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Author: Rositsa Tashkova, Master of Molecular Biology and Microbiology

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Is it possible that the technology behind the creation of RNA vaccines against coronavirus, holds the answer to the question of how to treat multiple sclerosis?

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<ul>
<li>What is the link between the mRNA vaccine against COVID-19 and multiple sclerosis</li>
<li>What is multiple sclerosis</li>
<li>How the new treatment works and why it is better than the classic one</li>
<li>Why it is possible to find a cure of multiple sclerosis faster and is it going to be expensive</li>
</ul>

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The link between COVID-19 vaccine and multiple sclerosis

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The vaccine against COVID-19, which has demonstrated the greatest effectiveness and has so far been administered to tens of millions of people worldwide (the number of people vaccinated, with any of the approved vaccines, as of January 12, 2021 is over 28 million people) [<a href="https://ourworldindata.org/covid-vaccinations" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.1</a>], is that of Pfizer and BioNTech - Comirnaty.

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It is based on the technology in which the mRNA encoding the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 is introduced into our cells using tiny lipid capsules. This mRNA provides cells with instructions for the synthesis of the antigen in question, which subsequently leads to our immune system being trained to recognize it and, in the next real encounter with the virus, to react quickly by disarming it.

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Following the success of the vaccine, BioNTech founder Ugur Şahin and his team have focused their efforts on developing the potential for mRNA to be used to treat multiple sclerosis as well. [<a href="https://science.sciencemag.org/content/371/6525/145" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.2</a>]

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Their scientific interest in the use of mRNA for treatment does not begin with the development of a vaccine against the new coronavirus. Before it appeared, BioNTech researchers were looking for a way to use mRNA as immunotherapy to treat cancer. As mRNA is a universal cellular tool, its potential is not limited to vaccine development.

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Multiple sclerosis - an autoimmune disease

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Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease - when your own immune cells attack the myelin layer, which protects nerves from indiscriminate transmission of nerve impulses. Therefore, the common approach to disease control is to suppress the immune system, but this puts patients at high risk for infections.

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How does the mRNA treatment work and is it better

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Dr. Uğur Şahin and his team applied mRNA treatment encoding autoantigen associated with multiple sclerosis to various mouse models of the disease. The results of the study are promising - the symptoms of rodents suffering from the disease were relieved, and in those who only had first signs of multiple sclerosis, the disease did not develop.

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Through this therapy, the immune system is trained to have a higher tolerance threshold to multiple sclerosis-specific proteins - autoantigens that otherwise trigger an immune response that damage the myelin layer.

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Unlike classical treatment, in this case there is no suppression of the normal immune defense of the body, but only training, which affects a strictly defined autoantigen and the reaction to it.

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COVID-19 might make it possible to find a cure for multiple sclerosis faster and cheaper

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Although the creation of such drugs has so far taken a long time, with the rapid development of an effective vaccine against the new virus, scientists have proven that life-saving therapies are possible and need to be delivered to those in need in a shorter time and at a lower cost. One dose of Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine in the EU costs about 15 euro. By comparison, the cost of treating multiple sclerosis in the United States costs between $ 3,000 and $ 70,000 a year, according to a 2017 report. [<a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13311-017-0566-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.3</a>,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/01/20/797477657/patients-still-struggle-to-balance-high-costs-of-ms-treatment-despite-generic?t=1610529526412" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.4</a>]

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To an even greater extent, this applies to this potential new therapy of multiple sclerosis, since the coronavirus crisis has made it possible to create and study lipid nanoparticles (in which mRNA is wrapped) in clinical trials a process that would otherwise be much slower.

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The pandemic has made it possible to quickly determine the effectiveness and safety of this technology - and this opens doors to all future available treatments based on it.

Coronavirus (COVID-19) Vaccinations, 12.01.2021, ourworldindata.org/covid-vaccinations

A noninflammatory mRNA vaccine for treatment of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, 2021, Science

Economics and Cost-Effectiveness of Multiple Sclerosis Therapies in the USA, 2017, Neurotherapeutics

Patients Still Struggle To Balance High Costs Of MS Treatment, Despite Generic, 2020, NPR

As we have stated earlier, 85% of those infected with the new SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus and infected with COVID-19 in China received not only conventional treatment, but also therapy with herbs from Chinese traditional medicine. In this article, we will look separately at each of the herbs that have been used and what the science of them has to tell us. It's a pandemic, and hope lurks everywhere. :)

9 herbs China uses in the fight coronavirus (COVID-19)

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Herbal and Natural Medicine is an application that allows you to perform a search by a plant, an active substance or a disease. The cool thing is that it gives access to scientific publications related to a particular plant and its applications in both Western and Traditional medicine. Generally speaking - it plays the role of a search engine that extracts articles from the most famous scientific databases by giving a lot of useful information about all its studied properties. Imagine something like Google, but very closely specialized in the field of scientific publications related to the world of medicinal plants.

Herbal and Natural Medicine - Your Pocket Encyclopedia About Herbs

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Gin hides its origin not as a summer drink, but as a healing agent in the arsenal of traditional medicine.

Healing Properties of Juniper - The Secret of Gin 

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In this article you will find useful information about the healing properties of the broadleaf plantain according to the Iranian traditional medicine and modern science.

The Broadleaf Plantain: A Modest Plant with Great Healing Potential

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Treatment and prevention of diseases with bee products is called apitherapy. It is a branch of alternative medicine that relies on the use of honey, pollen, propolis, royal jelly and mainly bee venom, also called apitoxin.

Bee venom - has it got anticancer and other beneficial properties according to science

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Research is also being carried out on various herbs and medicinal plants, which can be used to increase bone density and combat osteoporosis. They can serve as a complementary agent to the main treatment.

Bone density in osteoporosis: which herbs may improve it

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We will consider 5 of the most famous herbs, which are considered useful in people suffering from diabetes and those who are at risk of the disease. Do they really help, or is it just a myth that science debunks?

5 useful herbs for prevention and treatment of diabetes

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What is different about the new strain of coronavirus - Omicron and why is it advisable to get vaccinated, despite the concerns of scientists - read here. 

Should we get vaccinated in the light of the new SARS-CoV-2 strain, Omicron?

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Is mRNA vaccine an unexpected ally in the fight against multiple sclerosis

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 Is mRNA vaccine an unexpected ally in the fight against multiple

Rositsa Tashkova-Kacharova

Author: Rositsa Tashkova, Master of Molecular Biology and Microbiology

The importance of herbs for the treatment of various diseases, from ancient times until today, is evident from the various scientific disciplines that have formed around them [<a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281787581_Importance_of_plants_in_modern_pharmacy_and_medicine" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 1</a>]:

<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Clinical use of medical plants is called phytotherapy;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Historical aspects of the use of medicinal plants in different societies around the world are united in the sciences ethnobotany and ethnopharmacology;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Traditional medicine, on the other hand, means the role of plants in various popular "unscientific" medical systems, experience that is passed down through generations, but is not proven by science (often this is due to the fact that the mechanisms of action of specific herbs or combinations are simply not studied);</li>
</ul>

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<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Pharmacognosy is the science of biogenic or nature-derived pharmaceuticals and poisons. It deals with all medicinal plants, including complex mixtures that are used in the form of raw herbs or extracts (phytotherapy), pure compounds such as morphine, and foods that provide additional health benefits only in the context of preventive effects (nutraceuticals - garlic, ginger, turmeric, cocoa, red wine, foods containing flavonoids, anthocyanins and carotenoids). Pharmacognosy includes identification, physicochemical characterization, cultivation, extraction, preparation, quality control, and biological evaluation of drugs.</li>
</ul>

Herbs-and-medicine---what-is-the-connection

Herbs and medicine - what is the connection

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It is estimated that more than 25% of prescription medicinal products contain herbal ingredients, but only a small percentage of the world's plants are studied&nbsp;for potential pharmaceutical use. [<a href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4615-1455-8_4" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 6</a>]

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In recent years, there has been increased interest in plant research as a source of new medicines. This has also increased the number of newly discovered bioactive compounds of plant origin, and many programmes will continue to contribute to this in the near future.

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China plays an important role in the development of currently used pharmaceuticals, with approximately 30,000 species of plants, many of them with a long history of use in traditional medicine.

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Read more:

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<a href="/p/mozhie_li_kitaiskata_traditsionna_mieditsina_da_podpomoghnie_liechieniieto_na_covid_19_66b2086f_3972_41b2_9eec_8869683711c1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Chinese experience in the treatment of COVID-19</a>

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<a href="/p/9_bilki_koito_kitai_izpolzva_pri_borbata_s_koronavirusa_covid_19_090c722d_bb2f_42cf_9f29_3058e134a8e8" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">9 herbs China uses to fight coronavirus (COVID-19)</a>

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According to the American Society of Pharmacognosy, it represents "the study of the physical, chemical, biochemical and biological properties of medicines, medicinal substances or potential medicines and medicinal substances of natural origin, as well as the search for new drugs from natural sources."

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Often, medicinal substances of natural origin cannot be produced en masse, so they need to be studied in order to develop synthetic biologically similar products.

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The production of these compounds synthetically allows modifications to be made to increase bioavailability, change pharmacokinetics and increase efficacy. These modifications can transform raw inactive plant extract into a powerful drug, as seen in some anticancer medicines. Thus, natural compounds are excellent models for the production of new drugs. [<a href="https://www.news-medical.net/health/Importance-of-Pharmacognosy.aspx" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 7</a>]

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Pharmacognosy is recognized as a vital part of the processes of drug development and pharmaceutical education, but has recently been neglected, due to the emergence of effective drugs that can be synthesized in the laboratory.

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However, many scientists share the belief that people's knowledge of the medicinal application of different plants should never be lost, as they provide a very good starting point for the development of <a href="/p/iekstrakt_ot_iednoghodishien_pielin_artemisia_annua_shchie_bdie_izsliedvan_za_aktivnost_srieshchu_covid_19_481480f7_9437_40b5_a59b_5071935e117a" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer"></a> new drugs. An example of this is <a href="../p/iekstrakt_ot_iednoghodishien_pielin_artemisia_annua_shchie_bdie_izsliedvan_za_aktivnost_srieshchu_covid_19_481480f7_9437_40b5_a59b_5071935e117a" target="_blank" rel="noopener">artemisinin from the sweet wormwood Artemisia annua</a>, which is a recognized ancient Chinese medicine against malaria.

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Respect for ancient wisdom is reflected in phytotherapy (herbal treatment) and phytopharmaceuticals. The use of herbal products to treat diseases is well known in South America, China and India, where billions of dollars are spent on research to identify and market natural medicines.

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The-hidden-healing-properties-of-herbs

The hidden healing properties of herbs

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Different parts&nbsp;of the plant (flower, leaves, stems, roots, fruits) can be used as medicines or a specific active substance can be extracted from it, which can be put into a tablet, capsule, syrup.

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Well-established in medical practice examples of the first method of administration are: St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) for the treatment of mild to medium-severity depression; Gingko biloba, the leaves of which are used to improve memory and anxiety; chamomile flowers (Chamomilla recutita) to relieve mild gastrointestinal disorders and as an anti-inflammatory agent; leaves and pods of Alexandrian senna (Senna alexandrina) against constipation); extract of hawthorn, mint and valerian for relaxation; decoction of European smoketree (smoke tree, Cotinus coggygria) for external use, due to its antiseptic properties and many others.

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Some of them are accepted into the ranks of classical or conventional medicine, while others are still part of the so-called <a href="/p/kakvo_priedstavliava_altiernativnata_mieditsina_i_kakvi_sa_polzitie_ot_nieia_e2ecb339_f300_472f_a460_f58ef33f08ee" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">alternative medicine</a> [ref. 2] and are used as supportive, additional medical supplements.

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Due to their richness <a href="../c/herbs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"></a> in active substances, herbs should not be taken lightly as something that "if it does not help, at least it will not harm you". Some of these ingredients are extremely potent, others may have an impact (beneficial or not) with prolonged use. Let us not forget that most poisons also have a natural origin.

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Some herbs have a hepatotoxic effect (they are toxic to the liver), others may cause photosensitivity, and when taken we should not expose ourselves to the sun (this is the case with St. John's wort), others may interact with other medicines that we take. Therefore, the herbal treatment is necessary to be perscribed and monitored by a specialist. Unfortunately, not every doctor or pharmacist is well aware of the characteristics of herbs and herbal preparations, but there are also many self-styled "healers".

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When we talk about active ingredients, these are pure chemicals commonly used in the form of licensed medicines. Sometimes they are produced synthetically but initially found in plants. Examples of such substances are [<a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281787581_Importance_of_plants_in_modern_pharmacy_and_medicine" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 1</a>]:

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<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) morphine, used as an analgesic;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Digoxin and other glycosides from the foxgloves plant (Digitalis spp.), used to treat heart failure;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Taxol from Pacific yew (Taxus brevifolia), used as an anticancer agent [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/eng/research/pubmed/Taxol_dose_intensification_and_its_clinical_implications_8103561" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 9</a>];</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Quinine, from the bark of the red cinchona (Cinchona pubescens), used to treat malaria;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Galantamine derived from a type of snowdrops used to treat cognitive disorders.</li>
</ul>

Is-there-a-difference-between-herbal-medicines-and-homeopathy

Is there a difference between herbal medicines and homeopathy

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Unfortunately, many people still do not distinguish between homeopathy and herbal treatment, incorrectly calling herbal preparations homeopathic. Therefore, we need to distinguish between the two.

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What is common between treatment with herbs and homeopathy is that both enter the category "alternative treatment", as well as in that the content of certain homeopathic preparations lists herbs and other plants.

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Herbal treatment is the use of plants, lichens, algae and mushrooms for healing or therapeutic effects on the body. The earliest evidence that the herbs were used for healing was found on clay tablets created around 3000 BC from the Sumerians in ancient Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq).

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The foundations of Chinese traditional medicine were probably laid between 200 and 250 AD, and meanwhile the foundations of Ayurveda in present-day Pakistan were being laid. Centuries later, in 1500 BC, the ancient Egyptians wrote about the use of plants for medicinal purposes on scrolls called Ebers Papyrus. [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/eng/research/pubmed/Ebers_Papyrus_The_book_of_medical_knowledge_of_the_16th_century_B_C_Egyptians_15586450" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 8</a>]

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In herbal treatment, various preparations are used, such as tinctures, teas, powders, essential oils, honey soaked in herbs, herbal vinegars, elixirs and numerous local forms. The main feature shared by all of them is that they contain physiologically active substances from the herbs used for their production.

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In turn, homeopathy was developed in the late 18th century in Germany by Dr. Samuel Hahnemann.&nbsp;It is based on the principle "like cures like" - the root of the word homeopathy, as "homeo" means "like" and "pathos" means "disease".

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What does this mean? Homeopathic preparations usually contain negligible doses of substances that are thought to have created the same symptoms as the disease. Homeopathy is based on the philosophy of 'less is more', according to which the more diluted the medicine is, the stronger its effect. Even today homeopathy uses highly diluted substances of natural origin for its medications. [<a href="https://www.herb-pharm.com/pharm-journal/difference-between-homeopathy-and-herbalism/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 3</a>]

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Homeopathic preparations use herbs such as arnica (Arnica montana) and poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans), but also minerals such as phosphorus and animal products such as snake venom (Lachesis mutus). The preparations are made in infinitesimal dilutions so that very few or no molecules of the original substance remain. They are then included in topical preparations, tinctures or small sugar pills that dissolve under the tongue.

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So, the main difference between the two methods is that in herbal treatment, preparations rely on the phytochemicals that herbs contain. These phytochemicals are present in physiological levels and are accordingly found in herbal preparations. In homeopathic preparations, materials are diluted repeatedly - so much so that only a miniature amount of the original substance remains, if any at all.

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Another significant difference is that homeopathy is not based on any scientific evidence [<a href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200910/cmselect/cmsctech/45/4502.htm" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 4</a>], despite attempts to confirm its effects. Unlike herbal medicine, homeopathy has been rejected by the scientific community as an ineffective method of "treatment." [<a href="https://www.england.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/sps-homeopathy.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 5</a>]

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Herbs have an established role for the development of medicine and pharmacy, both in the past and in the present and future. Their potential continues to be studied and realized as we enjoy another cup of aromatic thyme tea, mint and oregano.

Importance of plants in modern pharmacy and medicine. 2015

Sanatio: <a href="kakvo_priedstavliava_altiernativnata_mieditsina_i_kakvi_sa_polzitie_ot_nieia_e2ecb339_f300_472f_a460_f58ef33f08ee" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> What is alternative medicine and what are its benefits?</a>

Ask an Herbalist: What's the difference between homeopathy and herbalism? Herb Pharm. 2019

Science and Technology Committee - Fourth Report Evidence Check 2: Homeopathy. Science and Technology Committee Publications. 2010

Clinical evidence for homeopathy. Nhs. Trent Medicines Information, Leicester and Regional Drug &amp;Therapeutic Centre, Newcastle. 2017

The Global Importance of Plants as Sources of Medicines and the Future Potential of Chinese Plants. In: Lin Y. (eds) Drug Discovery and Traditional Chinese Medicine. Springer, Boston, MA. Miller J.S. 2001

Importance of Pharmacognosy. Dr. Liji Thomas, MD. www.news-medical.net

<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/eng/research/pubmed/Ebers_Papyrus_The_book_of_medical_knowledge_of_the_16th_century_B_C_Egyptians_15586450" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Ebers Papyrus. The book of medical knowledge of the 16th century B.C. Egyptians</a>. Archiwum historii i filozofii medycyny. 2005

<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/eng/research/pubmed/Taxol_dose_intensification_and_its_clinical_implications_8103561" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Taxol dose intensification and its clinical implications</a>. Journal of the National Medical Association. 1993

Over 50% of the population is infected with the gastric bacterium Helicobacter pylori. Although in many cases it remains asymptomatic, it often leads to diseases such as gastritis, ulcers and even stomach cancer. Conventional treatment is not always effective due to the growing resistance of the bacterium to existing antibiotics. This requires looking for alternatives and concomitant therapies and here we will look at what science says about 5 natural remedies in the fight against Helicobacter pylori.

Natural Treatments for Helicobacter pylori

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Marijuana is a plant with various effects on human health. Nowadays, its use for personal or medical purpose is becoming more prevalent. What is the story, are there enough studies to justify the positive and negative effects of marijuana use on health and what are these effects? The answers to these questions can be found in this article.

Marijuana – a peek into the history, the science of its active substances and their effects on health

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Silymarin has been used as a healing agent since ancient times. How its healing properties are manifested in the organism and what they are, you can find out in this article.

Silymarin - a well-known ancient herb - for the benefits in humans and animals

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There are various medical methods for the treatment and therapy of cancer, such as chemotherapy, interventional oncology, radiation therapy, surgery, hematological oncology, and others. One of the most promising methods is aimed at destroying tumor cells and preventing their metastasis.

A light at the end of the tunnel - cancerous tumors and their "Achilles heel"

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Snake venom is known as a method of treatment from antiquity, but only today science manages to unravel some of its secrets. In this article you will learn what snake venom contains, in which medications it is found and how it is used, as well as if it has any application in the treatment of cancer.

The Healing Properties Of Snake Venom - From Ancient Times To Modern Cancer Treatment

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What are the most famous natural sweeteners, what they are and from which plants are extracted. The answers to these questions can be found in the following article.

Sweetness From Nature Or How To Replace Sugar With Natural Sweeteners

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In this article, you will learn what health benefits spirulina consumption brings according to science, as well as tips for growing it at home.

5 Reasons Why Spirulina Truly Is A Superfood And How To Grow It Home

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Do herbs hold the past and future of pharmacy? The short answer is 'Yes!'

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 Do herbs hold the past and future of pharmacy? The short answer is

Author: Yana Nencheva, Biochemist, PhD candidate in Biophysicist

Every 10 seconds, <a href="http://www.mh.government.bg/bg/informaciya-za-grazhdani/svetovni-zdravni-dni/svetoven-den-za-borba-s-diabeta-14-noemvri/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"></a>one person on the planet dies of diabetes and two are diagnosed with the disease. The World Health Organization (WHO) expects that in about ten years, more than 500 million people will be affected by diabetes.<a href="https://usbale.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Doklad_Diabetes_Reg_2016_.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"></a>

What-is-diabetes?

What is diabetes?

What-is-diabetes?_0_0

The hormone insulin is responsible for the metabolism of glucose (blood sugar). When for some reason the body can not provoke a normal reaction to the "orders" that insulin gives, or it is not produced in sufficient quantity, the path of glucose is disturbed.

What-is-diabetes?_0_1

In general, diabetes is an impaired metabolism that leads to high levels of glucose in the blood. By its very nature, diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease. The most common types of the disease are: type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes and gestational diabetes (in pregnancy). Type 2 diabetes is the most prevalent, accounting for 90% of the cases.

What-is-diabetes?_0_2

Detailed information on causes, symptoms and treatment can be found on the following links:

What-is-diabetes?_0_3

<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><a href="/p/vsichko_za_diabiet_tip_1_na_iedno_miasto_751da342_2d55_43af_ae7f_1e1c89cd3800" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">All about type 1 diabetes in one place</a> </li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><a href="/p/vsichko_za_diabiet_tip_2_na_iedno_miasto_9b1be4d6_84a7_42c6_8e37_de3bd6480ba1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">All about type 2 diabetes in one place</a> </li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><a href="/p/diabiet_po_vriemie_na_briemiennost_simptomi_riskovie_i_svieti_245acb17_9bf9_4af8_a562_bd8e4664e6e5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Diabetes during pregnancy: symptoms, risks and advice</a> </li>
</ul>

What-are-the-five-herbs-that-might-help-in-diabetes

What are the five herbs that might help in diabetes

What-are-the-five-herbs-that-might-help-in-diabetes_1_0

We will consider 5 of the most famous herbs, which are considered useful in people suffering from diabetes and those who are at risk of the disease. Do they really help, or is it just a myth that science debunks?

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