respiratory system

The-most-important-for-N-acetyl-cysteine-(NAC)

The most important for N-acetyl cysteine (NAC)

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N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) is a synthetic form of cysteine, a semi-essential amino acid. When consumed, NAC breaks down into cysteine, which is metabolized to glutathione. Glutathione is a vital antioxidant for the proper functioning of the immune system and detoxification, as well as for the construction and repair of tissues. NAC is most valued for its ability to increase glutathione levels in the body and helps with various respiratory conditions, fertility, detoxification, and contributes to brain health.&nbsp; 1

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N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) is the form of cysteine contained in dietary supplements. Cysteine is considered a 'semi-essential' amino acid because it can be produced in small amounts by the human body. Our bodies can normally produce cysteine from the amino acids serine and methionine. However, your body needs to have enough folate, vitamin B6 and vitamin B12 for this to be possible. That's why supplementation with N-acetyl cysteine is most often needed to get its many health benefits.

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One of the most powerful roles of cysteine is related to the production of glutathione, the body's main antioxidant. Glutathione is essential for health. Cysteine is usually the amino acid that is in the shortest supply for glutamine production, so it's important to get enough of this amino acid, although it's not considered essential.

The-Most-Important-Health-Benefits-of-NAC-(N-Acetyl-Cysteine)

The Most Important Health Benefits of NAC (N-Acetyl Cysteine) 

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N-acetyl cysteine helps in the production of the most important antioxidant  

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NAC maintains antioxidant activity by neutralizing hydrogen peroxide and the highly reactive hydroxyl radical and also serves as a source of sulfhydryl groups. In addition, NAC improves the production of the tripeptide glutathione, a key component of both antioxidant and detoxifying enzymes. NAC is known for its support for normal mucus production and can support respiratory function and eye health, especially when consumed for an extended period of time. 2

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Other research suggests that NAC can protect cell and tissue health by maintaining normal mental status and helping to remove toxic metals into the body. 3

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N-acetyl cysteine promotes detoxification 

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N-acetyl cysteine is an important part of detoxification. Various factors can determine glutathione needs, including level of toxin exposure, increased phase I detoxification activity, and overall need for antioxidant support due to increased stress levels.&nbsp;

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Once NAC promotes glutathione production, glutathione is incorporated into crucial antioxidant enzymes (e.g. glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase) and detoxification enzymes (glutathione S-transferases). Through the activity of these enzymes, glutathione directly supports antioxidant activity, phase II detoxification and the normal breakdown of metabolites, toxins and other compounds in the body. Glutathione is also involved in fatty acid synthesis and amino acid transport across the cell membrane. 4

N-acetyl-cysteine-to-support-brain-health

N-acetyl cysteine to support brain health 

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NAC has the ability to regulate glutamate, the most important neurotransmitter in the brain. Glutamate is necessary for normal brain function. When the ability of NAC to replenish glutathione levels is combined, it makes N-acetyl cysteine a powerful tool for improving brain function. Research suggests that NAC may play a significant role in improving symptoms associated with brain and memory diseases, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and tremors. 5 Research is also looking at the potential of NAC for improvements in depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, moderate to severe obstructive pulmonary disease, and reduction of withdrawal symptoms in cocaine addicts.&nbsp;

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N-acetyl cysteine to improve lung function 

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The antioxidant and expectorant capacity of NAC may improve lung function by reducing inflammation as well as breaking down excess accumulated mucus. As an antioxidant, NAC can increase glutathione levels in the lungs, reducing inflammation in lung tissue and bronchi. N-acetyl cysteine therefore has applications to relieve nasal and sinus congestion symptoms due to allergies or infections, but also in more severe cases such as bronchitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 6

N-acetyl-cysteine-for-improved-immune-defense

N-acetyl cysteine for improved immune defense 

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Increased levels of glutathione in the body improve immune function. Research on some diseases associated with NAC and glutathione deficiency suggests that immune function can be improved and potentially restored by supplementation with NAC. 7&nbsp;

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Cysteine is found naturally in meat, fish, grains, dairy, soybeans, and egg products, while the form NAC (N-acetylcysteine) is found in small amounts naturally only in some fruits and vegetables. Therefore, it is necessary to take it from other sources, including through a dietary supplement.

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NAC (N-acetylcysteine) comes from the amino acid L-cysteine, which supports respiratory system health and immune function, in addition to increasing levels of glutathione the strongest antioxidant in the body. This form of cysteine also contributes to detoxification, respiratory function and other important processes on which human health depends.

The Great Health Benefits of NAC (N-Acetyl Cysteine)

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Бетина Цветкова

General-information-about-licorice

General information about licorice 

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Licorice, also called liquorice or liquorice, is a perennial herbaceous plant. It is grown mainly in Greece, Turkey and Western Asia. It has been used since ancient times as an expectorant that helps clear excess mucus from the upper and lower respiratory tract.&nbsp;

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The healing parts of the plant are the unpeeled dried roots and branches and the underground stem (rhizome). Licorice contains the compound glycyrrhizin, which is 50 times sweeter than sugar. However, taking too much licyrrhizin licorice glycoside can cause fluid retention and lead to increased blood pressure (hypertension).

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In traditional Chinese, Middle Eastern and Greek medical systems, licorice is used to soothe an upset stomach, reduce inflammation and treat upper respiratory problems. 1 To date, many people use licorice root to treat health problems, such as acid reflux, hot flashes, coughs, and bacterial and viral infections. It is available in the form of&nbsp; capsules or liquid supplements, and as a tea, licorice soothes a sore throat. There are also topical gels that can be used for skin conditions, such as acne or eczema. 2

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Plant active compounds in licorice

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Although it contains hundreds of plant compounds, the main active compound of licorice root that deserves attention is glycyrrhizin. 3

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Glycyrrhizin is responsible for the sweet taste of the root, as well as its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties. Paradoxically, glycyrrhizin is also associated with many of the adverse effects of licorice root, if any. To avoid such effects, deglycyrrhized licorice (DGL) has been incorporated into some products, which has been removed with glycyrrhizin.&nbsp;

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Other active compounds that have been isolated from licorice are triterpene saponins and flavonoids. They demonstrated hypoglycemic, antimicrobial, antiviral, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective effects. 4

Medical-Uses-of-Licorice

Medical Uses of Licorice 

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Licorice root is used for a variety of conditions, including&nbsp; eczema, bronchitis, constipation, heartburn, stomach ulcers and menstrual cramps. Let's look at some more interesting areas where sweet root has a beneficial effect.

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Licorice for respiratory problems 

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Licorice root is believed to support and protect the respiratory system. In a laboratory study, glycyrrhizin, the main active ingredient in licorice root, was found to have the potential to improve the effectiveness of bronchodilators in people with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 5

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Another laboratory study found that glycyrrhizinic acid and oleanolic acid found in licorice root have an antioxidant effect that can help protect cells in the bronchi. 6

Licorice-in-functional-dyspepsia

Licorice in functional dyspepsia 

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Licorice root may help relieve pain in functional dyspepsia, a disorder characterized by bouts of discomfort in the upper abdomen.

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In one study, 50 people were given either a placebo or a product made from licorice root extract at a dose of 75 milligrams twice daily for 30 days. The group that took licorice extract reported greater relief of dyspepsia symptoms than participants in the control group. More research is needed before determining whether licorice root can be used as a safe and effective remedy for this condition.

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In another 8-week study in 58 adults with GERD (gastro-esophageal reflux disease), a low dose of glycyrrhetinic acid (a glycyrrhizinic acid hydrolytic product) in combination with standard treatment resulted in significant improvement in symptoms.

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Anticancer properties of licorice  

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Due to the content of numerous plant compounds with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, licorice root extract has been studied for its protective effects against certain cancers.

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In particular, licorice extract and its compounds have been linked to slowing or preventing cell growth in skin, breast, colorectal cancer, and prostate cancer. 7 However, studies have been limited to in vitro and animal studies and have not been conducted on human cancer cells.

Licorice-to-alleviate-upper-respiratory-conditions

Licorice to alleviate upper respiratory conditions 

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Due to its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects, both licorice root extract and licorice tea can help with diseases of the upper respiratory tract.

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In particular, animal studies concluded that licyrrhizin extract from licorice root helps relieve asthma, especially when used with modern asthma treatments. And here we need human studies to confirm such effects.

Licorice-May-Prevent-Caries

Licorice May Prevent Caries 

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Licorice root can help protect against bacteria that can lead to tooth decay. In a three-week study, 66 preschoolers were given sugar-free lollipops containing 15 mg. licorice root twice a day during the school week. The consumption of lollipops significantly reduces the number of bacteria Streptococcus mutans, which are the main cause of cavities.&nbsp;

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Licorice in menopause and menstrual symptoms 

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Licorice root can help relieve symptoms of menstruation and menopause. In a small study, licorice root extract was compared to ibuprofen for pain relief in women with dysmenorrhea or menstrual cramps. The results of the study show that licorice root can be used to relieve the pain of menstrual cramps due to its anti-inflammatory properties. 8

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Potential side effects and precautions 

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While it is safe for use in foods, chronic use and large doses of licorice root products can lead to glycyrrhizin accumulation in the body. Elevated glycyrrhizin levels have been shown to cause an increase in the stress hormone cortisol, which can cause an imbalance in fluid and electrolyte levels. Because of this, people with high blood pressure, congestive heart failure, kidney disease, or low potassium levels are encouraged to completely avoid licyrrhizin-containing licorice products.

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Pregnant and nursing mothers should also avoid consuming licorice, or if they do, be in minimal quantities.

Drug-interactions

Drug interactions 

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It has been proven that licorice root interacts with several types of drugs, including:

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Blood Pressure Medications</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Blood thinners</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Cholesterol-lowering medications, including statins</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Diuretics</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Estrogen-based contraceptives</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)</li></ul>

Dosage-and-forms-of-licorice-root

Dosage and forms of licorice root 

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There are currently no universal dosage recommendations. However, the World Health Organization (WHO) and the European Food Scientific Committee (SCF) recommend limiting glycyrrhizin intake to no more than 100 mg. per day. If licorice products do not have such information, another option is to look for powders or capsules with deglycyrrhized licorice (DGL).

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These supplements do not contain glycyrrhizin, which is responsible for most side effects. Yet, since this compound also contributes to numerous benefits, it is unclear whether products with deglycyrrhized licorice have the same positive health effects.

Licorice root may have powerful antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial effects. Early research suggests that as a result, it can relieve upper respiratory infections, relieve some stomach problems, menstrual pain, and more. The plant has potential in the field of anticancer therapies, which needs more research in humans.&nbsp; It is important to know the possible side effects of an overdose, as well as the contraindications to intake described in the article.&nbsp;

Benefits and disadvantages of licorice root (Glycyrrhiza glabra) for health

Benefits and disadvantages of licorice root (Glycyrrhiza glabra) for

Top-10-Best-Essential-Oils-for-Respiratory-Infections

Top 10 Best Essential Oils for Respiratory Infections 

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Essential oils can help soothe sore throats and clear mucus, some of the characteristic symptoms of a respiratory infection.

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The medical community tends to see essential oils as an adjunct alternative therapy rather than a medical treatment. These oils should be used with caution as there are no approved guidelines regarding their dosage or potency.

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However, there are instructions, and if a person follows them, any of the 10 essential oils can help relieve the symptoms of a respiratory infection. Always before using essential oils, do a tolerance test on a small area of skin by dissolving a few drops in base oil, applying to the skin and waiting 24 hours.

Eucalyptus-essential-oil

Eucalyptus essential oil 

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Many people use eucalyptus (Eucalyptus) without realizing it. Many over-the-counter products usually contain eucalyptus oil. Or they may include the main compound of the oil called eucalyptol or cineole.

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A study published in Alternative Medicine Review found that eucalyptol has an antimicrobial effect and can fight bacteria that cause disease. Eucalyptol may also help reduce inflammation, relieve pain, and relieve muscle tension that may result from a cold or flu. 1

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Eucalyptus essential oil can be used to soothe cough in respiratory infections in several ways:

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">By adding a few drops of eucalyptus oil to a base oil and rubbing the mixture onto the chest and throat;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">By diluting eucalyptus oil in boiling water and inhaling the steam.</li></ul>

Rosemary-essential-oil

Rosemary essential oil 

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Rosemary (Salvia rosmarinus) is a common garden herb. Like eucalyptus, it contains the compound cineole. A study published in the journal Cough found that cineole can help break down mucus and reduce inflammation. 2

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Rosemary essential oil should be diluted with base oil to inhale. Add 3-4 drops of this oil in 5-6 drops of carrier oil and massage onto the throat. You can also add a few drops of this essential oil to the diffuser and thus relieve the cough.

Peppermint-essential-oil

Peppermint essential oil 

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Herbal respiratory disease care products often contain peppermint oil (Mentha). Menthol is an extract of mint. When inhaled, it creates a cooling sensation that can soothe or relieve the scratching throat.

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A 2013 study suggested that when a healthy person uses peppermint oil, it can help relax the muscles of the trachea, known as the bronchial muscles. This may explain why this essential oil may ease breathing in people with coughs. 3

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Peppermint essential oil can be used through:

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Dilution of oil in boiling water and inhalation of steam</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Adding oil to a diffuser</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Use in a mixture of oils for topical application</li></ul>

Frankincense-essential-oil

Frankincense essential oil 

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Frankincense is extracted from Boswellia trees and is often used in perfumes. It is traditionally valued for its effect on the respiratory system and is used to treat cough, bronchitis and asthma. 4

Oregano-essential-oil

Oregano essential oil 

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Oregano essential oil (Origanum vulgare) contains a high level of a powerful compound called carvacrol. The authors of a 2014 study found that carvacrol is a useful antimicrobial agent that can fight many types of microbes. Therefore, this oil can help relieve the symptoms of respiratory infections.

Thyme-essential-oil

Thyme essential oil 

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Thyme essential oil also contains a high level of carvacrol. It can be a useful means of eliminating or protecting against viruses and bacteria.

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The herb thyme and its volatile oil have long been used to treat upper respiratory tract infections, bronchitis symptoms, parasitic infections, and many other health problems. It has an antibacterial effect on Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and has antiviral (herpes simplex virus type I, human rhinoviruses and influenza viruses), antifungal, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antispasmodic action. 5

Essential-oils-of-bergamot,-nutmeg-and-cupressus

Essential oils of bergamot, nutmeg and cupressus 

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All essential oils of nutmeg (Myristica), bergamot (Citrus bergamia) and cupressus&nbsp; (Cupressus) contain camphene, a compound similar to camphor with anti-inflammatory action.

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When inhaled, camphene can have a cooling and refreshing effect. It also has antioxidant properties that can help protect cells from damage and protect against harmful microbes.

Geranium-essential-oil

Geranium essential oil 

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A review of studies published in Complementary Medicine Research reported that a geranium extract called Pelargonium sidoides is an effective herbal remedy for coughing. Geranium essential oil when inhaled can provide relief from breathing and persistent coughing.&nbsp;

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Add six drops of geranium essential oil to a carrier oil. Massage this diluted oil onto your throat and chest. This will help relieve a stuffy nose. You can also add 4-5 drops of this oil to boiling water and inhale the steam to relieve sore throat when you catch a cold.

Cinnamon-essential-oil

Cinnamon essential oil 

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The favorite aromatic spice has medicinal properties, with the authors of a 2017 study finding that cinnamon can protect against germs that cause respiratory problems.&nbsp;

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Add a few drops of cinnamon essential oil (Cinnamomum) to the diffuser and inhale it. Helps relieve cough and cold. You can also massage the oil on your chest or throat. This will help relieve congestion and coughing.&nbsp;

Tea-Tree-Essential-Oil

Tea Tree Essential Oil 

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Tea tree oil (Melaleuca) can inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria that cause sinus infections and respiratory problems. Today, studies show that tea tree oil has antimicrobial activity, which gives it the ability to fight bacteria that lead to respiratory problems. 6

The essential oils of peppermint, eucalyptus, oregano, tea tree, rosemary and frankincense are some of the oils that have been shown to help keep your lungs and respiratory system in excellent condition. They contribute to this through antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial compounds reviewed in various studies. When used on the skin, it is important to mix essential oils with base oil, as they are highly concentrated. Others can be steamed and their fumes inhaled with a focus on relieving persistent cough, stuffy nose, and releasing your breathing.

Top 10 essential oils for respiratory infections this winter

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Role-of-cortisol-for-health

Role of cortisol for health 

Cortisol is a multifaceted and multifunctional hormone that is important for the science of nutrition and good health on many levels. Understanding its functions, including its behavior and relationships with other biochemical components, the immune system and the endocrine system, is crucial for controlling elevated cortisol levels as well as conditions characterized by it.