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Author: Rositsa Tashkova, Master of Molecular Biology and Microbiology

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About 2 million people worldwide die each year from liver disease. Unfortunately, the awareness of the deterioration of the liver comes only when it’s too late and symptoms are already showing. This makes preventive examinations especially important.

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The most common diseases of this organ are viral hepatitis (hepatitis B and C), cirrhosis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NSCLC), steatosis, fibrosis, alcoholic liver disease (alcoholic hepatitis), liver cancer, liver failure. Not everyone knows that elevated blood cholesterol levels are also directly related to the liver.

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The liver is the main purifying organ in our body - it has the task of neutralizing toxins and harmful substances that enter the blood. This makes it particularly sensitive to the use of drugs and herbs, especially in some diseases. Therefore, consultation with your doctor is mandatory before you start taking any herb for liver problems to avoid potential hepatotoxicity and additional damage to this extremely important organ.

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IIn this article we will look at herbs that have been shown to help with some liver diseases:

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<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Chronic hepatitis</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Fatty liver disease (hepatic steatosis)</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Cirrhosis</li>
</ul>

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Most of the information is taken from the scientific article "Current Status of Herbal Medicines in Chronic Liver Disease Therapy: The Biological Effects, Molecular Targets and Future Prospects", published in 2016 in the International Journal of Molecular Sciences.&nbsp;[<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/Current_Status_of_Herbal_Medicines_in_Chronic_Liver_Disease_Therapy_The_Biological_Effects_Molecular_Targets_and_Future_Prospects_26633388" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.1</a>]

Medicinal-plants-for-chronic-hepatitis

Medicinal plants for chronic hepatitis

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Chronic hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver. It is usually caused by viral infections, autoimmune diseases, or toxic substances such as drugs or alcohol.

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Viral hepatitis is the most common liver disease. Over time, it can develop into fibrosis and cirrhosis. The causative agents are hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV). Currently, more than 30% of the world's population is infected with HBV.

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<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis) - the active substance of licorice is called glycyrrhizin. Various studies have established its various functions in protecting the liver - has an anti-inflammatory effect on the liver by several mechanisms, inhibits the release of viral particles in HCV infection, controls the reproduction of HBV [ref.2], lowers liver enzymes ALT and AST. It is important to keep in mind that prolonged use of licorice can lead to dangerous side effects, including high blood pressure and low levels of potassium in the blood.</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) - the active substance of milk thistle, with effects on the liver, is silibinin. It is extracted from the seeds of the plant. Inhibits HCV and lowers ALT, AST and alkaline phosphatase levels in patients with chronic hepatitis. [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/A_pilot_study_on_the_liver_protective_effect_of_silybin_phosphatidylcholine_complex_IdB1016_in_chronic_active_hepatitis_8225695" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.3</a>] Fortunately, no side effects from the use of milk thistle have been identified.</li>
</ul>

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<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Gale of the wind, Stonebreaker, or Seed-under-leaf (Phyllanthus niruri) - according to some studies, the aqueous extract of the plant can help with viral hepatitis B. Side effects are upper abdominal pain and diarrhea.</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Baikal skullcap or Chinese skullcap (Scutellaria baicalensis) - the substance baikalin from the herb seems to accelerate the regeneration of liver cells and inhibits the onset of programmed cell death (apoptosis).</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Mongolian milkvetch (Astragalus membranaceus)- the aqueous extract of the root of the herb can help with chronic viral hepatitis B and against the occurrence of liver fibrosis. There are no known side effects, but it may interact with some medications.</li>
</ul>

Medicinal-plants-for-fatty-liver-disease-(hepatic-steatosis)

Medicinal plants for fatty liver disease (hepatic steatosis)

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Hepatic obesity or steatosis is a reversible pathological process in which large vacuoles with triglyceride fat accumulate in the liver cells.

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Fatty liver disease is usually caused by excessive alcohol consumption or metabolic disorders such as obesity, insulin resistance and dyslipidemia.

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Alcoholic fatty liver disease (ALD) refers to alcohol-related steatosis, while nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (ALD) means that the primary cause of steatosis is not alcohol. Steatosis predisposes the liver to inflammation and fibrosis.

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In developed countries, fatty liver disease is the most common liver disease, the prevalence of which ranges from about 20% to 60%.

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For those with early stage non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, gradual weight loss is the only solution to prevent the progression of the disease.

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According to recent studies, some herbal products appear to have positive effects on this potentially reversible disease. Both laboratory and clinical studies have suggested that medicinal plants may have a moderate benefit in its treatment.

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<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Cardus marianus, Milk thistle, Blessed milk thistle, Marian thistle, Mary thistle, Saint Mary's thistle, Mediterranean milk thistle, variegated thistle, and Scotch thistle (Silybum marianum) - after intake of white thistle seed extract, a decrease of hepatic steatosis was observed in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in ultrasound results.</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Baikal skullcap or Chinese skullcap (Scutellaria baicalensis)- according to a clinical trial, the root of Baikal hellebore has a protective effect in alcoholic fatty liver disease&nbsp;[<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0041008X11003978?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.4</a>]. In laboratory animals, intake of the herb root extract has been shown to reduce the level of total serum cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-cholesterol, ALT and AST and increase the level of serum HDL-cholesterol.&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

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<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Jiaogulan (Gynostemma pentaphyllum)&nbsp;- the aqueous extract of the plant has been found to suppress the accumulation of cholesterol and triglycerides and prevent oxidative stress. According to a clinical trial, it lowers serum AST, ALP, insulin, lowers body fat index and insulin resistance index [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/The_add_on_effects_of_Gynostemma_pentaphyllum_on_nonalcoholic_fatty_liver_disease_16708768" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.5</a>].</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Apricot (Prunus armeniaca) - In laboratory animals, apricots have been found to have the potential to suppress hepatic steatosis through their antioxidant action and reduced serum AST and ALT levels.&nbsp;[<a href="https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v18/i31/4118.htm" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.6</a>]</li>
</ul>

Medicinal-plants-against-liver-cirrhosis

Medicinal plants against liver cirrhosis

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Cirrhosis is a condition in which the liver does not function properly due to long-term damage, it is an extreme complication of chronic liver disease.

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According to a study in Germany, the most common etiologies of liver cirrhosis are associated with alcoholic liver disease (52%), chronic hepatitis C (28%) or hepatitis B (14%) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (6%).

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The pathological hallmark of cirrhosis is the development of fibrosis, which replaces the normal parenchyma. Fibrosis means that non-functional tissue accumulates in the liver, as a scar remains when wounds heal.

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The most effective way to fight cirrhosis is prevention, as the disease is irreversible in itself.

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In this case, the seeds of Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) and the roots of Baikal skullcap (Scutellaria baicalensis), Licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis), red sage, Chinese sage, tan shen, or danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza), and East Asian arrowroot, kudzu (Pueraria lobata) have shown beneficial effects. [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/Current_Status_of_Herbal_Medicines_in_Chronic_Liver_Disease_Therapy_The_Biological_Effects_Molecular_Targets_and_Future_Prospects_26633388" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.1</a>]

Q&amp;A

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Where is the liver located?

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The liver is a large organ located mainly in the upper right abdomen, below the diaphragm and above the stomach.

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When can you feel liver pain?

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With liver pain, most people feel a dull, throbbing sensation in the upper right abdomen. Liver pain can also be felt as a stabbing sensation that takes your breath away. Sometimes this pain is accompanied by swelling or pain that spreads to the back or right shoulder blade.

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The causes of liver pain are the same that were discussed in the article above, but also others: viral hepatitis, alcoholic cirrhosis, liver steatosis, abscess or cyst in the liver, Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome, Bud-Chiari syndrome, thrombosis of the portal vein, liver cancer, liver injury or gallstones.

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What are the symptoms of liver diesease?

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Liver disease is not always associated with noticeable signs and symptoms. If they do occur, this may include:

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<ul>
<li>Skin and eyes that look yellowish (jaundice),</li>
<li>Abdominal pain and swelling,</li>
<li>Swelling of the legs and ankles,</li>
<li>Dark color of urine,</li>
<li>Pale stool color,</li>
<li>Chronic fatigue,</li>
<li>Itchy skin,</li>
<li>Easy bruising,</li>
<li>Nausea or vomiting,</li>
<li>Loss of appetite.</li>
</ul>

<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/Current_Status_of_Herbal_Medicines_in_Chronic_Liver_Disease_Therapy_The_Biological_Effects_Molecular_Targets_and_Future_Prospects_26633388" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Current Status of Herbal Medicines in Chronic Liver Disease Therapy: The Biological Effects, Molecular Targets and Future Prospects</a>, 2016, International Journal of Molecular Sciences

<a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/10428190109057970" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Lamivudine and glycyrrhizin for treatment of chemotherapy-induced hepatitis b virus (hbv) hepatitis in a chronic hbv carrier with non-hodgkin lymphoma</a>, 2001, Leuk. Lymphoma

<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/A_pilot_study_on_the_liver_protective_effect_of_silybin_phosphatidylcholine_complex_IdB1016_in_chronic_active_hepatitis_8225695" target="_blank" rel="noopener">A pilot study on the liver protective effect of silybin-phosphatidylcholine complex (idb1016) in chronic active hepatitisInt</a>, 1993, J. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. Toxicol.

Effect of baicalin on toll-like receptor 4-mediated ischemia/reperfusion inflammatory responses in alcoholic fatty liver condition, 2012, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol.

<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/The_add_on_effects_of_Gynostemma_pentaphyllum_on_nonalcoholic_fatty_liver_disease_16708768" target="_blank" rel="noopener">The add-on effects of gynostemma pentaphyllum on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease</a>, 2006,Altern. Ther. Health Med.

Efficacy of mk615 for the treatment of patients with liver disorders, 2012, World J. Gastroenterol. WJG

According to a new article, which will be published in the May issue of the journal Redox Biology, regular exercise can help prevent or reduce the severity of acute respiratory failure (ARDS) in those suffering from coronavirus infection. According to the authors of the article (Zhen Yan and Hannah R. Spaulding from the Hospital at the University of Virginia, University of Virginia Health System), a one-time exercise session increases the production of a critical antioxidant called extracellular superoxide dismutase, or EcSOD, helping to reduce the effects of COVID-19.

Why exercise is important in the fight against the coronavirus

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We decided to provide our readers with information about medicinal plants, for which there is evidence in the scientific literature that they may support the symptomatic treatment of influenza and other respiratory infections. We will also indicate the potential dangers of using certain medicinal plants in the case of COVID-19.

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Dr. Uğur Şahin and his team applied mRNA treatment, encoding autoantigen associated with multiple sclerosis, to different mouse models of the disease. The results of the study are promising.

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Attention! It is important to note that pneumonia in Covid-19 has its peculiarities distinguishing it from other types of pneumonia, and now, more than ever, it is important to coordinate each action with a doctor, so as not to harm our health.

Saline inhalation may help with pneumonia

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As we have stated earlier, 85% of those infected with the new SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus and infected with COVID-19 in China received not only conventional treatment, but also therapy with herbs from Chinese traditional medicine. In this article, we will look separately at each of the herbs that have been used and what the science of them has to tell us. It's a pandemic, and hope lurks everywhere. :)

9 herbs China uses in the fight coronavirus (COVID-19)

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According to a study published by Chinese scientists in the International Journal of Biological Sciences, 85% of coronavirus patients in China are also given traditional Chinese medicine, which includes components of natural origin. One of the beneficial effects of this method is associated with relieving the severe side effects of conventional treatment of the disease.

Traditional Chinese medicine and the treatment of COVID-19

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Although epidemics have occurred throughout human history, at the moment they seem to be gaining strength. In the last 20 years alone, coronaviruses have caused three major outbreaks worldwide. Even more worryingly, the interval between these three pandemics is small. Suresh V Kuchipudi is a virologist and assistant director of the Animal Diagnostics Laboratory at Penn State University, which studies zoonotic viruses. Zoonotic disease is what can be transmitted from pets to humans. He observed that most of the pandemics have something in common, namely that they always start in Asia or Africa, and we do not realize the reasons that provoke them. With this material we will consider the analysis of the virologist.

Why a pandemic like COVID-19 won't be the last

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The liver does not hurt. Which are the herbs that can improve its health in the case of hepatitis, steatosis, and cirrhosis

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 The liver does not hurt. Which are the herbs that can improve its

Rositsa Tashkova-Kacharova

Gingivitis and periodontitis are serious gum diseases, which, however, often remain neglected. The infection develops, the gums bleed, but we are accustomed to discomfort, and it already seems to us that it is normal to spit blood when brushing our teeth. But it's not.

These diseases are due to the development of bacteria under the gum, and over time they begin to harm the whole organism, and the loss of a tooth can turn out to be the slightest evil.

Besides bacteria, there are other risk factors that lead to gum inflammation - smoking, stress, obesity, diabetes, osteoporosis, calcium and vitamin D deficiency, as well as genetic factors.

Treatment of gingivitis and periodontal disease requires a complex approach and guidance from a dentist. It can also be supported by the local application of certain medicinal plants and herbs, thanks to their anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antioxidant action. In this article, we will look at which herbs work best according to the information in the scientific literature.

Aloe-vera-reduces-inflammation

Aloe vera reduces inflammation

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There are several clinical studies that show good effectiveness of aloe vera in various forms - toothpaste, mouthwash or extract intake, as a means complementing other methods of treatment. There is evidence that the plant reduces bleeding and inflammation of the gums in gingivitis. [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/Effect_of_Aloe_vera_mouthwash_on_periodontal_health_triple_blind_randomized_control_trial_24603910" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.1</a>]

Pot-Marigold-(Calendula-officinalis)-stops-bleeding

Pot Marigold (Calendula officinalis) stops bleeding

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This herb is alo known as ruddles, common marigold or Scotch marigold. According to several clinical studies, one of which involves 240 people with gingivitis, mouthwash with marigold significantly reduces bleeding and inflammation of the gums, as well as other factors by which the severity of the disease is determined. [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/Evaluation_of_Calendula_officinalis_as_an_anti_plaque_and_anti_gingivitis_agent_24554883" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.2</a>]

Pot-Marigold-(Calendula-officinalis)-stops-bleeding_1_1

Green-tea-(Camellia-sinensis)-has-antibacterial-activity

Green tea (Camellia sinensis) has antibacterial activity

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Data on the benefits of green tea in various forms in gingivitis and inflamed gums are promising. Several clinical trials have shown this. Green tea has also been found to have bactericidal activity against the bacteria Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia and Prevotella nigrescens in laboratory conditions. [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/Preliminary_Clinical_Evidence_of_the_Antiplaque_Antigingivitis_Efficacy_of_a_Mouthwash_Containing_2_Green_Tea_A_Randomised_Clinical_Trial_25610918" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.3</a>]

Chamomile-(Matricaria-chamomilla)-fights-plaque

Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) fights plaque

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A clinical trial was conducted on a 1% solution of chamomile, used as mouthwash in the morning and evening after brushing teeth, for 15 days in patients who wear braces and have gingivitis. The results show that bleeding gums decreased, as did the amount of plaque accumulated. This is probably due to the anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties of chamomile. [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/Clinical_efficacy_of_a_1_Matricaria_chamomile_L_mouthwash_and_0_12_chlorhexidine_for_gingivitis_control_in_patients_undergoing_orthodontic_treatment_with_fixed_appliances_28025442" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.4</a>] Other studies have shown the same effects in gingivitis.

Pomegranate-(Punica-granatum)-as-a-mouthwash

Pomegranate (Punica granatum) as a mouthwash

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Few people know that the bark of the fruit and the core of the root are used as a healing agent due to their content of ellagic acid, ellagitannins, punic acid, flavonoids, anthocyanidins, anthocyanins and estrogenic flavonols and flavons, as well as alkaloids such as pelletierine.

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There are studies that show that pomegranate juice can improve the condition of gingivitis sufferers and bleeding gums - in the form of mouthwash. It has been shown to be particularly effective in patients who also have diabetes. [<a href="https://www.jdrr.org/article.asp?issn=2348-2915;year=2016;volume=3;issue=4;spage=117;epage=123;aulast=Kiany" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.5</a>]

Arak,-Miswak-(Salvadora-persica)---the-toothbrush-tree

Arak, Miswak (Salvadora persica) - the toothbrush tree

Arak,-Miswak-(Salvadora-persica)---the-toothbrush-tree_5_0

This is a type of tree characteristic of the Middle East and Africa, where twigs of it are used as a natural toothbrush, that's why it's also called toothbrush tree. It's rich in different substances. There is evidence that it can improve the condition of bleeding gums, especially when used in combination with a standard toothbrush or in the composition of toothpaste. [<a href="https://www.jisponline.com/article.asp?issn=0972-124X;year=2012;volume=16;issue=1;spage=84;epage=88;aulast=Patel" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.6</a>]

Arak,-Miswak-(Salvadora-persica)---the-toothbrush-tree_5_1

Some herbal combinations, containing elderberry, gotu cola, echinacea, eucalyptus, menthol, and others, also improve gum health, through their antibacterial and anti-inflammatory action. [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/Medicinal_plants_for_gingivitis_a_review_of_clinical_trials_30524670" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.7</a>, <a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/Herbs_as_an_antioxidant_arsenal_for_periodontal_diseases_27069730" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.8</a>]

<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/Effect_of_Aloe_vera_mouthwash_on_periodontal_health_triple_blind_randomized_control_trial_24603910" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Effect of Aloe vera mouthwash on periodontal health: triple blind randomized control trial</a>, 2015, Oral health and dental management

<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/Evaluation_of_Calendula_officinalis_as_an_anti_plaque_and_anti_gingivitis_agent_24554883" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Evaluation of Calendula officinalis as an anti-plaque and anti-gingivitis agent</a>, 2014, Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology

<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/Preliminary_Clinical_Evidence_of_the_Antiplaque_Antigingivitis_Efficacy_of_a_Mouthwash_Containing_2_Green_Tea_A_Randomised_Clinical_Trial_25610918" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Preliminary Clinical Evidence of the Antiplaque, Antigingivitis Efficacy of a Mouthwash Containing 2% Green Tea - A Randomised Clinical Trial</a>, 2015, Oral Health and Preventive Dentistry

<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/Clinical_efficacy_of_a_1_Matricaria_chamomile_L_mouthwash_and_0_12_chlorhexidine_for_gingivitis_control_in_patients_undergoing_orthodontic_treatment_with_fixed_appliances_28025442" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Clinical efficacy of a 1% Matricaria chamomile L. mouthwash and 0.12% chlorhexidine for gingivitis control in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances</a>, 2017, Journal of oral science

Assessing the effect of pomegranate fruit seed extract mouthwash on dental plaque and gingival inflammation, 2016, J Dent Res Rev

Clinical effect of miswak as an adjunct to tooth brushing on gingivitis., 2012, J Indian Soc Periodontol

<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/Medicinal_plants_for_gingivitis_a_review_of_clinical_trials_30524670" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Medicinal plants for gingivitis: a review of clinical trials</a>, 2018, Iran J Basic Med Sci

<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/Herbs_as_an_antioxidant_arsenal_for_periodontal_diseases_27069730" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Herbs as an antioxidant arsenal for periodontal diseases</a>, 2016, J Intercult Ethnopharmacol

Fenchol is an aromatic compound that is found in abundance in basil leaves. In addition to giving it a specific and well-known aroma, it turns out that it can help reduce the pathologies caused by Alzheimer's disease.

Basil in the fight against Alzheimer's disease

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Marijuana is a plant with various effects on human health. Nowadays, its use for personal or medical purpose is becoming more prevalent. What is the story, are there enough studies to justify the positive and negative effects of marijuana use on health and what are these effects? The answers to these questions can be found in this article.

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"The greatest power is thought. Whatever we think, we build from invisible matter something that draws strength to ourselves to help or harm us, according to the nature of our thoughts."

The recipes of Petar Dimkov the Healer - scientific reading (part 1)

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Gin hides its origin not as a summer drink, but as a healing agent in the arsenal of traditional medicine.

Healing Properties of Juniper - The Secret of Gin 

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Summer aroma and ice cold taste - probably the mastic on the beach is the most common association of most of us when it comes to anise. But this plant turns out to be something more - a useful herb with many qualities that are used for medicinal purposes.

Anise - The Summer Taste of an Ancient Herb

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Soothing effect, many healing properties, gentle aroma known for centuries, a valuable raw material for perfumery - all this refers to jasmine. 

Jasmine - The Healing Fragrance

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In this article you will find recipes from Russian folk medicine for dealing with hyperpigmentation, wrinkles, psoriasis and hyperhidrosis.

Easy Recipes From Russian Folk Medicine For The Treatment Of Skin Diseases. Part 3: Hyperpigmentation, Wrinkles, Psoriasis, Hyperhidrosis

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Chamomile is an herb known and used since ancient times. It has a variety of healing properties and its presence in the home first aid kit is mandatory. Find out why!

Chamomile - "The Panacea For All Diseases"

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Natural remedies for bleeding gums - which herbs to use

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 Natural remedies for bleeding gums - which herbs to use

Text adaptation: Rositsa Tashkova, Master of Molecular Biology and Microbiology

The Russian state occupies vast territories with diverse climatic conditions and includes many peoples and their culture. This makes especially interesting the study of Russian folk medicine.

Medicinal plants have been used in the lands that made up modern Russia since ancient times. A study of numerous written sources shows that herbal treatments were applied by the Scythians living in the northern territories along the Black Sea coast between the Dniester and Don rivers (from the 7th century BC to the 1st century AD).

The Novgorod Chronicles describe the use of "mold from the bathroom" to treat wounds and how it would have prevented the development of an infection even before penicillin was found in the UK seven centuries later.

In 1581 Tsar Ivan IV (1530-1584) ordered the establishment of the first pharmacy to supply the king's yard, as well as the founding of the Pharmaceutical House, which was responsible for collecting medicinal plants from the Russian lands.

The collection and use of medicinal plants became particularly widespread during the reign of Peter I (1672-1725), who personally cultivated medicinal herbs in his private garden. &nbsp;

This article is dedicated to the most common herbal recipes from Russian folk medicine for the treatment of various dermatological diseases. The used medicinal plants are well known and available around the world. The information is taken from the article "Russian traditional medicine in dermatology", published in 2018 in the journal Clinics in Dermatology. [<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0738081X18300439" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.1</a>]

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The authors Prof. Dr. Olisova, Prof. Dr. Snarskaya, Prof. Dr. Smooth and Prof. Dr. Burova are dermatologists with years of experience in Moscow and London.

Russian-herbal-recipes-for-vitiligo

Russian herbal recipes for vitiligo

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Vitiligo is considered an autoimmune disease associated with other autoimmune conditions, including <a href="https://www.sanat.io/bul/p/vsichko_za_diabiet_tip_1_na_iedno_miasto_751da342_2d55_43af_ae7f_1e1c89cd3800" target="_blank" rel="noopener">type </a><a href="https://www.sanat.io/bul/p/vsichko_za_diabiet_tip_1_na_iedno_miasto_751da342_2d55_43af_ae7f_1e1c89cd3800" target="_blank" rel="noopener">1 diabetes mellitus</a>, alopecia areata, <a href="https://www.sanat.io/bul/p/kakvo_ie_boliest_na_kron_i_kak_sie_diaghnostitsira_f1bbb289_7915_4718_983b_21a0ff00feaa" target="_blank" rel="noopener">inflammatory bowel disease</a>, <a href="https://www.sanat.io/bul/p/aniemiia_kolko_vida_sshchiestvuvat_kakvo_da_iadiem_kak_da_kombiniramie_khranitie" target="_blank" rel="noopener">pernicious anemia</a>, rheumatoid arthritis and thyroid diseases.

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It has been found that in patients with vitiligo there are higher levels of antibodies against the thyroid gland.

St.-John's-wort-(Hypericum-perforatum)

1. St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum)

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One of the herbs most commonly used in Russian traditional medicine for the treatment of vitiligo is St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum). The plant contains flavonoids, niacin, vitamin C and carotene, protein, calcium, zinc, magnesium, sodium and potassium, tannins, anthraquinones, saponins, fats, oils and proteins.

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The most important quality of St. John's wort in the treatment of vitiligo is its photosensitive effect. The herb should be used with caution due to numerous reports of side effects, including activation of cytochrome P450, which can affect the metabolism of many drugs.

Herbs and bioactive substances