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Cancer is seen as a complex disease that proceeds with numerous genetic changes, including oncogenes, tumor suppressors, DNA repair, cancer metabolism, and genetic origin, leading to excessive growth, metastasis, and drug resistance. Medicine knows various methods for cancer treatment and therapy, such as chemotherapy, interventional oncology, radiotherapy, surgery, hematological oncology, and others. In fact, some of the most promising methods are aimed at destroying tumor cells and deterring their metastasization.

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The modern era of cancer treatment is constantly evolving, with new breakthroughs and discoveries changing the course of treatment and therapy. It is these innovative approaches that we look at in today's article.

What-is-cancer

What is cancer

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Cells are the main units that make up the human body. They grow and divide to create new cells, as the body needs them. Usually, cells die when they become too old or damaged. Then new cells appear in their place.

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Cancer begins when genetic changes interfere with this consistent and rigorous process. Cells begin to grow uncontrollably and can form a mass called a "tumor". The tumor can be cancerous or benign. A cancerous tumor is a malignant formation, which means it can grow and spread to other parts of the body. A benign tumor means that the tumor can grow, but it will not spread.

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Generally speaking, cancer refers to cells that grow uncontrollably and invade other tissues. Cells can become cancerous due to the accumulation of defects or mutations in their DNA. Most of the time, cells are able to detect and repair DNA damage. If a cell is severely damaged and cannot recover, it usually undergoes so-called programmed cell death or apoptosis. Cancer occurs when damaged cells grow, divide and spread unusually, instead of self-destruct.

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As cancer develops in the body, it uses different mechanisms to progress and affect various organs and tissues. One of these mechanisms involves blood supply - large tumor formations rely on it to deliver oxygen and nutrients to help them grow. As tumors grow, these blood vessels are unable to provide oxygen and nutrients to any part of the tumor, leading to areas with decreased oxygen levels. However, this environment over time leads to the accumulation of acid in tumor cells.

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British-Columbia-researchers'-discovery

British Columbia researchers' discovery

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To cope with the stress that arises, cells adapt by releasing enzymes that neutralize the acidic conditions of their environment, allowing the cells not only to survive but also to become a more aggressive form of tumor, capable of spreading to other organs. One of these enzymes is called "carboanhydrase IX" (CAIX). A team of researchers from the Faculty of Medicine and the Institute of Cancer Research at the Тhe University of British Columbia discovered the anticancer effect of this enzyme and found that it inhibits cell growth. This is exactly what makes it the "Achilles heel" of cancer cells.

British-Columbia-researchers'-discovery_1_1

In the same study, the research team looked at cell properties and identified the weaknesses of the enzyme "CAIX". They found that the enzyme works through a powerful mechanism known as the 'genome-wide synthetic lethal screen'. This tool looks at the genetics of a cancer cell and systematically erases one gene at a time to determine whether it can be destroyed by eliminating the CAIX enzyme along with another specific gene. [<a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.abj0364" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.1</a>]

British-Columbia-researchers'-discovery_1_2

According to Dr. Dedhar - a professor in the faculty and one of the authors of the study, this form of cell death occurs when iron accumulates and weakens the metabolism of the tumour and cell membranes. In June 2021 “Kojin Therapeutics” raised $60 million to accelerate research started at Harvard University and the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, which involves the use of small molecules to destroy cells that are most vulnerable to ferroptosis. [<a href="https://www.fiercebiotech.com/biotech/kojin-bags-60m-to-exploit-weakness-drug-resistant-cancers" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.5</a>]

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Dr. Dedhar's research team has also found that combining CAIX inhibitors, including SLC-0111, with compounds known to cause ferroptosis, leads to catastrophic cell death and debilitates tumor growth. [<a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.abj0364" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.1</a>][<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21606941/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.3]</a>

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New-strategies-for-cancer-treatment---what-are-the-horizons

New strategies for cancer treatment - what are the horizons

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The results of the study, published August 27, 2021 in the multidisciplinary journal Science Advances, are expected to help researchers develop new cancer treatment strategies. [<a href="https://advances.sciencemag.org/lookup/doi/10.1126/sciadv.abj0364" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.2]</a> Their goal is to limit the progression of solid cancerous tumor formations, which represent the majority of tumor species occurring in the human body.

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Dr. Shoukat Dedhar said another unique compound known as "SLC-0111" had previously been identified. It is currently being investigated in phase 1 clinical trials (initial human testing) as a potent inhibitor of the CAIX enzyme. While preclinical models of breast, pancreatic, and brain cancer have shown the effectiveness of this compound in suppressing tumor growth and spread, other cellular properties reduce its effectiveness. Therefore, more research is needed to confirm its potential and dependence on other factors.

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In other studies on the topic, scientists looked at methods of targeting hypoxia in cancer therapy and destroying cancerous tumors. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21606941/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.3</a>] The two main approaches to this are bioreductive&nbsp;(hypoxia-activated) prodrugs (modified drugs that are transformable before they become pharmacologically active) and inhibitors of molecules on which the survival of hypoxic cells depends.&nbsp;

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In short, this is a new type of programmed cell death and is closely related to both the maintenance of homeostasis and the development of diseases, especially cancers. [<a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2020.571127/full" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.4</a>]

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It is worth mentioning another step in the progress of cancer treatment. A new drug that can stop tumour growth will be offered to National Health Service patients with lung cancer - the first in Europe to receive the drug. The drug is aimed at the mutation of the KRAS gene found in a quarter of all tumours, which has become known as the "Death Star" mutation due to its spherical appearance. National Health Service researchers have spent 40 years looking for the key to this mutation, and if the treatment works, it could represent a major breakthrough in the fight against other cancers, such as pancreatic cancer and colorectal cancer. [<a href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/lung-cancer-drug-tumour-nhs-b1917632.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.6</a>]

New-strategies-for-cancer-treatment---what-are-the-horizons_2_5

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We should remember that cancer belongs to the group of treatable diseases, and every step in the process of diagnosis and treatment is crucial for a favorable development. Our team will keep you up to date on the latest discoveries and achievements in the field, as always at <a href="../../" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&nbsp;Sanat.io.</a>

A GPX4-dependent cancer cell state underlies the clear-cell morphology and confers sensitivity to ferroptosis

Genome-wide synthetic lethal screen unveils novel CAIX-NFS1/xCT axis as a targetable vulnerability in hypoxic solid tumors, Science Advances 27 Aug 2021

Targeting hypoxia in cancer therapy. Nat Rev Cancer. 2011 Jun;11(6):393-410. doi: 10.1038/nrc3064. PMID: 21606941.

Ferroptosis in Cancer Treatment: Another Way to Rome Front. Oncol., 25 September 2020

Kojin bags $60M to exploit weakness of drug-resistant cancers

Lung cancer patients in England to receive 'breakthrough' tumour-stopping drug

There are 14,480 new cases of cervical cancer expected in the states in 2021, according to the American Cancer Society (1). Any woman can be affected by this disease. Fortunately, there are methods that can prevent the appearance of cervical cancer. One such method is the vaccine against human papilloma virus (HPV). 

How can the HPV vaccine protect us from cervical cancer?

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Over 50% of the population is infected with the gastric bacterium Helicobacter pylori. Although in many cases it remains asymptomatic, it often leads to diseases such as gastritis, ulcers and even stomach cancer. Conventional treatment is not always effective due to the growing resistance of the bacterium to existing antibiotics. This requires looking for alternatives and concomitant therapies and here we will look at what science says about 5 natural remedies in the fight against Helicobacter pylori.

Natural Treatments for Helicobacter pylori

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Marijuana is a plant with various effects on human health. Nowadays, its use for personal or medical purpose is becoming more prevalent. What is the story, are there enough studies to justify the positive and negative effects of marijuana use on health and what are these effects? The answers to these questions can be found in this article.

Marijuana – a peek into the history, the science of its active substances and their effects on health

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Silymarin has been used as a healing agent since ancient times. How its healing properties are manifested in the organism and what they are, you can find out in this article.

Silymarin - a well-known ancient herb - for the benefits in humans and animals

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There are various medical methods for the treatment and therapy of cancer, such as chemotherapy, interventional oncology, radiation therapy, surgery, hematological oncology, and others. One of the most promising methods is aimed at destroying tumor cells and preventing their metastasis.

A light at the end of the tunnel - cancerous tumors and their "Achilles heel"

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Snake venom is known as a method of treatment from antiquity, but only today science manages to unravel some of its secrets. In this article you will learn what snake venom contains, in which medications it is found and how it is used, as well as if it has any application in the treatment of cancer.

The Healing Properties Of Snake Venom - From Ancient Times To Modern Cancer Treatment

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What are the most famous natural sweeteners, what they are and from which plants are extracted. The answers to these questions can be found in the following article.

Sweetness From Nature Or How To Replace Sugar With Natural Sweeteners

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In this article, you will learn what health benefits spirulina consumption brings according to science, as well as tips for growing it at home.

5 Reasons Why Spirulina Truly Is A Superfood And How To Grow It Home

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Cancer is a treacherous and severe disease that is detrimental not only to the body but also to the human spirit. When it is malignant (in very rare cases benign tumors are also life-threatening), it can mean years of struggle and survival attempts. New immunological cancer therapies offer hope for a better outcome, years of survival, and successful recovery therapy.

 A light at the end of the tunnel - cancerous tumors and their

Бетина Цветкова

Author: Sylvia Marinova, PhD student in the "Genomic Stability" lab at BAS

Jasmine has been known for its aroma for centuries. This is why it is widely used in perfumery and aromatherapy.&nbsp;In addition, it has many traditional applications as a remedy.

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Read more in the article<a href="../p/aromatierapiiata_kak_sami_da_prilozhim_tazi_praktika_ot_drievnostta" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&nbsp;</a><a href="../p/aromatierapiiata_kak_sami_da_prilozhim_tazi_praktika_ot_drievnostta" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Aromatherapy - home-made applications</a>

Jasmine-Species

Jasmine Species

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Jasmine is an evergreen plant belonging to the olive family.&nbsp;One well-known variety is the Spanish jasmine (Jasminum grandiflorum), also known as Royal or Catalan jasmine. It originated in Kashmir and Persia, but is widespread today. The plant is bushy, evergreen with small white flowers that are highly fragrant.

Jasmine-Species_0_1

Another popular species is the Asian variety (Jasminum sambac), which is widely grown in India and in the tropical regions of the two hemispheres.&nbsp;The wild plant is found as a liana, and its flowers are small and white. In contrast, cultivated Asian jasmine is bushy and has larger flowers that can be colored in white, pink or yellow. They are used for the preparation of jasmine tea.

Jasmine-Essential-Oil

Jasmine Essential Oil

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Jasmine essential oil has a floral and sweet aroma, which is used in the perfumes of famous brands such as Chanel, Dior, Mitsuko,etc.&nbsp;For the purposes of perfumery, the royal jasmine mentioned at the beginning is mainly used, as well as the ordinary jasmine (Jasminum officinale) .v

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To obtain 1 kg of the oil, about 1 ton of jasmine flowers are needed. Moreover, keeping this rich note in the finished product is also very difficult. That is why these perfumes are so expensive.

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In addition to perfumery, jasmine essential oil is also used for therapeutic purposes in aromatherapy.Its traditional uses are:

Jasmine-Essential-Oil_1_4

<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">sedative <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15976995/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> [ref.1]</a></li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">antiseptic (against the occurrence of infections) - a study from 2008 shows the antibacterial effect of jasmine oil on the growth of the bacterium E.coli, possibly due to suppression of the synthesis of its cell wall <a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/Antibacterial_potential_assessment_of_jasmine_essential_oil_against_e_Coli_20046722" target="_blank" rel="noopener">[ref.2]</a>.</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">to soothe the nervous system - jasmine is considered to positively affect the state of the nervous system, lifts the mood and helps relieve stress.</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">as an aphrodisiac - there is no scientific evidence for this property, but traditional use has been known for a long time, especially in India.</li>
</ul>

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Among the active ingredients of jasmine essential oil are:&nbsp; methyl jasmonate, indole, linalol, geraniol, jasmolactone, etc.

Jasmine-Healing-Properties

Jasmine Healing Properties

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Jasmine is an important plant in traditional medicine, and in addition some of its properties have been proven by science. The plant has antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral, analgesic, antispasmodic anti-inflammatory, intoxicating action and helps healwounds . In general, various types of extracts from the roots, leaves and colors are used in:

Jasmine-Healing-Properties_2_1

<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">superficial wounds</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">skin diseases</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">acne</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">painful menstruation (dysmenorrhea)</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">ulcers on the mucous membranes of the mouth and gums</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">excessive gas</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">constipation</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">stress</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1"><a href="../p/trievozhnost_i_biezsniie_kakvo_priedlagha_prirodata_eef882c6_b669_4aea_9d2d_1e11852fbcfe" target="_blank" rel="noopener">anxiety</a> and <a href="../p/zhlt_kantarion_bilkata_protiv_diepriesiia" target="_blank" rel="noopener">depression</a></li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">cough</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">to stimulate the secretion of mammary glands, etc.</li>
</ul>

Anti-Cancer-Properties

Anti-Cancer Properties

Anti-Cancer-Properties_3_0

In traditional medicine of India, jasmine has long been used to prevent and treat breast cancer. However, its cancer properties have not been well studied and there is a long way to go. For example, a research group from India treated with alcohol extracts of the species J.sambac healthy and lymphoma-sick mouse <a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/Chemopreventive_effect_and_HPTLC_fingerprinting_analysis_of_Jasminum_sambac_L_Ait_Extract_against_DLA_induced_lymphoma_in_experimental_animals_23306882" target="_blank" rel="noopener">models [ref.3]</a>. Researchers tracked different blood counts as well as tissue from the mouse liver and showed statistically significant differences between treated and controlanimals. However, the models examined were very few and more studies are needed to confirm the results.

Method-Of-Use

Method Of Use

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Method-Of-Use_4_1

Some ideas for home use of essential oil:

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<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">for massages - add 8-9 drops of it in 100 ml of base oil</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">for a soothing bath - 2-3 drops of oil in the water are enough to achieve a relaxing effect</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">in diffuser - to flavor the home after a hard day</li>
</ul>

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Jasmine tea:

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<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">one tablespoon of dried jasmine flowers are added to 500 ml of hot but not boiling water</li>
</ul>

Contraindications

Contraindications_5_0

Allergic reactions to jasmine are possible.

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Sometimes dizziness and headaches can be observed.

Contraindications_5_2

It is not recommended to take in large doses due to the sedative and intoxicating effect, which can cause lethargy and drowsiness.

Sedative effects of the jasmine tea odor and (R)-(-)-linalool, one of its major odor components, on autonomic nerve activity and mood states, 2005, Eur. J. Appl. Physiol.

<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/Antibacterial_potential_assessment_of_jasmine_essential_oil_against_e_Coli_20046722" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Antibacterial potential assessment of jasmine essential oil against e. Coli</a>., 2008, Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/Chemopreventive_effect_and_HPTLC_fingerprinting_analysis_of_Jasminum_sambac_L_Ait_Extract_against_DLA_induced_lymphoma_in_experimental_animals_23306882" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Chemopreventive effect and HPTLC fingerprinting analysis of Jasminum sambac (L.) Ait. Extract against DLA-induced lymphoma in experimental animals.</a> , 2013, Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology

Gin hides its origin not as a summer drink, but as a healing agent in the arsenal of traditional medicine.

Healing Properties of Juniper - The Secret of Gin 

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In this article you will find recipes from Russian folk medicine for dealing with hyperpigmentation, wrinkles, psoriasis and hyperhidrosis.

Easy Recipes From Russian Folk Medicine For The Treatment Of Skin Diseases. Part 3: Hyperpigmentation, Wrinkles, Psoriasis, Hyperhidrosis

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Smoketree is a well-known gift from nature, which is distinguished by its powerful antibacterial and antioxidant properties.

Smoketree - a natural antiseptic

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Tea is the second most common drink after water. Tea, which is prepared from the leaves of the Camellia sinensis plant is 3 types: green, oolong and black - depending on the degree of oxidation of the leaves. The most oxidized are the leaves of black tea, not so much of the oolong tea and the leafs of green tea are not oxidized at all.

9 unexpected health benefits of green tea and how to prepare it

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Chillies owe their effect to a compound called capsaicin, which can help control inflammation and other harmful processes in the body associated with the accumulation of fatty plaques in the arteries (atherosclerosis), for example.

Are chili peppers healthy - find out what science has to say

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Studies have suggested that ginseng reduces physical, chemical and biological stress, while increasing overall vitality and immune function, including physical and mental capacity.

8 reasons why the Chinese call ginseng The King of Herbs

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Aging isn't the only misfortune that can befall our skin. Therefore, we put together in one place herbs and medicinal plants that act against acne, help heal wounds and burns, have a calming and anti-inflammatory effect.

Medicinal plants for beautiful amd healthy skin. Part 1

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Polycystic ovary syndrome is one of the most common causes of infertility in womеn, due to no ovulation or difficulties in predicting when this is most likely to happen. 

Which herbs and supplements regulate the cycle in polycystic ovary syndrome for easier conception

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Jasmine - The Healing Fragrance

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 Jasmine - The Healing Fragrance

Силвия Маринова

Author: Rositsa Tashkova, Master of Molecular Biology and Microbiology

The record for the world's most venomous snake is once again held by an Australian species - the inland or western taipan&nbsp;(Oxyuranus microlepidotus) - its venom is specialized in killing mammals as they are the snake's prey. It is estimated that one bite is enough to kill at least 100 people.

Perhaps unsurprisingly, Australia is the homeland of the 10 most venomous snakes in the world.

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But snake venom contains a huge variety of molecules, which have a pharmacological effect, and its toxicity is associated with only a small number of them.

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Many of the toxins can be used for medical purposes due to their specific interaction with the body. And in this case the dose makes the poison. Of course, we are far from thinking that the bite of a venomous snake is a healthy practice.

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As early as the beginning of the 17th century, the anticoagulant action of snake venom was known. And today, drugs based on it are produced. These are Captopril, Aggrastat and Eptifibatide.

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In nature, there are many venomous organisms, besides snakes - scorpions, spiders, insects, amphibians and cone snails, the poisons of which can find application in biotechnology and pharmacy.

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Snake-Venom-In-Antiquity-And-Folk-Medicine

Snake Venom In Antiquity And Folk Medicine

Snake-Venom-In-Antiquity-And-Folk-Medicine_0_0

The snake was considered a god of medicine in the ancient Greek world and it is still used these days as a symbol of medicine and pharmacy.

Snake-Venom-In-Antiquity-And-Folk-Medicine_0_1

In Ayurveda, cobra venom is used to treat joint pain, inflammation and arthritis. It has also been used for centuries in China to treat opium addiction and by Indians, who combine it with opium for pain relief.

Snake-Venom-In-Antiquity-And-Folk-Medicine_0_2

Other bodily fluids from snakes, such as blood and bile, are also widely used in traditional Chinese medicine. [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/Snake_venom_components_and_their_applications_in_biomedicine_17103111" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.1</a>]

What's-In-Snake-Venom

What's In Snake Venom

What's-In-Snake-Venom_1_0

According to some studies , more than 100 different substances are found in snake venom, with about 95% of the dry matter of the venom <a href="/p/kakva_ie_razlikata_miezhdu_bieltk_i_protiein_b1b6b96e_e340_46d2_9768_ac9fa8cd6adc" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">consisting of proteins and peptides.</a>

What's-In-Snake-Venom_1_1

Some are enzymes,&nbsp;and other components in snake venom are nucleosides, metal cations, carbohydrates and very low levels of free amino acids and lipids with less biological activity.

What's-In-Snake-Venom_1_2

Most snake poisons contain proteolytic enzymes. These enzymes accelerate the breakdown of proteins in tissues to amino acids.

What's-In-Snake-Venom_1_3

What's-In-Snake-Venom_1_4

Another type of enzymes found in almost all snake poisons are hyaluronidases, which are considered "spreading factors" as they damage the tissue at the site of the bite. This facilitates the spread of other toxins.

What's-In-Snake-Venom_1_5

Sodium is the most common cation in snake venom, but its role is unknown. Zinc and calcium are required for the activation of specific enzymes.

What's-In-Snake-Venom_1_6

The composition of snake venom differs between species, subspecies or even in the same species of snakes. These differences are related to many factors, including geographical distribution, age, gender and what the snake feeds on.

Influence-Of-Snake-Venom-On-The-Body

Influence Of Snake Venom On The Body

Influence-Of-Snake-Venom-On-The-Body_2_0

Biologically active substances in snake venom have several main effects:

Influence-Of-Snake-Venom-On-The-Body_2_1

<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Neurotoxicity (leads to neuromuscular paralysis),</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Myotoxicity (toxicity to muscle cells),</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Cytotoxicity (kills cells, can be used in the treatment of cancer),</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Hemotoxicity - toxicity to the blood: clotting or blockage of blood clotting, hemorrhages or hemolysis, that is, degradation of red blood cells;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Antimicrobial activity - against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, viruses such as HIV virus, hepatitis C virus, yellow fever, dengue and measles, some microscopic fungi and parasites causing malaria, leishmaniasis and American tripanosome.</li>
</ul>

Diagnosis of cancer