate form of the disease, was published. The results are encouraging, with scientists indicating a dose of 16 mg/day as the most effective. The side effects are similar to those of other cholinesterase inhibitors. [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/Galantamine_for_Alzheimer_s_disease_12137632" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.1</a>]

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Traditional Chinese medicine: 6 herbs for Alzheimer's and dementia

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According to a more recent 2011 study, galantamine can improve and stabilize cognitive performance, daily activities and behavioral symptoms and its efficacy and tolerability are comparable to those of other cholinestherase inhibitors (rivastigmine and donepezil). According to the researchers, until other drug therapies with comparable or better clinical efficacy appear, galantamine will remain one of the standard first-line drugs for mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease. [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/Galantamine_for_Alzheimer_s_disease_20113148" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.2</a>]

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Moreover, a study was published in 2021, according to which low doses of galantamine relieve <a href="/p/kakvi_sa_polzitie_ot_antioksidantitie_za_zdravieto_i_koi_khrani_sa_nai_boghati_na_tiakh_0376155d_ea0c_4218_8ed2_114aed9f37c5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">oxidative stress</a>, along with beneficial anti-inflammatory and metabolic effects, and modulate nervous autonomic regulation in patients with metabolic syndrome (insulin resistance). [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/the_cholinergic_drug_galantamine_alleviates_oxidative_stress_alongside_anti_inflammatory_and_cardio_metabolic_effects_in_subjects_with_the_metabolic_syndrome_in_a_randomized_trial_33776997" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.4</a>]

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The Savory: not just aromatic spice, but a herb with numerous health benefits

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Other effects of gallanamine from Snowdrop and Daffodil on various health aspects are also being studied.

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Relationship Between Chemical Warfare and Galanamine

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Chemical warfare of the type of organophosphates - sarin, tabun and soman, also suppress the action of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, as well as galantamine.

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But the main difference between them is that organophosphates bind much more firmly to the enzyme, unlike galanamine, and never detach. This leads to vomiting, convulsions, difficulty breathing and eventually death.

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Galantamine can serve as an antidote for organophosphate poisoning, since it will take the place of organophosphate on the enzyme, blocking it only temporarily and then releasing it and allowing it to break down a certain amount of acetylcholine. [<a href="https://www.compoundchem.com/2018/02/08/snowdrops/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.3</a>]

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Behind the beauty of Snowdrop and Daffodil may lie the secret of a better life for Alzheimer's sufferers, and besides spring joy, they give a ray of hope, even when everything seems hopeless.

<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/Galantamine_for_Alzheimer_s_disease_12137632" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Galantamine for Alzheimer's disease</a>, 2002, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/Galantamine_for_Alzheimer_s_disease_20113148" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Galantamine for Alzheimer's disease</a>, 2011, Expert opinion on drug metabolism &amp; toxicology

What links snowdrops, Alzheimer's disease, and chemical warfare?, 2018, compoundchem.com

<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/the_cholinergic_drug_galantamine_alleviates_oxidative_stress_alongside_anti_inflammatory_and_cardio_metabolic_effects_in_subjects_with_the_metabolic_syndrome_in_a_randomized_trial_33776997" target="_blank" rel="noopener">The Cholinergic Drug Galantamine Alleviates Oxidative Stress Alongside Anti-inflammatory and Cardio-Metabolic Effects in Subjects With the Metabolic Syndrome in a Randomized Trial</a>, 2021, Frontiers in Immunology

Over 50% of the population is infected with the gastric bacterium Helicobacter pylori. Although in many cases it remains asymptomatic, it often leads to diseases such as gastritis, ulcers and even stomach cancer. Conventional treatment is not always effective due to the growing resistance of the bacterium to existing antibiotics. This requires looking for alternatives and concomitant therapies and here we will look at what science says about 5 natural remedies in the fight against Helicobacter pylori.

Natural Treatments for Helicobacter pylori

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There are various medical methods for the treatment and therapy of cancer, such as chemotherapy, interventional oncology, radiation therapy, surgery, hematological oncology, and others. One of the most promising methods is aimed at destroying tumor cells and preventing their metastasis.

A light at the end of the tunnel - cancerous tumors and their "Achilles heel"

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Most common causes of recurrent pregnancy loss

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Gin hides its origin not as a summer drink, but as a healing agent in the arsenal of traditional medicine.

Healing Properties of Juniper - The Secret of Gin 

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Summer aroma and ice cold taste - probably the mastic on the beach is the most common association of most of us when it comes to anise. But this plant turns out to be something more - a useful herb with many qualities that are used for medicinal purposes.

Anise - The Summer Taste of an Ancient Herb

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In this article you will find recipes from Russian folk medicine for dealing with hyperpigmentation, wrinkles, psoriasis and hyperhidrosis.

Easy Recipes From Russian Folk Medicine For The Treatment Of Skin Diseases. Part 3: Hyperpigmentation, Wrinkles, Psoriasis, Hyperhidrosis

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What are the most famous natural sweeteners, what they are and from which plants are extracted. The answers to these questions can be found in the following article.

Sweetness From Nature Or How To Replace Sugar With Natural Sweeteners

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In this article, you will learn what health benefits spirulina consumption brings according to science, as well as tips for growing it at home.

5 Reasons Why Spirulina Truly Is A Superfood And How To Grow It Home

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Snowdrop May Hide The Key to Alzheimer's Disease Treatment

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 Snowdrop May Hide The Key to Alzheimer's Disease Treatment

Rositsa Tashkova-Kacharova

There are more than 30 species of savory (Satureja sp.), the most famous being the summer savory (Satureja hortensis) and the mountain savory (Satureja montana), also known as winter&nbsp;savory.

A little-known fact is that&nbsp;savory is a good helper for those suffering from metabolic syndrome (insulin resistance) due to its numerous effects on various organs and systems affected by the condition. In this article we will consider what beneficial effects the savory has on your body and metabolism.

 What is the relationship between PCOS, insulin resistance and infertility

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The information was taken from A Review of the Benefits of Satureja Species on Metabolic Syndrome and Their Possible Mechanisms of Action, 2015, Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary &amp; Alternative Medicine. [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/A_review_of_the_benefits_of_Satureja_species_on_metabolic_syndrome_and_their_possible_mechanisms_of_action_25563729" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.1</a>]

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What is Metabolic Syndrome

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Metabolic syndrome is also known as insulin resistance. The condition has a direct impact on cardiovascular disease and affects too many people. It is a set of metabolic disorders.

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In order for someone to be diagnosed with the disease, it is necessary to have at least three of the following 5 characteristics:

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<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">abdominal obesity (waist circumference ≥102 cm in men and ≥88 cm in women),</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">triglycerides ≥150 mg/dL,</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) &lt;40 mg/dL in men and &lt;50 mg/dL in women,</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">blood pressure ≥130/85 mm Hg,</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">fasting glucose ≥110 mg/dL.</li>
</ul>

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There are 6 components of metabolic syndrome that are associated with cardiovascular disease: abdominal obesity, atherogenous dyslipidemia (plaque formation in blood vessels), increased blood pressure, insulin resistance with or without glucose intolerance, pro-inflammatory state and prothrombotic state (propensity to blood clots).

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The critical consequences of metabolic syndrome are the development of&nbsp;<a href="/p/vsichko_za_diabiet_tip_2_na_iedno_miasto_9b1be4d6_84a7_42c6_8e37_de3bd6480ba1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">type 2 diabetes mellitus</a>, hypertension, dyslipidemia and atherosclerotic vascular diseases, especially diseases of the coronary arteries.

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Sedentary lifestyle, unhealthy nutrition and genetic factors contribute significantly to the development of the disease.

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In women, insulin resistance is often associated with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), which is a common cause of infertility.

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Herbs to help conception: which herbs and supplements regulate the cycle in PCOS

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Herbs and Medicinal Plants That May Improve Metabolic Syndrome

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A number of medicinal plants are being studied because of their potential to regulate various aspects of the disease, including:

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<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum), bitter melon (Momordica charantia) and cinnamon bark (Cinnamomum cassia) have been studied to cope with hyperglycemia (increased blood sugar);</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">dill (Anethum graveolens), garlic (Allium sativum), rosella (Hibiscus sabdariffa) and mulberry (Morus alba) have been tested for their hypotensive (lowering blood pressure) and hypolipidemic effects (lowering lipids in the blood).</li>
</ul>

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Savory Has Many More Effects

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All of the above herbs have their limitations and relatively narrow spectrum of action, unlike the savory, which seems to possess an entire arsenal of weapons specifically aimed at manifestations of metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance.

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It has the following actions:

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<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">аntioxidant,</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">controls the lipids in the blood,</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">lowers blood glucose,</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">inhibits lipid peroxidation,</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">anti-inflammatory,</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">analgesic,</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">antiproliferative,</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">against diarrhoea,</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">releases blood vessels (vasorelaxant),</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">antifungal and antibacterial,</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">antiviral,</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">antispasmodic,</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">anticoagulant action (against blood clotting).</li>
</ul>

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Here we will consider some of them in more detail.

Antioxidant-Properties-of-Savory

Antioxidant Properties of Savory

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According to several studies, savory has remarkable antioxidant activity - it neutralizes free radicals. Probably this is due to the substances it contains: triterpenoid, carvacrol, tannin, steroid and flavonoid components.

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What are the benefits of antioxidants for health and which foods are richest to them

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Savory-May-Lower-Blood-Sugar

Savory May Lower Blood Sugar

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Some studies have found that the savory can lower the blood sugar level when it is too high (hyperglycemia). The antioxidant activity of the herb is thought to play a role in this. [<a href="https://scialert.net/abstract/?doi=pjbs.2009.140.145" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.2</a>]

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Savory May Lower Blood Lipids

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Several studies have shown that savory can lower levels of bad cholesterol (LDL) and triglycerides in the blood, while raising the level of good cholesterol (HDL).

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Three main substances in the plants of the savory family - Lamiaceae, suppress cholesterol synthesis: isopropanoids, carvacrol and tymol.

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Anti-inflammatory Action of Savory

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The anti-inflammatory action of savory can be due to the presence of flavonoids, steroids and thanin, since they have anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect.

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Another reason may be the antioxidant effect of the savory, which neutralizes the free radicals formed during inflammation. Also, flavonoids can inhibit the release of histamine and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines by mast cells.

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Anticancer-Properties-of-Savory

Anticancer Properties of Savory

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According to a 2016 study, essential oils of two types of savory - S. thymbra and S. parnassica,&nbsp;exhibit significant antioxidant and antiproliferative actions (inhibit the multiplication of cancer cells), mainly due to their main components: carvacrol and thymol. [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/Antioxidant_and_Antiproliferative_Properties_of_the_Essential_Oils_of_Satureja_thymbra_and_Satureja_parnassica_and_their_Major_Constituents_27793897" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.3</a>]

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Another study has found that these substances exhibit numerous other beneficial biological activities: antimicrobial, diuretic, anti-HIV-1, anti-diarrhea.

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Very often, the biological activity of herbal products is attributed to the most dominant components. However, the effect of plant products as a result of the synergy of all components present in the plant can be more significant than the activity of each individual component. And the body's reaction to the extract is not the same as the reaction to individual components, and this should be taken into account when using herbs for treatment.

How-to-Use-Savory

How to Use Savory

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There are different ways you can use savory.

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For tea (infusion): the leaves are poured with boiling water and allowed to steam for 2 to 15 minutes depending on your taste, then strain and drink.

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To prepare a decoction: pour the leaves with cold water, which is left on the hob to boil. Boil for 15 to 30 minutes, then strain.

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Maceration: savory leaves remain in cold water for several hours to extract the active ingredients, then strain.

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In the kitchen: savory wonderfully complements dishes of fish, appetizers of raw vegetables, stews, sauces and much more.

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Savory is becoming of great interest and is being examined more thoroughly as a medicinal plant. And while we wait for the results - what's better than a good old gypsy pie with oil, paprika and savory?

<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/A_review_of_the_benefits_of_Satureja_species_on_metabolic_syndrome_and_their_possible_mechanisms_of_action_25563729" target="_blank" rel="noopener">A Review of the Benefits of Satureja Species on Metabolic Syndrome and Their Possible Mechanisms of Action</a>, 2015, Journal of evidence-based complementary &amp; alternative medicine

Plasma glucose lowering effect of the wild Saturejakhuzestanica Jamzad essential oil in diabetic rats: role of decreased gluconeogenesis, 2009, Pak J Biol Sci

<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/Antioxidant_and_Antiproliferative_Properties_of_the_Essential_Oils_of_Satureja_thymbra_and_Satureja_parnassica_and_their_Major_Constituents_27793897" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Antioxidant and Antiproliferative Properties of the Essential Oils of Satureja thymbra and Satureja parnassica and their Major Constituents</a>, 2016, Anticancer Research

What is different about the new strain of coronavirus - Omicron and why is it advisable to get vaccinated, despite the concerns of scientists - read here. 

Should we get vaccinated in the light of the new SARS-CoV-2 strain, Omicron?

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Researchers from the Oregon State University conducted a study that could be pivotal to a new type 2 diabetes treatment and prevention.

Probiotics and type 2 diabetes

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There are 14,480 new cases of cervical cancer expected in the states in 2021, according to the American Cancer Society (1). Any woman can be affected by this disease. Fortunately, there are methods that can prevent the appearance of cervical cancer. One such method is the vaccine against human papilloma virus (HPV). 

How can the HPV vaccine protect us from cervical cancer?

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Depression is highly familiar to most of us. Standard methods of treatment do not always provide a good outcome for patients. Fortunately, another method, such as the use of psychotropic mushrooms, shows great potential in therapies with patients. How do they help to cope with depression, why are they better than other methods, and are there negative aspects to their use specifically for the treatment of depression? Read here.

Psilocybin – the magic ingredient against depression

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Fenchol is an aromatic compound that is found in abundance in basil leaves. In addition to giving it a specific and well-known aroma, it turns out that it can help reduce the pathologies caused by Alzheimer's disease.

Basil in the fight against Alzheimer's disease

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Irritable bowel syndrome is a functional disorder of the digestive system characterized by  symptoms such as pain and bloating. They often occur as a result of food intake, but the reason for this remains largely unclear. In this article, we look at a new and unusual idea that suggests that the explanation lies in a local intestinal immune response.

A Local Immune Reaction May Cause Irritable Bowel Syndrome

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Marijuana is a plant with various effects on human health. Nowadays, its use for personal or medical purpose is becoming more prevalent. What is the story, are there enough studies to justify the positive and negative effects of marijuana use on health and what are these effects? The answers to these questions can be found in this article.

Marijuana – a peek into the history, the science of its active substances and their effects on health

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Savory: a Herb with Numerous Health Benefits

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 Savory: a Herb with Numerous Health Benefits

The broadleaf plantain (Plantago major) is best known for its ability to accelerate wound healing. It's also called white man's foot or greater plantain. The plant is widespread in Europe, Asia and America and is often found in gardens and other urban grasslands.

The plantain is not distinguished by bright colors or large size, but despite its modest appearance, it hides a great healing potential, which extends beyond the treatment of wounds.

Some of the properties attributed to it by folk medicine have been confirmed by recent research, including:

<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">wound healing,</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">antipyretic action (to lower fever),</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">cough suppression (antitussive),</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">against infections,</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">anti-haemorrhagic and haemostatic action,</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">anti-inflammatory,</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">diuretic,</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">laxative,</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">astringent.</li>
</ul>

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In this article you will learn more about the traditional use of plantain in Iranian traditional medicine, as well as the modern evidence of its healing properties. The information is taken from the article Plantago major in Traditional Persian Medicine and modern phytotherapy: a narrative review, 2018, Electronic physician [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/Plantago_major_in_Traditional_Persian_Medicine_and_modern_phytotherapy_a_narrative_review_29629064" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.1</a>].

Plantain-Use-According-to-Iranian-Folk-Medicine

Plantain Use According to Iranian Folk Medicine

Plantain-Use-According-to-Iranian-Folk-Medicine_0_0

The use of plantain for the treatment of various diseases dates back thousands of years. The earliest known account of the plantain is in "De materia medica", which was written by the Greek pharmaco-botanist Dioscurid in the 1st century (40-90 A.D.). The book is an encyclopedia of herbal treatment and pharmacopoeia from around the world.

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