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Author: Rositsa Tashkova, Master of Molecular Biology and Microbiology

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The broadleaf plantain (Plantago major) is best known for its ability to accelerate wound healing. It's also called white man's foot or greater plantain. The plant is widespread in Europe, Asia and America and is often found in gardens and other urban grasslands.

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The plantain is not distinguished by bright colors or large size, but despite its modest appearance, it hides a great healing potential, which extends beyond the treatment of wounds.

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Some of the properties attributed to it by folk medicine have been confirmed by recent research, including:

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<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">wound healing,</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">antipyretic action (to lower fever),</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">cough suppression (antitussive),</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">against infections,</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">anti-haemorrhagic and haemostatic action,</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">anti-inflammatory,</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">diuretic,</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">laxative,</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">astringent.</li>
</ul>

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In this article you will learn more about the traditional use of plantain in Iranian traditional medicine, as well as the modern evidence of its healing properties. The information is taken from the article Plantago major in Traditional Persian Medicine and modern phytotherapy: a narrative review, 2018, Electronic physician [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/Plantago_major_in_Traditional_Persian_Medicine_and_modern_phytotherapy_a_narrative_review_29629064" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.1</a>].

Plantain-Use-According-to-Iranian-Folk-Medicine

Plantain Use According to Iranian Folk Medicine

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The use of plantain for the treatment of various diseases dates back thousands of years. The earliest known account of the plantain is in "De materia medica", which was written by the Greek pharmaco-botanist Dioscurid in the 1st century (40-90 A.D.). The book is an encyclopedia of herbal treatment and pharmacopoeia from around the world.

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Plantain finds the following applications in Iranian folk medicine:

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<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">In neurological diseases such <a href="/p/iepiliepsiiata_koi_liechiebni_rastieniia_sa_izpolzvani_v_drievna_piersiia_d697132f_9082_456b_ac3a_9019ffa4be12" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">epilepsy</a> or ear pain;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">In diseases of the eyes;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Against inflammation in the oral cavity and toothache (gargling and rinsing);</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">In lung diseases such as asthma and tuberculosis;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">With gastrointestinal problems - bleeding, <a href="/p/profilaktika_klasichiesko_i_bilkovo_liechieniie_na_khiemoroidi_9e58f268_e51f_460a_8c66_6158a6575aac" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">hemorrhoids</a>, stomach ache, <a href="/p/7_bilki_koito_obliekchavat_loshoto_khranosmilanie_i_dispiepsiiata_60bc6c30_0949_4ed7_933c_460f9104d318" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">dyspepsia</a>, constipation;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">In <a href="/p/chierniiat_drob_nie_boli_koi_bilki_podobriavat_zdravieto_mu_pri_khiepatit_stieatoza_i_tsiroza_ed55df70_c2be_430d_93f0_29a2aece49ff" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">liver</a> and bile disease;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">In urogenital infections and pain in <a href="/p/kamni_v_bbrietsitie_koi_bilki_priechat_na_obrazuvanieto_im_i_kak_da_sie_khranim" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">the kidneys</a> and bladder;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">For the treatment of various wounds and burns.</li>
</ul>

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Many of these and other healing properties are also confirmed by modern medicine. You will learn about some of them in the following lines.

Broadleaf-Plantain-and-The-Immune-System

Broadleaf Plantain and The Immune System

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In low concentrations, plantain possesses immunomodulatory activity, increases the number of lymphocytes and the secretion of interferon-γ, but at high concentrations this property can be suppressed.

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Plantain tea can aid the immune system in leukemia and viral infections. [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/In_vitro_cytotoxic_antiviral_and_immunomodulatory_effects_of_Plantago_major_and_Plantago_asiatica_12856861" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.2</a>]

Plantain-in-Gastrointestinal-Problems

Plantain in Gastrointestinal Problems

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The seeds of plantain secrete mucus substances that have a laxative and protective effect for the mucous membrane of the stomach. Seeds are recommended for inflammatory bowel diseases, e.g. ulcerative colitis.

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On the other hand, leaf extract reduces the mobility of the duodenum and has astringent effect.

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Plantain-in-Urticaria

Plantain in Urticaria

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Broadleaf plantain contains substances that suppress the production of prostaglandins, the movement of white blood cells and the release of histamine, and this is relevant for the suppression of urticaria.

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Antibacterial and Antiparasite Effects of Plantain

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Some types of plantain extracts have shown an effect against the Giardia parasite.

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Plantain extract in ethyl alcohol shows antibacterial activity against the bacteria E. coli and Bacillus cereus, and acetone extract is also effective against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Plantain extract also has good effectiveness against <a href="../../eng/p/home_remedies_for_vaginal_candidiasis" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Candida albicans yeast</a>.

Plantain-Helps-Wound-Healing

Plantain Helps Wound Healing

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Broadleaf plantain is traditionally used to heal wounds. With tissue damage, whether from bacteria, physical trauma, chemical, heat or any other phenomenon, the body reacts with an inflammatory response, which is by its very nature a protective reaction. Inflammation is manifested by redness, fever, edema and pain in the affected tissue.

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Plantain contains polyphenols and in particular plantamajoside, which are considered the main significant compounds for wound healing. For this purpose, aqueous extract of plantain can be used.

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Anti-cancer-Properties-of-Plantain

Anti-cancer Properties of Plantain

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Various studies have shown that both spirit and water extracts of plantain possess the property to inhibit the growth of certain cancer cell lines: melanoma (skin cancer), adenocarcinoma of the breast and kidney. [<a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311913648_Evaluation_of_In_Vitro_Anticancer_Effect_of_Plantago_major_L_and_Plantago_lanceolata_L_Leaf_Extracts_from_Sivas" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.3</a>]

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According to one of the studies, the greatest potential to inhibit the growth of cancer cells have the seeds of broadleaf plantain, in particular on the following cancer cell lines: MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, HeLaS3, A549 and KB. They also suppress inflammatory cytokines tumornecortising factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 1β and 6 (IL-1β, IL-6) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ).

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Extracts from the roots of the plant exhibit the same properties. However, the scientists who conducted this study offer the seeds of broadleaf plantain as a source of new drugs against oncological and inflammatory diseases. [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/Effects_of_Plantago_major_Extracts_and_Its_Chemical_Compounds_on_Proliferation_of_Cancer_Cells_and_Cytokines_Production_of_Lipopolysaccharide_activated_THP_1_Macrophages_28839362" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.4</a>]

Q&amp;A

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What side effects can the intake of broadleaf plantain have?

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In general, plantain is considered a safe herb, but an overdose can lead to anaphylaxis (suffocation due to an allergic reaction). In milder cases of side effects, vomiting, nausea, diarrhea, anorexia, bloating, hypersensitivity or dermatitis may be observed.

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How is broadleaf plantain used?

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The usual dose is 3–5 grams of the powdered herb 1–3 times a day, but the most common dose in the form of tea (infusion) is 150 ml 3–4 times a day.

<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/Plantago_major_in_Traditional_Persian_Medicine_and_modern_phytotherapy_a_narrative_review_29629064" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Plantago major in Traditional Persian Medicine and modern phytotherapy: a narrative review</a>, 2018, Electronic physician

<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/In_vitro_cytotoxic_antiviral_and_immunomodulatory_effects_of_Plantago_major_and_Plantago_asiatica_12856861" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> In vitro cytotoxic, antiviral and immunomodulatory effects of Plantago major and Plantago asiatica</a>, 2003, American Journal of Chinese Medicine

Evaluation of In Vitro Anticancer Effect of Plantago major L. and Plantago lanceolata L. Leaf Extracts from Sivas, 2016, Cumhuriyet Üniv. Sağ. Bil. Enst. Derg.

<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/Effects_of_Plantago_major_Extracts_and_Its_Chemical_Compounds_on_Proliferation_of_Cancer_Cells_and_Cytokines_Production_of_Lipopolysaccharide_activated_THP_1_Macrophages_28839362" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Effects of Plantago major Extracts and Its Chemical Compounds on Proliferation of Cancer Cells and Cytokines Production of Lipopolysaccharide-activated THP-1 Macrophages</a>, 2017, Pharmacognosy Magazine

Tea is the second most common drink after water. Tea, which is prepared from the leaves of the Camellia sinensis plant is 3 types: green, oolong and black - depending on the degree of oxidation of the leaves. The most oxidized are the leaves of black tea, not so much of the oolong tea and the leafs of green tea are not oxidized at all.

9 unexpected health benefits of green tea and how to prepare it

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Chillies owe their effect to a compound called capsaicin, which can help control inflammation and other harmful processes in the body associated with the accumulation of fatty plaques in the arteries (atherosclerosis), for example.

Are chili peppers healthy - find out what science has to say

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Studies have suggested that ginseng reduces physical, chemical and biological stress, while increasing overall vitality and immune function, including physical and mental capacity.

8 reasons why the Chinese call ginseng The King of Herbs

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The most common diseases of this organ are viral hepatitis (hepatitis B and C), cirrhosis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, steatosis, fibrosis, alcoholic liver disease (alcoholic hepatitis), liver cancer, liver failure.

The liver does not hurt. Which are the herbs that can improve its health in the case of hepatitis, steatosis, and cirrhosis

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For years, we have associated hair loss with disease and lack of femininity. Today, shaved heads are first associated with cancer. Celebrities demonstrate civic positions and cause sensations with it.

How to take care of your hair and skin in the summer

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Silymarin has been used as a healing agent since ancient times. How its healing properties are manifested in the organism and what they are, you can find out in this article.

Silymarin - a well-known ancient herb - for the benefits in humans and animals

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Hops is well known as it is a major raw material in the production of beer. Interest in this plant is growing not only due to the search and creation of beer with new different flavors, but also for discovering and proving new beneficial properties for our health.

Healing Properties of Hops - The Essential Ingredient of Beer

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In recent years omega-3 fatty acids have gained popularity due to their numerous health benefits. They are an important part of lipid metabolism of animals and play a significant role in human health.

Omega-3 fatty acids: health benefits and sources

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The Broadleaf Plantain: A Modest Plant with Great Healing Potential

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 The Broadleaf Plantain: A Modest Plant with Great Healing Potential

Rositsa Tashkova-Kacharova

&nbsp;Author: Sylvia Marinova, PhD student in the Genomic Stability Laboratory at BAS

Nettle (Utrica dioica) is a common plant you usually don't like touching. And not coincidentally - in Latin its name means "burn". We often learn to avoid it as children, as the many small burning hairs on its surface cause an unpleasant rash and itching.

However, this does not prevent it from having a rich arsenal of useful properties, which are far from limited to its applications in traditional medicine. Let's get acquainted with the more interesting ones.

Nettle-is-Chic

Nettle is Chic

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Yes, this is exactly what you read - "nettle is chic!". Since ancient times it has been used to make clothes, as it is rich in fiber. Its popularity decreased sharply in the 16th century with the imposition of cotton as a much easier raw material to collect and process. But this is not its end at all.

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Curiously, it had a brief return to the textile world in the early 20th century during The First World War- when it was used to make uniforms for the German army, and today it is gaining fame again.

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As technology advances, its processing is facilitated and the need to find an environmentally friendly alternative to cotton becomes more urgent. This is because cotton requires huge amounts of water, as well as the use of <a href="https://www.worldwildlife.org/industries/cotton" target="_blank" rel="noopener">a lot of pesticides [ref.1]</a>. To date, more and more boutique manufacturers are relying on the qualities of nettle for the production of premium fabrics.

Nettle-Wine

Nettle Wine

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Fans of the Harry Potter series know that one of the potions in Severus Snape's long arsenal is actually nettle wine. But it turned out to be a well-known traditional drink for Great Britain, which is still prepared today. The taste is dry and very interesting, suitable for the summer season.

Nettle-Contains-Important-Nutrients

Nettle Contains Important Nutrients

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One of the most common applications of the herb, which will not surprise lovers of "any greens", is in the kitchen. This is due not only to its excellent taste qualities, but also to its high nutritional value. Nettle is extremely useful from several perspectives:

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<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">it is rich in fiber <a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/Comparison_of_nutritional_properties_of_Stinging_nettle_Urtica_dioica_flour_with_wheat_and_barley_flours_26788318" target="_blank" rel="noopener">[ref.2]</a>, which act prebiotically (help balance the <a href="/p/zashcho_chrievniiat_mikrobiom_ie_tolkova_vazhien_za_nas_i_nashieto_biebie_f1c8c877_5195_4564_831e_1e2eef76df59" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer"> intestinal flora</a>);</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">contains a lot of&nbsp;<a href="/p/kakva_ie_razlikata_miezhdu_bieltk_i_protiein_b1b6b96e_e340_46d2_9768_ac9fa8cd6adc" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">proteins,</a> and more importantly - it is a source of essential amino acids&nbsp;(those that we can not synthesize ourselves, and we need to procure through food);</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">its a source of important unsaturated fatty acids <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889157502001722?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noopener">[ref.3]</a> such as alpha-linolenic and linoleic acid;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">fresh nettle has a high content of vitamins A, C, D, E and B vitamins&nbsp;<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/Mineral_Properties_and_Dietary_Value_of_Raw_and_Processed_Stinging_Nettle_Urtica_dioica_L_26904610" target="_blank" rel="noopener">[ref.4]</a>;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">last but not least, we should mention that we can get some important minerals from nettle such as calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, sodium and potassium.</li>
</ul>

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Both the roots and the stem and leaves of the plant are consumed. A 2013 study comparing the nutritional value of fresh and thermally processed nettle shows that even cooked it remains a very good source of important amino acids, fatty acids, minerals and vitamins <a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/Mineral_Properties_and_Dietary_Value_of_Raw_and_Processed_Stinging_Nettle_Urtica_dioica_L_26904610" target="_blank" rel="noopener">[ref.4]</a>. In other words, nettle is a great material for making soups, purees and other dishes, without bothering that it will lose many of its useful properties.

Chlorophyll-is-Extracted-from-Nettle

Chlorophyll is Extracted from Nettle

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What is chlorophyll? Chlorophyll is what makes plants green and allows them to capture solar energy and use it for the synthesis of nutrients - a process known to us as photosynthesis.&nbsp;In addition, chlorophyll is known for its antioxidant properties and for this reason can sometimes be taken as a dietary supplement.

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Nettle contains as much as 4.8 mg/g chlorophyll in 1 gram of dry matter. It is cultured to extract chlorophyll (and textile fibers), which is used in the pharmaceutical industry.

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Nettle is Rich in Active Compounds

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We have come to the active compounds found in nettle, with which I would like to finish this article, since they are important and are well known to traditional medicine for a long time due to anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, diuretic, antioxidant and other properties. The her is rich in the following active compounds:

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<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">phenolic compounds - tannins, flavonoids, phenolic acids, coumarins, curcumin and others. In general, we could say that the phenolic compounds include the active substances, which are widely studied today due to their high anti-cancer potential;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">carotenoids - one of the most well-known carotenoids is beta-carotene. It is a powerful antioxidant (protects against free radicals) and is also a precursor of vitamin A, and we know that it is extremely important for our vision.Vitamin A deficiency causes reduced night vision.</li>
</ul>

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 What healing properties nettle has and does it have the potential to help us fight cancer

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I hope the article has convinced you that nettle does not deserve to be overlooked. Despite the burning memories of childhood, it is extremely valuable. And at the end of the day, let's get into its shoes - it's just protecting itrself from enemies. ;)

Sustainable agro-agriculture, cotton. WWF

<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/Comparison_of_nutritional_properties_of_Stinging_nettle_Urtica_dioica_flour_with_wheat_and_barley_flours_26788318" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Comparison of nutritional properties of Stinging nettle (Urtica dioica) flour with wheat and barley flours</a>, 2016, Food Science and Nutrition

Fatty acids and carotenoids from Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica L.), 2003, Journal of Food Composition and Analysis

<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/Mineral_Properties_and_Dietary_Value_of_Raw_and_Processed_Stinging_Nettle_Urtica_dioica_L_26904610" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Mineral Properties and Dietary Value of Raw and Processed Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica L.) </a> , 2013, International Journal of Food Science

5 Unusual Properties of Good Old Nettle

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 5 Unusual Properties of Good Old Nettle

Силвия Маринова

Wild garlic is also called ramson, wild onion, bear's garlic, wild cowleek, buckrams, broad-leaved garlic, wood garlic, bear leek. It is a widespread species in Europe and Asia, and is found even in Siberia.

According to one hypothesis, the name is related to the Ursa major constellation, which is visible in the northern hemisphere, and wild garlic is one of the most northern spread species of Allium.

The other hypothesis is related to the popular perception that when the bear wakes from hibernation, it eats wild garlic to clear from toxins and restore its strength.

What-Is-in-Wild-Garlic

What Is in Wild Garlic

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Wild garlic contains the characteristic for the family of garlic and onion sulphur compounds (methiin, alliin) and more [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/Allium_ursinum_botanical_phytochemical_and_pharmacological_overview_25774103" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.1</a>]:

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<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">phenolic compounds (flavonoids, kaempferol),</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">steroidal glycosides,</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">lectins,</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">polysaccharides (mainly fructans),</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">fatty acids (palmitic, linoleic, oleic, palmitoleic, stearic, α-linolenic and myristic acid),</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">amino acids (asparagine, glutamine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, arginine, alanine, glycine, threonine).</li>
</ul>

What-Is-Wild-Garlic-Traditionally-Used-for

What Is Wild Garlic Traditionally Used for

What-Is-Wild-Garlic-Traditionally-Used-for_1_0

There is evidence that wild garlic was used by the Mesolithic people, the Celts, the Romans. The ancient Greeks recognized at least four types of onions, including wild garlic, which was thought to have a detoxifying effect.

What-Is-Wild-Garlic-Traditionally-Used-for_1_1

All parts of the plant are edible. For medical purposes, the leaves collected in April and May, and the bulbs collected in September and October, are used. Wild garlic is usually harvested in the wild, but in some countries, such as Poland, the plant is protected and it's not allowed to pick it in the wild nature.

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In European folk medicine, wild garlic is usually recommended as a digestion stimulator, an antimicrobial agent, that removes toxins from the body and prevents cardiovascular disease. It is often used as a cure for respiratory problems, such as a common cold with fever or bronchitis.

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It is also used externally to help heal wounds, in chronic skin diseases and in acne.

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 Easy recipes from Russian folk medicine for the treatment of skin diseases. Part 1: vitiligo, infections, warts

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Today, ramson is often used for cooking. Fresh leaves can be consumed raw or cooked and as a kind of pesto. Add to soups, gnocchi, risotto, ravioli and as a seasoning for hard cheeses or smears with cottage cheese. Leaves and flowers can be used as a side dish to salads, while bulbs can be used as ordinary garlic.

Benefits-of-Wild-Garlic-for-the-Cardiovascular-System

Benefits of Wild Garlic for the Cardiovascular System

Benefits-of-Wild-Garlic-for-the-Cardiovascular-System_2_0

Modern pharmacological studies confirm many of the aforementioned traditional applications of wild garlic. It is a plant with high potential for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases.

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Various extracts obtained from fresh leaves of wild garlic have been tested in laboratory conditions for action on aggregation of human platelets (blood elements responsible for blood clotting). The results show that the spirit extract of ramson&nbsp;significantly inhibits aggregation by a mechanism similar to that of the drug Clopidogrel.

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Studies in rats have shown that wild garlic has a greater ability to lower high blood pressure compared to ordinary garlic. [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/Wild_garlic_has_a_greater_effect_than_regular_garlic_on_blood_pressure_and_blood_chemistries_of_rats_11989540" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.2</a>]

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It also lowers total cholesterol and increased insulin levels in the blood.

Benefits-of-Wild-Garlic-for-the-Cardiovascular-System_2_5

Antimicrobial-Effects-of-Ramson

Antimicrobial Effects of Ramson

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The antimicrobial effect of aqueous and methanol extract from wild garlic leaves against the following bacteria has also been proven: Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella enteritidis, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enterica, and fungi: Cladosporium sp., Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus nigricans, Geotrichum candidum, Penicillium expansum, Candida lipolytica, Mycoderma, Saccharomycopsis fibuligera.

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The juice of the bulbs of the plant has also shown an effect against some internal parasites.

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The leaves and bulbs of wild garlic have a strong antioxidant effect.

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 What are the benefits of antioxidants for health and which foods are richest to them

Herbs and bioactive substances